135-401: Ale is a style of beer , brewed using a warm fermentation method. In medieval England , the term referred to a drink brewed without hops . As with most beers, ale typically has a bittering agent to balance the malt and act as a preservative . Ale was originally bittered with gruit , a mixture of herbs or spices boiled in the wort before fermentation, before hops replaced gruit as
270-676: A Sumerian receipt for "best" ale written in Cuneiform found in Ur , suggests that even in 2050 BC there was a differentiation between at least two different types or qualities of ale. The work of Bedřich Hrozný on translating Assyrian merchants' tablets found in Hattusa revealed that approximately 500 years later the Hittites had over 15 different types of beer. Documents reveal comments on different local brewing methods or ingredients. Pliny
405-572: A barbican than a tower – and then up into the Inner Court. This would have provided high status visitors with dramatic views of the castle, reinforcing the political prestige of the owners. Historian Magnus Alexander disputes the practicality of this arrangement, although agrees that the route would have been more practical for hunting parties proceeding to the local parklands. Pop singer Ed Sheeran , who grew up in Framlingham, references
540-710: A tourist attraction , incorporating the Lanman Museum of local history . The castle mere is owned by Framlingham College and run by the Suffolk Wildlife Trust . Framlingham Castle is located on a bluff overlooking the River Ore , and today is made up of three distinct parts, the Inner Court, the Bailey and the Lower Court, surrounded by the remaining mere and farmland. The Bailey lies to
675-475: A "regrettable" addition to the castle from an architectural perspective. Two of the functional Tudor chimneys make use of original mid-12th century flues ; these two chimneys are circular in design and are the earliest such surviving structures in England. One of the castle meres can still be seen to the west of the castle, although in the 16th century there were two lakes, much larger than today, complete with
810-460: A beer are colour, clarity, and nature of the head. Colour is usually imparted by the malts used, notably the adjunct malts added to darker beers, though other ingredients may contribute to the colour of some styles such as fruit beers. Colour intensity can be measured by systems such as EBC , SRM or Lovibond , but this information is rarely given to the public. Many beers are transparent , but some beers, such as hefeweizen , may be cloudy due to
945-441: A beer. While not an ingredient per se, some brewers have experimented with ageing their beer in barrels previously used for bourbon or other distilled spirits, imparting the flavour of both the wood and the spirit to the beer. Alcoholic beverages made from the fermentation of sugars derived from non-grain sources are generally not called "beer," despite being produced by the same yeast -based biochemical reaction. Fermented honey
1080-482: A citrus-like flavoring. Session ale, named for its purpose of being enjoyed within a single "session" without inducing significant intoxication, features a low ABV, typically ranging from 3% to 5%. Though they share similarities with table beers, they maintain a higher alcohol percentage. They are characterized by a balanced flavor profile, as the production method does not stray far from traditional ale brewing. Esters may be present in medium quantities adding sweetness to
1215-440: A complex sugar created during fermentation. These yeasts collect at the bottom of the fermenting beer and are therefore referred to as bottom-fermenting yeasts . Lagers constitute the majority of beers in production today. Some beers are spontaneously fermented from wild yeasts, for example the lambic beers of Belgium. Additional markers are applied across styles. The terms "imperial" or "double" are used interchangeably for
1350-414: A dark-coloured beer. When coke started to be used for roasting malt in 1642, the resulting lighter coloured beers became very popular. By 1703 the term pale ale was starting to be used, though the beer it described was a lightly hopped ale, very different from more bitter modern versions. However, despite an awareness by commentators, law-makers, and brewers that there were different styles of beer, it
1485-441: A deep caramel color, the shade of which may vary depending on the brewing techniques. They have a relatively high ABV, falling between 6.6% and 8.5%. British-style summer ale is characteristically lighter in gold color. Filled with esters, this beer yields a fruity flavor and maintains a subdued yet weak profile in bitterness and hop. The ale is traditionally high in carbonation due to its respective brewing techniques. Falling within
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#17327727345051620-842: A determinant for taxation or regulation. Contemporarily, though, abv is often used to determine the duty on beer and cider , and sales of beer and cider above a certain abv are sometimes restricted or prohibited. For example, in Texas , beers below 4% abv cannot be sold as stout regardless of other stylistic considerations. A variety of yeasts are used in making beer, most of which are strains of either top-fermenting yeast or bottom-fermenting yeast . Different strains impart different flavour and aroma characteristics, and may vary in which complex sugars they can ferment and how high their alcohol tolerance is, both of which are factors in attenuation. Some beers use other microbes in addition to yeasts, such as Lactobacillus or Brettanomyces . For example,
1755-438: A distinctive bitter aroma, while the general absence of diacetyl groups and the presence of esters contribute to a sweeter and fruitier flavor compared to other ales. The average alcohol by volume (ABV) of these ales ranges from 3.2% to 5.3%. Scotch ale, also known as "wee heavy", boasts an exceptionally malty taste accented by sweet malty undertones due to the heavy concentration of esters. Generally low in bitterness, it exhibits
1890-426: A fast decline. A survey in 1589 noted that the stonework, timber and brickwork all needed urgent maintenance, at a potential cost of £100. The Great Park was disparked and turned into fields in 1580. As religious laws against Catholics increased, the castle became used as a prison from 1580 onwards; by 1600 the castle prison contained 40 prisoners, Roman Catholic priests and recusants . In 1613 James I returned
2025-450: A few years. Upon completion, it yields an extremely sweet drink comparable to wine. The final ABV of the ale ranges from 5.0% to 9.3%, with higher percentages correlating to the amount of sugar added during fermentation. Brown ale, distinguished by its dark hue, is commonly enriched with a blend of roasted and caramel malts, leading to a distinctively unique toffee-flavored ale. Both esters and diacetyl are found in low levels, contributing to
2160-441: A higher-alcohol version of a particular style. Originally applied to Imperial stouts , a high-alcohol style of stout brewed in England for export to Imperial Russia , the term imperial can now be applied to any style name to indicate a higher alcohol content. "Double", meaning the same thing, originated with the dubbel style of Trappist beers in the 19th century. Even higher alcohol-content beers can be labeled "triple" (from
