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49-721: The Alemanni expanded from the Main River basin during the 3rd century and raided Roman provinces and settled on the left bank of the Rhine River from the 4th century. Ruled by independent tribal kings during the 4th and the 5th centuries, Alamannia lost its independence in the late 5th century and became a duchy of the Frankish Empire in the 6th century. As the Holy Roman Empire started to form under King Conrad I of East Francia (reigning 911 to 918),

98-470: A diocese only in the east, at Augsburg (early 7th century). There were two Roman bishoprics, Windisch and Octodurum , which were moved early to other sites ( Avenches and Sitten respectively). Western Alamannia did eventually (7th century) receive a diocese ( Constance ) through the cooperation of the bishops of Chur and the Merovingian monarchs. The foundation of Constance is obscure, though it

147-458: A tribal king. But there appears to have been the custom of the individual kings uniting under the leadership of a single king in military expeditions. Some kings of the Alemanni of the 4th and 5th centuries are known by name, the first being Chrocus (died 306), a military leader who organized raids across the limes during the 3rd century. Chnodomarius ( fl. 350) supported Constantius II in

196-638: A vital part of European " Corridor VII ", the inland waterway link from the North Sea to the Black Sea . In a historical and political sense, the Main line is referred to as the northern border of Southern Germany , with its predominantly Catholic population. The river roughly marked the southern border of the North German Federation , established in 1867 under Prussian leadership as

245-471: Is Mt. Höchsten with a height of 837.8 m (2,749 ft). While the lower parts on the lakeshore are part of the Bodenseekreis district, the upper lands belong to Sigmaringen district. Beside Pfullendorf and Überlingen, the region comprises the town of Markdorf , Meersburg , the municipality of Salem and several smaller communities. The name derives from a Celtic name Lentia for what

294-705: Is a historic region in Southern Germany , in the state of Baden-Württemberg . It is located north of Lake Constance and south of the Danube valley. The region is bounded by the shore of Lake Constance on the south, the Hegau region on the west, the Rhine -Danube watershed on the north, and the Schussen valley on the east. It reaches west as far as Überlingen and north as far as Pfullendorf . The highest peak

343-637: Is navigable for shipping from its mouth at the Rhine close to Mainz for 396 km (246 mi) to Bamberg . Since 1992, the Main has been connected to the Danube via the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal and the highly regulated Altmühl river. The Main has been canalized with 34 large locks (300 × 12 m or 984 × 39 ft) to allow CEMT class V vessels (110 × 11.45 m or 360.9 × 37.6 ft) to navigate

392-529: Is now known as the Linzer Aach river. The best-known remains of prehistoric human habitation in the region are the Neolithic and Bronze Age pile dwellings on the shores of Lake Constance, of which some examples are reconstructed at Unteruhldingen . Similar Neolithic structures have also been found in a peat bog near Ruhestetten in the municipality of Wald . From the late Hallstatt culture on,

441-463: Is rolling, but fairly flat, with occasional drumlins caused by deposits from the retreating Rhine Glacier in the last ice age . The northern part (or upper Linzgau) has a more rugged climate and rises to as high as 833 m. It is characterized by glacial moraines , with occasional swamps and small lakes, especially in the northeast. Agriculture is largely dedicated to grain. Most of the Linzgau

490-421: Is still rural, with the most heavily populated areas along the shores of Lake Constance. The largest cities are Überlingen, Pfullendorf, and Markdorf. The national highways 31 and 33, which run from east to west along Lake Constance are the only major highways through the region. A car ferry runs from Meersburg across the arm of Lake Constance called the Überlinger See to connect with Constance . Based on

539-630: Is the Catholic deanery . However, it is regaining popularity, as shown by the naming of the new shopping center in Pfullendorf the Linzgau-Center or the slogan of Markdorf : Heart of the Linzgau . The regional tourist association also calls itself Bodensee-Linzgau Tourismus e.V. The southern part of the Linzgau lies on the banks of Lake Constance and has a milder climate, which lends itself to fruit orchards and vineyards. The landscape

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588-661: Is the last known king of the Alemanni. His raid on Passau is mentioned in the vita of Saint Lupus . The name of Gibuld's successor who was defeated at Tolbiac is not known. After their defeat in 496, the Alemanni bucked the Frankish yoke and put themselves under the protection of Theodoric the Great of the Ostrogoths but after his death they were again subjugated by the Franks under Theudebert I in 536. Thereafter, Alamannia