2295-446: A large fine of £666. Hugh then joined the revolt by Henry's sons in 1173. The attempt to overthrow Henry was unsuccessful, and in punishment the king ordered several Bigod castles, including Framlingham, to be destroyed ( slighted ). The king's engineer, Alnoth, destroyed the fortifications and filled in the moat at Framlingham between 1174 and 1176 at a total cost of £16 11s 12d, although he probably shored up, rather than destroyed,
2430-458: A low bitter fruity flavor and aroma. The flavors of barley wines are diverse, ranging from bread-like to hints of molasses and toffee. They have an unusually high ABV, ranging from 8.5% to 12.2%. Amber ale is an American craft beer named after the hue it possesses from being flavored using caramel malt. The ale is brewed with an assortment of hops and has a balanced flavor. It maintains a low level of esters and lacks any trace of diacetyl, leading to
2565-407: A moderately bitter and slightly fruity undertone. The ABV of amber ales ranges anywhere from 4.4% to 5.4%. Sour ale, more commonly known as wild ale, is characterized by a unique sour flavor, produced during fermentation when acid-producing bacteria like lactobacillus or acetobacter feed on sugars. The acidity produced comes from mild concentrations of lactic or acetic acid and further develops during
2700-446: A number of brewers record the bitterness on this scale as IBUs. The feel of a beer in the mouth, both from thickness of the liquid and from carbonation, may also be considered as part of a beer's style. A more dextrinous beer feels thicker in the mouth. The level of carbonation (or nitrogen, in "smooth" beers) varies from one beer style to another. For some beers it may give the beer a thick and creamy feel, while for others it contributes
2835-410: A particular beer is called the "grain bill". While just about any grain can be used, most beers use barley malt as their primary source of fermentable sugars, and some beer styles mandate it be used exclusively, such as those German styles developed under Reinheitsgebot . Some beer styles can be considered varietals , in the same sense as wine, based on their malt bill. Kilned pale malts form
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#17327727345052970-417: A prickly sensation. The strength of beer is a general term for the amount of alcohol present. It can be quantified either indirectly by measurement of specific gravity , or more directly by other methods. Measurement of the specific gravity of the beer has been used to estimate the strength of beer by measuring its density. Several different scales have been used for the measurement of gravity, including
3105-478: A recreational garden built around it. Like other parks of the period, the Great Park was not just used for hunting but was exploited for its wider resources: there are records of charcoal-burning being conducted in the park in 1385, for example. Four other smaller parks were also located near the castle, extending the potential for hunting across a long east–west belt of emparked land. In 1270 Roger Bigod ,
3240-516: A small town of at least 600 inhabitants, surrounded by valuable lands in one of the most prosperous parts of the country. The region was owned by the powerful Hugh d'Avranches , the Earl of Chester , who granted it in turn to Roger Bigod , the Sheriff of Suffolk . A ringwork or motte and bailey castle was first built in either the 11th or early 12th century in the northern half of the Inner Court of
3375-421: A smaller, natural lake; once dammed, it covered 9.4 hectares (23 acres) and had an island with a dovecote built on it. The meres were used for fishing as well as for boating, and would have had extensive aesthetic appeal. It is uncertain exactly when the meres were first built. One theory suggests that the meres were built in the early 13th century, although there is no documentary record of them at least until
3510-415: A standard approachable bitterness, all of which make this ale highly sessionable. Medium flavors of candy-like caramel malt distinguish the ale, and a tan foam forms at the top, due to the inclusion of roasted barley. Hailing from Cologne, Germany, Kölsch is an ale characterized by its unique brewing techniques. This ale is crafted with low amounts of wheat and undergoes a cold finishing process, resulting in
3645-430: A taste for the malt-heavy style. They needed a domestic ingredient that would make the beers more effervescent, bubbly and lighter. Rice and corn did that – it was a desired flavor, not inexpensive filler." Throughout history, a wide variety of flavoring agents have been added to beer to impart complexity and bitterness to the final product. Historically, these spice adjuncts were known as gruit . Most modern beer
3780-404: A typically lower alcohol content. Consequently, two types of yeast are commonly used: ale yeast and lager yeast, this choice depends on bottling methods and the desired flavor profile. The brew has low levels of esters, with the residual fruit flavor expressed as a pear wine-like flavor. Its final ABV falls within a narrower range compared to other ales, spanning from 4.8% to 5.3%. Originating from
3915-627: A wharf. This dramatic use of water to reflect the image of the castle is similar to that used at several other castles of the period, including Bredwardine in Herefordshire and Ravensworth Castle in North Yorkshire . Water castles such as Framlingham made greater use of water than was necessary for defence and enhanced the appearance of the castle. The view from the Great Hall in the Inner Court would originally have included
4050-462: Is a significant defensive work, redesigned in the 16th century to feature much larger windows. In the middle of the Inner Court is the castle well, 30 m (98 ft) deep. A number of carved brick chimneys dating from the Tudor period can be seen around the Inner Court, each with a unique design; all but three of these were purely ornamental, however, and historian R. Allen Brown describes them as
4185-546: Is based on the original Pilsner style, pioneered in 1842 in the city of Plzeň (German: Pilsen), in an area of the Austrian Empire now located in the Czech Republic . The modern pale lager that developed from Pilsner is light in colour and high in forced carbonation , with an alcohol content of 3–6% by volume . The Pilsner Urquell or Heineken brands of beer are typical examples of pale lager, with
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4320-464: Is called mead , fermented apple juice is called cider , fermented pear juice is called perry (sometimes, pear cider ), fermented plum juice is called plum jerkum , and fermented grape juice is called wine . Chinese jiu and Japanese sake are made using much the same process as beer with one additional step in the fermentation as well as using rice instead of primarily barley malt. Most beer styles fall into types roughly according to
4455-409: Is flavored with hops , the immature flowers of a specific species of hemp plant, to contribute bitterness, flavour and aroma to a beer. How much hop bitterness and aroma is appropriate varies between beer styles. There are many varieties of hops, some of which are associated with beers from specific regions. For example, Saaz hops are associated with Czech Pilsners; Hallertau and Tettnanger are two of
4590-818: Is its colour, giving rise to both the Germanic word * alú-þ- and the Ossetic word æluton . In this account, the Indo-European word * olú-t- was also borrowed into the Finnic languages , giving Finnish olut and Estonian õlu . The relationship of similar words in the Slavonic languages (such as Old Bulgarian olu 'cider', Slovenian ol 'beer') and the Baltic languages (Lithuanian alus , Latvian alus , 'beer', Old Prussian alu 'mead') remains uncertain. Ale
4725-531: Is low to moderate in esters and contains a similar malt sweetness to most other ales. The ale's ABV ranges from 4.4% to 8% and has a range of appearances, with its primary descriptions being “Light Amber, Chestnut Brown, or Red.” While most popular in France, this style has become much more frequent in the U.S. as the ale industry grows. Irish red ale is characterized by its definitive amber or dark red hue, having an ABV ranging from 4.0% to 4.8%, and having
4860-466: Is often viewed as making less of a flavour contribution and more of an added source of fermentable sugars. Rice in particular "is considered by many [craft] brewers what the nasty industrial brewers use to water down their beer". This is due in large part to the use of rice by large scale American breweries. While it is commonly held that these breweries introduced these grains to their formulas during war shortages, author Maureen Ogle states "The mythology
4995-466: Is similar in many ways to Henry II 's innovative work at Dover and Orford . The defensive architecture of the castle also contains various weaknesses. The Inner Court is overlooked by the Bailey, for example; the north of the Inner Court is largely exposed, while the positioning of arrow-slits in the curtain wall ignores much of the castle. The open-backed mural towers, whilst cheaper to build than closed towers, could not have been easily defended once
5130-425: Is sometimes used by a brewery to distinguish a particular beer produced in a line. For example, Rochefort Brewery produces three beers, all dissimilar in colour, flavour, and aroma; and sells them as Rochefort 6, Rochefort 8, and Rochefort 10, the numbers referring to the original gravities of the beers. Westvleteren Brewery , meanwhile, produces three beers and calls them Blonde, 8, and 12. Modern classification of
5265-557: Is that Roger's son, Hugh Bigod , built it during the years of the Anarchy in the 1140s on the site of an existing manor house ; the castle would then be similar to the Bigod fortification at Bungay . A third possibility is that there were in fact two castles: the first being built in the late 11th century and then demolished by Hugh Bigod in the 1160s in order to make way for a newer, larger castle. Historian Magnus Alexander hypothesizes
5400-449: Is that these giant beer makers began adding rice and corn to their beer after World War II to water it down, but that's simply not true. The American brewing industry was built in the late 19th century by first-generation German American immigrants such as Adolphus Busch, Adolph Coors and Frederick Miller. Although these men, craft brewers themselves, initially re-created the full-bodied beers of their homeland, many Americans had not developed
5535-532: Is that they were relatively advanced for their time and represented a change in contemporary thinking about military defence. Framlingham has no keep , for example – this had been a very popular feature in previous Anglo-Norman castles, but this castle breaks with the tradition, relying on the curtain wall and mural towers instead. The pattern of ground-level arrowslits at Framlingham were similarly innovative for their time, enabling interlocking and flanking fire against attackers. The design of Framlingham's defences
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5670-472: Is unclear if this was because it was in limited use, or because fittings and furnishings were moved from castle to castle with the owner as he traveled, or if the castle was simply being refurnished. The castle complex continued to thrive, however, on Thomas' death in 1338, the castle passed first to his widow, Mary de Brewes, and then in 1362, into the Ufford family. William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk held
5805-401: The Earl of Norfolk , was unusual for the time in having no central keep , but instead using a curtain wall with thirteen mural towers to defend the centre of the castle. Despite this, the castle was successfully taken by King John in 1216 after a short siege. By the end of the 13th century, Framlingham had become a luxurious home, surrounded by extensive parkland used for hunting. During
5940-517: The Far East through London -based merchants. The castle purchased some goods, such as salt , through the annual Stourbridge Fair at nearby Cambridge , then one of the biggest economic events in Europe. Some of this expenditure was supported by the demesne manor attached to the castle, which comprised 168 hectares (420 acres) of land and 5,000 days of serf labour under feudal law. A vineyard
6075-551: The Low Countries were using hops to flavour and preserve their ale; this new style of ale was called beer. When this trend came to Britain and brewers of beer in Southwark , London , started to take sales away from the traditional brewers of unhopped ale, there were complaints and protests. Laws were passed favouring either beer or ale for a number of years, until hopped beer became the standard style throughout Europe. At
6210-715: The North Germanic languages, almost certainly appearing in ancient runic inscriptions in the form alu , and subsequently in Old Norse as ǫl . Through linguistic reconstruction it is possible to infer that the Common Germanic form of this word was * alúþ- . According to the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary , however, the origin of this word is 'uncertain and disputed'. Research by Harald Bjorvand , however, has favored
6345-525: The Plato , Baumé , Balling , and Brix scales , with the Plato scale being the most common modern measure. This approach relies on the fact that dissolved sugars and alcohol each affect the density of beer differently. Since sugars are converted to alcohol during the process of fermentation , gravity can be used to estimate the final alcohol. In beer brewing, a distinction is made between the original gravity ,
6480-492: The "noble" hop varieties one expects to find in German beers, and Kent Goldings are an English variety. Water is the main ingredient in beer, and, though water itself is flavourless, the chemical composition can have an influence on the finished taste; indeed, some brewers regard it as "the most important ingredient in beer". In particular, two styles of beer are especially noted for their water chemistry: pale ale , for which
6615-523: The 1380s. Another theory is that they were formed in the first half of the 14th century, at around the same time as the Lower Court was constructed. A third possibility is that it was the Howard family who introduced the meres in the late 15th century as part of their modernisation of the castle. In 1476 the castle passed to John Howard , the Duke of Norfolk, who probably began the sequence of improvements to
6750-399: The 14th from the castle to Roger, who, influenced by the fate of Rochester Castle the previous year, agreed that the garrison of 26 knights, 20 sergeants, 7 crossbowmen and a priest could surrender without a fight. John's forces moved on into Essex, and Roger appears to have later regained his castle, and his grandson, another Roger , inherited Framlingham in 1225. A large park , called
6885-410: The 15th and 16th centuries Framlingham was at the heart of the estates of the powerful Mowbray and Howard families. Two artificial meres were built around the castle, which was expanded in fashionable brick. With a large, wealthy household to maintain, the castle purchased supplies from across England and brought in luxury goods from international markets. Extensive pleasure gardens were built within