637-716: The Ahalolfing family and not by the ducal house which ruled central Alamannia around Lake Constance . Rhaetia too, though Alamannic, was ruled by the Victorids coterminously with the Diocese of Chur . Alamannia was Christianised during the 7th century, although not as thoroughly as either Francia to its west or Bavaria to its east. The first Alamannic law code, Pactus Alamannorum , dates to this period. The Roman dioceses of Strasbourg and Basel covered Alsace and that of Chur, as mentioned, Rhaetia. Alamannia itself had

686-745: The Black Forest , and the left and right banks of the Rhine , including Alsace and parts of the Swiss plateau , bordering on Upper Burgundy . The boundary with Burgundy, fixed in 843, ran along the lower Aare , turning towards the south at the Rhine, passing west of Lucerne and across the Alps along the upper Rhône to the Saint Gotthard Pass . In the north, the boundary ran from the Murg (some 30 km south of Karlsruhe ) to Heilbronn and

735-675: The Iller , capital Memmingen ) on the right side of the Danube. In Baden : Brisigowe ( Breisgau ) along the Upper Rhine opposite Sundgau, and Mortunova , the later Ortenau , along the Upper Rhine opposite Nordgau. Alpegowe ( Albgau ), centered on St. Blaise Abbey, Black Forest . In modern France (the Alsace): Suntgowe ( Sundgau ) and Nordgowe ( Nordgau ). In modern Switzerland: Augestigowe (the territory surrounding Augst ) and Turgowe (modern Thurgau , named for

784-697: The Nördlinger Ries . The eastern boundary was at the Lech . Argovia was disputed territory between the dukes of Alamannia and Burgundy. Burchard II , son of the late Burchard I and count in Raetia Curiensis, took the title of duke of Swabia , Duke acknowledged by the newly elected king Henry the Fowler in 919. The duchy of Swabia was ruled by the Hohenstaufen during 1079–1268 and

833-731: The Red Main ( Roter Main ) and the White Main ( Weißer Main ). The Red Main originates in the Franconian Jura mountain range, 50 km (31 mi) in length, and runs through Creussen and Bayreuth . The White Main originates in the Fichtel Mountains ; it is 41 km (25 mi) long. In its upper and middle section, the Main runs through the valleys of the German Highlands. Its lower section crosses

882-526: The Rhine below Rüsselsheim , Hesse . The cities of Mainz and Wiesbaden are close to the confluence. The largest cities on the Main are Frankfurt am Main , Offenbach am Main and Würzburg . It is the longest river lying entirely in Germany (if the Weser - Werra are considered separate). The Main flows through the north and north-west of the state of Bavaria then across southern Hesse ; against

931-601: The Rhine ) and Retia proper. Originally a loose confederation of unrelated tribes, the Alemanni underwent coalescence or ethnogenesis during the 3rd century, and were ruled by kings throughout the 4th and 5th centuries until 496, when they were defeated by Clovis I of the Franks at the Battle of Tolbiac . The Alemanni during the Roman Empire period were divided into a number of cantons or goviae , each presided by

980-567: The Thur ; Zürichgau was detached from Thurgau in the 8th century). The territory between Alamannia and Upper Burgundy was known as Argowe (modern Aargau , named for the Aare ). The pertinence of this territory to either Alamannia or Upper Burgundy was disputed. The county of Raetia Curiensis was absorbed into Alamannia in the early 10th century. It comprised the Ringowe ( Rheingau , named for

1029-576: The " younger stem duchy " of Alemannia/Swabia by the early 10th century. The rivalry between the Hunfridings and Ahalolfings was decided in favour of Burchard II Hunfriding in the Battle of Winterthur of 919. Main (river) The Main ( German pronunciation: [ˈmaɪn] ) is the longest tributary of the Rhine . It rises as the White Main in the Fichtel Mountains of northeastern Bavaria and flows west through central Germany for 525 kilometres (326 mi) to meet

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1078-629: The Alamanni, and who committed to writing the second Alamannic law code, the Lex Alamannorum . In 743, Pepin the Short and Carloman waged a campaign to reduce Alamannia and in 746 Carloman began a final thrust to subdue the Alamannic nobility. Several thousand Alamanni noblemen were summarily arrested, tried, and executed for treason at a Council at Cannstatt . During the reign of Louis