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#17327727345057020-407: The 16th century, adding his coat of arms and additional ornamentation to the walls. The Inner Court is formed around a stone curtain wall of local flint and septaria stone, 10.5 m (34 ft) high and 2.3 m (7.5 ft) thick, protected by thirteen square mural towers with open backs, each around 14.3 m (47 ft) high, with corners made of sandstone . A wall-walk runs around
7155-489: The 17th century and did not play a prominent part in the English Civil War that occurred between 1642 and 1646. Framlingham Castle escaped the slighting that occurred to many other English castles around this time. Hitcham's bequest had meanwhile become entangled in the law courts and work did not begin on the workhouse until the late 1650s, by which time the internal buildings of castle were being broken up for
7290-545: The 17th century, the internal buildings were taken down to make way for the construction of a poor law workhouse within the castle; it was used in this way until 1839, when the facility was closed; the castle was then used as a drill hall and as a county court . In 1913, Pembroke College placed Framlingham into the guardianship of the Commissioner of Works . During the Second World War , Framlingham Castle
7425-574: The 5th Earl, inherited the castle and undertook extensive renovations there whilst living in considerable luxury and style. Although still extremely wealthy, the Bigods were now having to borrow increasing sums from first the Jewish community at Bungay and then, after the expulsion of the Jews, Italian merchants; by the end of the century, Roger was heavily in debt to Edward I as well. As a result, Roger led
7560-564: The Brewers Association Style Guide. Porter originated in London in the 18th century. It is well- hopped and dark in appearance owing to the use of brown malt . The name is believed to have originated from its popularity with porters . Porters typically have an alcohol content of 4% to 6%, though stronger versions can go higher. Stout originated in 18th-century England as a stronger, bolder version of Porter, with
7695-515: The Commissioner's maintenance works. During the Second World War , Framlingham was an important defensive location for British forces; at least one concrete pill box was built near to the castle as part of the plans to counter any German invasion, and Nissen huts were erected and a lorry park created in the Bailey. Today, Framlingham Castle is a scheduled monument and a grade I listed building , managed by English Heritage and run as
7830-543: The Düsseldorf region of Germany, Altbier pays homage to traditional brewing methods, with "alt" meaning old in English. The complexion ranges from light amber to a deep copper color. Esters are present in low quantities, which is attributed to their lightly citrus profile, while diacetyls are completely absent. The ale boasts a moderate level of bitterness owing to hops utilized in fermentation. Its ultimate ABV falls within
7965-689: The Elder in his Naturalis Historia wrote about Celts brewing ale "in Gaul and Spain in a number of different ways, and under a number of different names; although the principle is the same." Anglo-Saxon laws reveal they identified three different ales, while the Normans mention cervisae (ale) and plena cervisia (full bodied ale) in the Domesday Book . By the 15th century brewers in Germany and
8100-458: The Framlingham site – the work was conducted relatively quickly and the castle was certainly complete by 1213. The new castle comprised the Inner Court, defended with 13 mural towers; an adjacent Lower Court with smaller stone walls and towers, and a larger Bailey with timber defences. By this time, a castle-guard system was in place at Framlingham, in which lands were granted to local lords in return for their providing knights or soldiers to guard
8235-551: The Great Hall with the chapel and chambers on the east side of the castle, and by 1524 there were at least 29 different rooms in the castle. Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk commissioned a hanging or tapestry depicting Hercules for the Great Chamber. The drawbridge outside the gatehouse was replaced with the current permanent bridge between 1524 and 1547; by this time a half-moon defensive structure had been built in stone to defend it. A pleasure garden had been built in
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#17327727345058370-476: The Great Park, was created around the castle; this park is first noted in 1270, although it may have been constructed somewhat earlier. The Great Park enclosed 243 hectares (600 acres) stretching 3 km (1.9 mi) to the north of the castle, and was characterised by possessing bank-and-ditch boundaries, common elsewhere in England but very unusual in Suffolk. The park had a lodge built in it, which later had
8505-427: The Lower Court by the 16th century, with several ornamental ponds and terraced walkways – the garden would probably have also had fruit trees, herb gardens and fountains. Another pleasure garden was built in the Bailey, and a second bridge built across the moat to allow access to it directly from the Inner Court. The Prison Tower was redesigned to become a viewing gallery for the new formal gardens below. The Wars of
8640-518: The Middle Ages show that ale was consumed in huge quantities. In 1272, a husband and wife who retired at Selby Abbey were given 2 gallons of ale per day with two loaves of white bread and one loaf of brown bread . Monks at Westminster Abbey consumed 1 gallon of ale each day. In 1299, Henry de Lacy ' s household purchased an average of 85 gallons of ale daily and in 1385–86 Framlingham Castle consumed 78 gallons per day. Brewing ale in
8775-674: The Middle Ages was a local industry primarily pursued by women. Brewsters, or alewives , would brew in the home for both domestic consumption and small scale commercial sale. Brewsters provided a substantial supplemental income for families; however, only in select few cases, as was the case for widows, was brewing considered the primary income of the household. From the mid-17th century, strong ales became particularly fashionable. Strong ales of this period were fermented up to 11% ABV and would have been similar to modern day barley wines . They were known by names such as Huff-Cap, Nippitate and Hum-Cup, so called because it caused "a humming sensation in
8910-468: The Pilsner Urquell brand having a hop presence more associated with the pilsner style. Principal styles of lager include pale lager , Bock , Dunkel , Helles , Oktoberfestbier / Märzen , Pilsner , Schwarzbier and Vienna lager . Beers of spontaneous fermentation use wild yeasts rather than cultivated ones. By the Middle Ages, brewers had learned to crop the yeast from one brew and use it in
9045-667: The Roses during the 15th century saw prolonged fighting between the Yorkists and Lancastrians for the control of the English throne. John Howard, a Yorkist supporter, was killed at Bosworth Field in 1485 and in the aftermath his son Thomas , the 2nd Duke, was attainted , forfeiting his and his heirs' rights to his properties and titles, and placed in the Tower of London . The Lancastrian victor at Bosworth, Henry VII , granted Framlingham Castle to John de Vere , but Thomas finally regained
9180-567: The Trappist tripel style) or even "quad". Lower-than-standard alcohol content is often indicated by the term " session ". For example, while India pale ales often have alcohol content around 6–7% abv , a "session India pale ale" will often have alcohol content below 5%. Barrel-aged beer is aged in wood barrels. Sour beer is made with additional microorganisms (alongside yeast) such as Brettanomyces or Lactobacillus . Styles of beer go back at least to Mesopotamia. The Alulu Tablet,
9315-664: The aging process. Utilizing wooden bourbon barrels imbued with either vanillin or sherry plays a crucial role in augmenting the beer's flavor complexity during aging. The presence of esters and diacetyl fluctuates depending on the sought-after flavor profile of the brew. The final ABV varies widely depending on the length and methods used during brewing. Table beer typically has a low ABV of around 0.5% - 2.0%. Popular in Eastern Europe, these beverages are brewed with malt barley, wheat, oats, or rye. They are commonly flavored with additive sugar and either orange or lemon peels to yield
9450-417: The alcohol percentage by weight is roughly 4/5 of the abv (e.g., 3.2% abw is equivalent to 4.0% abv), but this becomes increasingly inaccurate as the alcohol concentration increases. Before the development of modern brewing practices and the complete understanding of the biochemistry of yeast, the final abv of a beer could not be precisely controlled, making its value inconsistent and therefore unsuitable as
9585-491: The alcohol, esters , and various other aromatic components that can be contributed by the yeast strain, and other elements that may derive from the water and the brewing process. The taste characteristics of a beer may come from the type and amount of malt used, flavours imparted by the yeast , and the strength of bitterness. Bitterness can be measured on an International Bitterness Units scale , and in North America
9720-459: The area returned to meadow . In 1699 another attempt was made to open a poorhouse on the site, resulting in the destruction of the Great Chamber around 1700. This poorhouse failed too, and in 1729 a third attempt was made – the Great Hall was pulled down and the current poorhouse built on its site instead. Opposition to the Poor Law grew, and in 1834 the law was changed to reform the system;
9855-414: The bailey, similar to the design at White Castle . The chapel is adjacent to the site of the first stone hall in the castle, built around 1160; in the 16th and 17th centuries the chapel tower was probably also used as a cannon emplacement. On the far side of the Inner Court is the poorhouse , built on the site of the 12th-century Great Hall. The poorhouse forms three wings: the 17th century Red House to
9990-478: The baronial opposition to Edward's request for additional taxes and support for his French wars. Edward responded by seizing Roger's lands and only releasing them on the condition that Roger granted them to the Crown after his death. Roger agreed and Framlingham Castle passed to the Crown on his death in 1306. By the end of the 13th century a large prison had been built in the castle; this was probably constructed in
10125-447: The basis of most beer styles now in production, with styles that use other grains as a base distinguished by those grains (for example bock , which uses Munich malt as a base). The Rauchbier and Grätzer styles are distinguished by the use of smoked malt. Some styles use one or more other grains as a key ingredient in the style, such as wheat beer , rye beer , or oatmeal stout . The inclusion of some grains such as corn and rice
10260-428: The beer styles Jackson described. While North America developed beer styles into a serious study with fixed parameters of bitterness , colour , aroma, yeast, ingredients and strength, other countries continued to mainly categorise beers loosely by strength and colour, with much overlapping of naming conventions. Beers may be categorised based on a number of factors. The visual characteristics that may be observed in
10395-412: The beer's unique taste. The ABV of brown ales typically ranges between 4.2% and 6.0%. Barley wine is known for its balance of flavor and high alcohol content. The ale's color varies widely depending on the duration of its age, as its flavor profile evolves dramatically over time. Low levels of diacetyl and carbonation are found in all barely wines, while esters are found in high quantities, contributing to
10530-536: The bittering agent. In England, however, it was also common to brew ale without adding herbs. The word ale comes into English from its ancestor-language, Proto-Germanic . English belongs to the West Germanic branch of Proto-Germanic, and some other languages in this branch also attest to the word: Middle Dutch āle and ael , and the Old Saxon word alo-fat 'ale-cup'. The word is also found throughout
10665-439: The brand, the beer tends to have a modest level of bitterness owing to the hops during fermentation. The aroma of the brew is described as subtle yet persistent, due to phenol compounds. In terms of ABV, dark ale ranks notably high compared to other brews, ranging from 7.1% to 11.2%, often veiled by its diverse flavor profile. Bière de Garde is a hybrid beer whose name translates from French to English as “Beer for Keeping”. The ale
10800-460: The castle and older parts redesigned to allow visitors to enjoy the resulting views. By the end of the 16th century, however, the castle fell into disrepair and after the final Howard owner, Theophilus , entered into financial difficulties the castle and the surrounding estates were sold off. In 1636, Framlingham Castle was given to Pembroke College, Cambridge , as a philanthropic gesture, and remained in its ownership for some three hundred years. In
10935-474: The castle and over thirty horses kept in the stables. The 3rd Duke of Norfolk, also called Thomas , made far less use of the castle, using first Stoke-by-Nayland and then Kenninghall as his principal residence. Thomas was attainted in 1547 out of fears, misplaced but promoted by his rivals led by Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford, that the Howards aspired to the throne; Henry VIII died the day before Thomas
11070-546: The castle at any one time, the castle played a major role in the surrounding economy during the period. Large amounts of food and drink were purchased to support the household – over twelve months in 1385–6, for example, over £1,000 was spent, including the purchase of 28,567 imperial gallons (129,870 L) of ale and 70,321 loaves of bread . By the 14th century the castle was purchasing goods from across western Europe, with wine being imported from France, venison from parks as far away as Northamptonshire and spices from
11205-578: The castle during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, with much of the revolt occurring close to Framlingham. From the Uffords, the castle passed first to Margaret of Brotherton , the self-styled "Countess-Marshall", and then to Thomas de Mowbray , the Duke of Norfolk . The Mowbrays seem to have used Framlingham Castle as their main seat of power for most of the 15th century. With as many as 83 people living in
11340-463: The castle during the Tudor period . Under the Howards the castle was extensively modernised; fashionable brick was used to improve parts of the castle; ornamental chimneys were added; the battlements were reduced in size to exaggerate the apparent height of the walls, and the Howard coat of arms was added to the gatehouse. The Great Chamber was probably built across the Inner Court at this time, linking