1127-551: The Carolingian dynasties were appointed regulus or subregulus of Alemannia while at other times, Alemannia was under the direct administration of the Carolingian kings (after 843 kings of East Francia ). From the later 8th century, Alemannic dynasties were able to establish themselves once again. Variously called counts, or margraves, or dukes, these native dynasties during the later years of Carolingian rule managed to establish themselves as de facto independent, establishing

1176-564: The Count of Fürstenberg in 1535. The area was then mostly called the County of Heiligenberg . In the early 19th century, under the rule of Napoleon, the Linzgau was assigned to the Grand Duchy of Baden , so the name became synonymous with the district of Überlingen. Today, the area encompasses the districts of Bodensee and Sigmaringen . Today, the only official use for the term Linzgau

1225-725: The High Middle Ages. The Brünig-Napf-Reuss line is a cultural boundary within High Alemannic which marks the division of Alemannia proper and the Argovia marches between Alemannia and Burgundy. The names for Germany in modern Arabic ( ألمانيا ), Catalan ( Alemanya ), Welsh ( Yr Almaen ), Cornish ( Almayn ), French ( Allemagne ), Persian ( ألمان ), Galician - Portuguese ( Alemanha ), Spanish ( Alemania ), and Turkish ( Almanya ) all derive from Alamannia. A similar correspondence exists for "German", both as

1274-764: The Lower Main Lowlands ( Hanau-Seligenstadt Basin and northern Upper Rhine Plain ) to Wiesbaden , where it discharges into the Rhine . Major tributaries of the Main are the Regnitz , the Franconian Saale , the Tauber , and the Nidda . The name Main originates from Latin Moenis , Moenus or Menus . It is not related to the name of the city Mainz (Latin: Mogontiacum or Moguntiacum ). The Main

1323-744: The Neckar and the Danube. Duria ( Duriagau ) between Ulm and Augsburg. Albegowe ( Allgäu ), Keltinstein (between Geltnach and Wertach ) and Augestigowe (capital Augsburg ) along the Lech forming the border to Bavaria . Rezia ( Ries , ultimately from the name of the Roman province of Raetia ) in the Northeastern corner, left of the Danube (capital Nördlingen ). Linzgowe ( Linzgau ) and Argungowe (named for Argen River ) north of Lake Constance. Eritgau , Folcholtespara ( Folcholtsbaar ), Rammegowe ( Rammachgau ) and Illargowe (named for

1372-720: The Pious , there were tendencies to renewed independence in Alamannia, and the 830s were marked by bloody feuds between the Alamannic and Rhaetian nobility vying for dominion over the area. Following the Treaty of Verdun of 843, Alamannia became a province of East Francia , the kingdom of Louis the German , the precursor of the Kingdom of Germany . It was called a regnum in contemporary sources, though this does not necessarily mean that it

1421-622: The basis of the political organisation of East Francia after the collapse of the Carolingian dynasty in the late 9th and early 10th centuries. In the 10th century, no noble house of Alamannia succeeded in founding a ducal dynasty, as the Ottonians did in Saxony or the Liutpolding in Bavaria, though the Hunfridings came closest. The duchy encompassed the area surrounding Lake Constance,

1470-641: The confluence with the Lech River, with an unclear boundary towards Burgundy to the south-west in the Aare River basin (the Aargau ). Raetia Curiensis , although not part of Alemannia, was ruled by Alemannic counts, and became part of the Duchy of Swabia since it was established by Burchard I (Duke of Alemannia from 909 to 911). The territory corresponds to what is still the area of Alemannic German in

1519-497: The language and the adjectival form of "Germany". The following are the known names of early Alemannic kings. They did not necessarily rule all of Alamannia, but were more likely petty kings ruling over smaller tribes or cantons, e.g. Macrian (fl. 370), king of the Alamannic tribe of the Bucinobantes . The Alemanni were under direct Carolingian rule during 746 ( Council of Cannstatt ) to 892. Intermittently, junior members of

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1568-552: The latter it demarcates a third state, Baden-Württemberg , east and west of Wertheim am Main , the northernmost town of that state. The upper end of its basin opposes that of the Danube where the watershed is recognised by natural biologists, sea salinity studies (and hydrology science more broadly) as the European Watershed . The Main begins near Kulmbach in Franconia at the joining of its two headstreams,

1617-688: The modern period, French Alsace , German Baden and Swabia , German-speaking Switzerland and the Austrian Vorarlberg . In the area of present-day Switzerland , the Alemannic territory expanded during the High Middle Ages, with the Walser migration into the Alps, with the Zähringer and later the influence of Bern towards Upper Burgundy , and into Grisons as lower Raetia came under