11475-583: The castle might have been built on top of a set of pre-existing Anglo-Saxon , high prestige buildings, a practice common elsewhere in East Anglia, possibly echoing the arrangement at Castle Acre ; this would be most likely if the castle was built in the 11th century. By the late 12th century the Bigod family had come to dominate Suffolk, holding the title of the Earl of Norfolk and owning Framlingham and three other major castles at Bungay, Walton and Thetford . The first set of stone buildings, including
11610-500: The castle to Thomas Howard , the Earl of Suffolk, but the castle was now derelict and he chose to live at Audley End House instead. Thomas's son, Theophilus Howard , fell heavily into debt and sold the castle, the estate and the former Great Park to Sir Robert Hitcham in 1635 for £14,000; as with several other established parks, such as Eye, Kelsale and Hundon, the Great Park was broken up and turned into separate estates. Hitcham died
11745-402: The castle. The First Barons' War began in 1215 between King John and a faction of rebel barons opposed to his rule. Roger Bigod became one of the key opponents to John, having argued over John's requirements for military levies. Royal troops plundered the surrounding lands and John's army arrived on 12 March 1216, followed by John the next day. With John's permission, messages were sent on
11880-430: The chemical gives the beer an unappealing smell akin to garlic or burnt rubber. However, the compound SO2 can affect many facets of ale quality, and is not detrimental to the fermentation process, making brewers search and find ways to reduce H2S but keep SO2 levels steady. To create the highest quality product, the yeast must be able to survive the harsh environment within the brewer's wort to fully take advantage of
12015-527: The closure of the poorhouse, the castle was then used as a drill hall and as a county court , as well as containing the local parish jail and stocks . In 1913 the Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act was passed by Parliament and Pembroke College took the opportunity to place Framlingham into the guardianship of the Commissioner of Works . The undulating Inner Court was levelled up to its present form as part of
12150-451: The concentration of alcoholic strength to be calculated. The original gravity of a beer was the basis for determining taxation in both the UK and Ireland from 1880 until the late 20th century, and a legacy of that system remains in the largely arbitrary division of bitter into "bitter", "best bitter", and "special bitter" substyles. In continental Europe , the density of a beer in degrees Plato
12285-491: The cultural and political use of the architecture at Framlingham, historian D. Plowman has put forward a revisionist interpretation of the castle's architecture in the late medieval period. Plowman suggests that the castle was intended to be entered from the north end of the Lower Court, passing through the ornamental gardens, with travellers then entering through the gate by the Prison Tower – in this interpretation, more of
12420-412: The current castle. Although the first documentary reference to a castle at Framlingham occurs in 1148, the actual date of its construction is uncertain and three possible options have been suggested by academics. The first possibility is that the castle was built by Roger Bigod in either the late 11th century or around 1100, similar to the founding of Bigod's caput at nearby Eye . A second possibility
12555-423: The distinctive flavour and aroma of Belgian Abbey ales largely result from the yeast strains used to ferment the beer. There are a few modern styles, notably lambics , where spontaneous fermentation is used — that is, rather than being inoculated in a controlled fashion with a nurtured yeast, the unfermented wort is allowed to be colonised by microorganisms present in the environment. The specific grains used in
12690-518: The favour of Henry VIII after fighting at the victory of Flodden in 1513. Framlingham was returned to Thomas and the Duke spent his retirement there; he decorated his table at the castle with gold and silver plate that he had seized from the Scots at Flodden. The castle was expensively decorated in a lavish style during this period, including tapestries , velvet and silver chapel fittings and luxury bedlinen . A hundred suits of armour were stored in
12825-401: The fermentation process. Flocculation is the tendency for the yeast to conglomerate into large masses at the top and bottom of the fermentation tank at the end of the fermentation process. This selective trait in the yeast came about as the majority of the yeast that gets repurposed is that which aggregates and gets easily removed. This selective trait is gradually characterized in most yeast as
12960-425: The final flavor, while diacetyl is non-existent. Most commercially available ales fall under the distinction of session ales due to their cost-effective ability to be brewed in mass. The flavor profile of dark ale is characterized by a malty sweetness resulting from the abundance of esters in the brew. A discernible spiciness is attributed to yeast-derived phenolic compounds present in moderate quantities. Depending on
13095-497: The first hall, were built within the castle during the 1160s. Tensions persisted throughout the period, however, between the Crown and the Bigods. Hugh Bigod was one of a group of dissenting barons during the Anarchy in the reign of King Stephen , and after coming to power Henry II attempted to re-establish royal influence across the region. As part of this effort, Henry confiscated the four Bigod castles from Hugh in 1157, but returned both Framlingham and Bungay in 1165, on payment of
13230-451: The following categories: Framlingham Castle Framlingham Castle is a castle in the market town of Framlingham , Suffolk , England. An early motte and bailey or ringwork Norman castle was built on the Framlingham site by 1148, but this was destroyed ( slighted ) by Henry II of England in the aftermath of the Revolt of 1173–1174 . Its replacement, constructed by Roger Bigod ,
13365-563: The following explanation: the Germanic word * alú-þ- descends from the Indo-European word * *olú-t- (from an earlier Indo-European base *h₂elut- ), which originally meant 'golden or reddish colour'. Other Indo-European words related to this root include Old Indic aruṣá- ('reddish'; the r comes from an earlier l , * alu-sá- ) and Old High German elo ('yellowy, pale yellow, reddish yellow, tawny'). The Indo-European word * olú-t- then came to refer specifically to ale because this
13500-458: The following year, leaving the castle and the manor to Pembroke College in Cambridge , with the proviso that the college destroy the internal castle buildings and construct a workhouse on the site instead, operating under the terms of the recently passed Poor Law . After the collapse of the power of the Howards, the county of Suffolk was controlled by an oligarchy of Protestant gentry by
13635-510: The gardens of the Lower Court, and these would have then been framed by the mere and the Great Park beyond. The area around the castle today remains a designed and managed landscape; although the Great Park is now covered by fields, the view still gives a sense of how the castle and landscape was meant to appear to its late medieval owners. The late 12th-century defences at Framlingham Castle have evoked much debate by scholars. One interpretation, put forward for example by historian R. Allen Brown,
13770-444: The gravity of the wort before fermentation has begun, and the final gravity of the product when fermentation has completed. Since the concentration of sugars is directly proportional to the gravity, the original gravity gives a brewer an idea of the potential alcoholic strength of the final product. After fermentation, the differences between the final and original gravities indicate the amount of sugar converted into alcohol, allowing
13905-409: The head". Strong ale, like wine, was typically decanted due to the high sediment content into small glasses , which were better suited to the high ABV ale. Modern ale is typically fermented at temperatures between 15 and 24 °C (59 and 75 °F). At temperatures above 24 °C (75 °F) the yeast can produce significant amounts of esters and other secondary flavor and aroma products, and
14040-408: The internal stone buildings. It was one of at least twenty castles belonging to the rebels to be slighted in the aftermath of the war. Hugh's son, Roger Bigod , was out of favour with Henry, who initially denied him the family earldom and estates such as Framlingham. Roger finally regained royal favour when Richard I succeeded to the throne in 1189. Roger then set about building a new castle on
14175-468: The modern car park for the castle. The Inner Court, or the Castle, lies beyond the Bailey across the 15th-century bridge that replaced the earlier drawbridge on the site. The gate tower that forms the entrance is a relatively simple design from the 12th century: the fashion for much grander gatehouse designs began shortly afterwards. The 2nd Duke of Norfolk , Thomas Howard , however, had it remodelled in
14310-497: The most commonly consumed type of beer in the world. Lagers are of Central European origin, taking their name from the German lagern ("to store"), and normally use a bottom-fermenting yeast which begin fermenting at 7–12 °C (45–54 °F) (the "fermentation phase"), and then stored at 0–4 °C (32–39 °F) (the "lagering phase"). During the secondary stage, the lager clears and mellows. The cooler conditions also inhibit
14445-716: The natural production of esters and other byproducts, resulting in a "crisper" tasting beer. Modern methods of producing lager were pioneered by Gabriel Sedlmayr the Younger, who perfected dark brown lagers at the Spaten Brewery in Bavaria , and Anton Dreher , who began brewing a lager in Vienna , Austria, in 1840–1841. With modern improved fermentation control, most lager breweries use only short periods of cold storage, typically 1–3 weeks. Most of today's lager
14580-521: The next. Only in a few isolated regions were wild yeasts still used. The best-known region where spontaneous fermentation is still used is the Senne Valley in Belgium where lambic is produced. Hybrid or mixed style beers use modern techniques and materials instead of, or in addition to, traditional aspects of brewing. Although there is some variation among sources, mixed beers generally fall into
14715-415: The north-west corner of the Lower Court, overlooked by the Prison Tower. The prisoners kept there in the medieval period included local poachers and, in the 15th century, religious dissidents, including Lollard supporters. Edward II gave the castle to his half-brother, Thomas of Brotherton , the Earl of Norfolk. Records show that Framlingham was only partially furnished around this time, although it
14850-498: The poorhouse on the castle site was closed by 1839, the inhabitants being moved to the workhouse at Wickham Market . The castle continued to fulfil several other local functions. During the outbreak of plague in 1666, the castle was used as an isolation ward for infected patients, and during the Napoleonic Wars the castle was used to hold the equipment and stores of the local Framlingham Volunteer regiment. Following
14985-426: The presence of yeast making them translucent . A third variety is the opaque or near-opaque colour that exists with stouts , porters , schwarzbiers (black beer) and other deeply coloured styles. Thickness and retention of the head and the lace it can leave on the glass, are also factors in a beer's appearance. The aroma in a beer may be formed from the malt and other fermentables, the strength and type of hops,
15120-458: The process of Burtonisation is widespread; and Pilsner . Fruits and spices are key ingredients in some beer styles. While fruit beers and herb beers are often listed as style categories unto themselves, fruits and spices are sometimes used to contribute to the flavour and aroma profile of other styles. Vegetables have also been used in beers. Honey, molasses, candy sugar, or other fermentable sugars may be added to impart their distinct flavours to
15255-469: The range of 4.6% to 5.6%, aligning typically with other ales. Type of beer Beer styles differentiate and categorise beers by colour, flavour, strength, ingredients, production method, recipe, history, or origin. The modern concept of beer styles is largely based on the work of writer Michael Jackson in his 1977 book The World Guide To Beer . In 1989, Fred Eckhardt furthered Jackson's work publishing The Essentials of Beer Style . Although
15390-433: The result is often a beer with slightly "fruity" compounds resembling those found in fruits, such as apple, pear, pineapple, banana, plum, cherry, or prune. Yeast produces two different sulphur compounds regardless of the strain of yeast (H2S, SO2), with the main concern being how concentrated and quick the production is. Optimal yeast selection has ale brewers choosing strands of yeast with low production of H2S overall, as
15525-403: The same time, brewers in Bavaria were storing beer in cool caves during the summer months to stop it from spoiling. The type of beer they stored in this manner became known as lager from the German word lagern , meaning "to store". Although beers using naturally dried malt would have been pale-coloured, by the 17th century most malts in Europe would have been dried over a fire, resulting in
15660-487: The south of the walled Inner Court and was originally topped by a wooden palisade and earthworks, of which only the latter survive. The Bailey would have entered from an eastern gate and contained a range of buildings, probably including a Sergeant's Chamber, a Knights' Chamber, the Great Stable, barns and a granary. Modern visitors to the castle enter the complex through the Bailey from the south, which also contains
15795-540: The south, the 18th-century middle wing, and the northern end which incorporates part of the original Great Hall; all of the building was subject to 19th-century renovation work. Five carved, medieval stone heads are set into the poorhouse, taken from the older medieval castle buildings. Next to the poorhouse is the Postern Gate, which leads to the Prison Tower. The Prison Tower, also called the Western Tower,
15930-409: The standard ABV range of 3.7% to 5.1% aligns with most beer's typical potency. Old ale is classified as an intensely dark red ale. It is said to have a fruity aroma, with brewers occasionally adding caramel to sweeten the product. The hop flavoring and bitterness of an old ale are relatively low compared to other types of categorized ales. Adequately brewing an old ale involves an aging process spanning
16065-416: The strength of alcoholic beverages for the purposes of taxation and regulation typically discriminates according to the percentage of alcohol by volume , generally abbreviated as abv. Additionally, although less common, some brewers throughout the world use also alcohol by weight (abw), particularly on low-point versions of popular domestic beer brands. At the relatively low alcohol concentrations of beer,
16200-413: The sugars that create a sweeter taste and lighter overall ale. The greatest effect on the application of these sugars is the yeast's tolerance to the oxygen-deprived, ethanol and sugar-concentrated environment. Traits that prolong the ability of the yeast to remain in these conditions, and the yeast's ability to effectively process the sugars are the two ideal traits brewers seek out to best capitalize during
16335-593: The sweetness from the sugar present in the beer. Many beer styles are classified as one of two main types, ales and lagers , though certain styles may not be easily sorted into either category. Beers classified as ales are typically made with yeasts that ferment at warmer temperatures, usually between 15.5 and 24 °C (60 and 75 °F), and form a layer of foam on the surface of the fermenting beer, thus they are called top-fermenting yeasts . Lagers utilize yeasts that ferment at considerably lower temperatures, around 10 °C (50 °F), and can process raffinose ,
16470-428: The systematic study of beer styles is a modern phenomenon, the practice of distinguishing between different varieties of beer is ancient, dating to at least 2000 BC. What constitutes a beer style may involve provenance, local tradition, ingredients, aroma, appearance, flavour and mouthfeel . The flavour may include the degree of bitterness of a beer due to bittering agents such as hops, roasted barley, or herbs; and
16605-444: The term "stout" originally meaning "strong." It is characterized by dark roasted malts, flavors of coffee or chocolate, and a creamy texture, often with a higher alcohol content. The average alcohol by volume (ABV) of these ales ranges from 5% to 12%. In 18th-century England, brewers coined the term "pale ale" to distinguish this golden-hued ale from the more prevalent dark ales of the time. The use of hops during fermentation introduces
16740-773: The time and temperature of the primary fermentation and the variety of yeast used during fermentation. As the terminology of brewing arose before the advent of the science of microbiology, "yeast" in this context may refer not only to fungi but to some bacteria , for example Lactobacillus in Berliner Weisse . Top-fermenting yeast typically ferments at higher temperatures 15–23 °C (59–73 °F), producing significant amounts of esters and other secondary flavours and aromas, often resembling those of apple, pear, pineapple, grass, hay, banana, plum or prune. Top-fermented beers include Brown Ale , Mild Ale , Old Ale , Pale Ale , Stout and Wheat beer . Pale lagers are
16875-403: The top of the towers and wall. Originally various buildings were built around the curtain wall. Moving clockwise from the entrance to the Inner Court, the shape of the 12th-century castle chapel can still be made out on the curtain wall. Convention at the time required a chapel to point along a north-east/south-east axis; in order to achieve this, the chapel had to extend out considerably into
17010-494: The value of their stone; the chapel had been destroyed in this way by 1657. The workhouse at Framlingham, the Red House, was finally built in the Inner Court and the poor would work there so they were eligible for relief; it proved unsatisfactory and, following the mismanagement of the workhouse funds, the Red House was closed and used as a public house instead. The maintenance of the meres ceased around this time and much of
17145-421: The wall had been penetrated, and because they projected only a little way from the wall, they provided very little options for enfilading fire against attackers close to the walls. These weaknesses have been used by historians such as Robert Liddiard to argue that the architecture of castles such as Framlingham were influenced by cultural and political requirements as well as purely military intent. Focusing on
17280-543: The yeast that exhibits this behavior lasts a greater number of generations. "Real ale" is a British term, coined by the Campaign for Real Ale , for cask and bottle-conditioned beer . The following list breaks the many various ales into separate, diverse categories. The ales listed are categorized into their respective style groups of origin and accompanied by information regarding the specific brew. For further classification, more comprehensive information can be found in
17415-445: Was an important source of nutrition in the medieval world. It was one of three main sources of grain in the diet at the start of the fourteenth century in England, along with pottage and bread . Scholars believe grains accounted for around 80% of the calorie intake of agricultural workers and 75% for soldiers. Even nobles received around 65% of their calories from grains. Small beer , also known as table beer or mild beer, which
17550-440: Was created at the castle in the late 12th century, and a bakery and a horse mill were built in the castle by the 14th century. Surrounding manors also fed in resources to the castle; in twelve months between 1275 and 1276, £434 was received by the castle from the wider region. Two large lakes, called meres , were formed alongside the castle by damming a local stream. The southern mere, still visible today, had its origins in
17685-544: Was due to be executed at the Tower, and his successor, Mary 's half-brother Edward VI kept him in the Tower, giving Framlingham to Mary. When Mary contested for the throne against Lady Jane Grey in 1553, she collected her forces at Framlingham Castle before successfully marching on London. Mary, the daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon , was proclaimed the Queen of England here on 19 July 1553. Thomas
17820-505: Was highly nutritious, contained just enough alcohol to act as a preservative, and provided hydration without intoxicating effects. Small beer would have been consumed daily by almost everyone, including children, in the medieval world, with higher-alcohol ales served for recreational purposes. The lower cost for proprietors combined with the lower taxes levied on small beer inevitably led to the selling of some beer labeled "strong beer" that had actually been diluted with small beer. Records from
17955-521: Was not until Michael Jackson's World Guide To Beer was published in 1977 that there was an attempt to group and compare beers from around the world. Jackson's book had a particular influence in North America where the writer Fred Eckhardt was also starting to explore the nature of beer styles. The wine importing company Merchant du Vin switched to importing beers mentioned in Jackson's book. Small brewers started up, producing copies and interpretations of
18090-401: Was released from the Tower by Mary as a reward for his loyalty, but retired to Kenninghall rather than Framlingham. The castle was leased out but when the 4th Duke, another Thomas , was executed for treason by Elizabeth I in 1572 the castle passed back to the Crown. Repairs to the castle appear to have been minimal from the 1540s onwards, and after Mary left Framlingham the castle went into
18225-594: Was used by the British Army as part of the regional defences against a potential German invasion. Today, the Castle is managed by English Heritage and run as a tourist attraction . It is protected under British law as a Grade I listed building and as a scheduled monument . The population of Framlingham in Suffolk rose sharply after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, as the village turned into
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