1666-428: The population can be regarded as Celts . Burial mounds have been discovered at Hödingen , Salem , and Stetten . From the first century BC to the third century AD, the area was part of the Roman Empire . Roman settlements existed at Bambergen , Meersburg , and Mettenbuch in the municipality of Ostrach . After the Roman withdrawal beyond the Rhine, Germanic tribes settled in the area. The original Celtic name of

1715-525: The predecessor of the German Empire . The river course also corresponds with the Speyer line isogloss between Central and Upper German dialects, sometimes mocked as Weißwurstäquator . The Main-Radweg is a major German bicycle path alongside the river. Approximately 600 kilometres long (370 mi), it is the first long-distance instance awarded 5 stars by the General German Bicycle Club ( ADFC ) in 2008. It starts from Creußen or Bischofsgrün and ends in Mainz . Linzgau Linzgau

1764-463: The rebellion of Magnentius . Chnodomarius was the leader of the Alemannic army in the battle of Strasbourg in 357. Macrian , Hariobaudes , Urius , Ursicinus , Vadomarius , and Vestralpus were Alemannic kings who in 359 made treaties with Julian the Apostate . Macrian was deposed in an expedition ordered by Valentinian I in 370. Macrian appears to have been involved in building a large alliance of Alemannic tribes against Rome, which earned him

1813-661: The river is rather narrow on many of the upper reaches, navigation with larger vessels and push convoys requires great skill. The largest cities along the Main are Frankfurt am Main , Offenbach am Main and Würzburg . The Main also passes the following towns: Burgkunstadt , Lichtenfels , Bad Staffelstein , Eltmann , Haßfurt , Schweinfurt , Volkach , Kitzingen , Marktbreit , Ochsenfurt , Karlstadt , Gemünden , Lohr , Marktheidenfeld , Wertheim , Miltenberg , Obernburg , Erlenbach/Main , Aschaffenburg , Seligenstadt , Hainburg , Hanau , Hattersheim , Flörsheim , and Rüsselsheim . The river has gained enormous importance as

1862-482: The rule of the Werdenberg counts. The Alamanni were pushed south from their original area of settlement in the Main basin and in the 5th and 6th century settled new territory on either side of the Rhine. Alemannia, under Frankish rule (later the Duchy of Swabia) within the Holy Roman Empire, covered a territory that was more or less undisputed during the 7th to 13th centuries, organised into counties or pagi . In Swabia : Hegowe ( Hegau ), between Lake Constance,

1911-434: The stream gave its name to an Alamannic tribe, the Lentienses mentioned in the fourth century AD by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus . As part of Alemannia , Linzgau was acquired by the Frankish Empire in the 6th century, becoming part of the Duchy of Swabia in the 10th. In 1135, the counts of Heiligenberg received the county of Linzgau. From them, it passed to the Count of Werdenberg in 1277, and later to

1960-416: The territory of Alamannia became the Duchy of Swabia in 915. Scribes often used the term Suebia interchangeably with Alamannia in the 10th to the 12th centuries. The territory of Alamannia as it existed from the 7th to 9th centuries centred on Lake Constance and included the High Rhine , the Black Forest and the Alsace on either side of the Upper Rhine , the upper Danube River basin as far as

2009-427: The title of turbarum rex artifex ("king and crafter of unrest"). The Romans installed Fraomar as a successor of Marcian, but the Bucinobantes would not accept him and he was expelled and Macrian restored and Valentinian made the Bucinobantes his foederati in the war against the Franks . Macrian was killed on campaign against the Franks, in an ambush laid by the Frankish king Mallobaudes . Gibuld (fl. 470)

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2058-488: The total length of the river. The 16 locks in the adjacent Rhine-Main-Danube Canal and the Danube itself are of the same dimensions. There are 34 weirs and locks along the 380 km navigable portion of the Main, from the confluence with the Regnitz near Bamberg, to the Rhine. Most of the weirs or dams along the Main also have turbines for power generation. Tributaries from source to mouth: Left Right Around Frankfurt are several large inland ports. Because

2107-407: The upper Danube and the Swabian Jura . Perahtoltaspara ( Berchtoldsbaar ) in the upper Neckar basin, left of the upper Danube as far as Ulm , including the source of the Danube . Nekargowe (named for the Neckar , capital Canstatt ). Swiggerstal (the modern Ermstal ), Filiwigawe (Filsgau, named for the Fils ), Trachgowe ( Drachgau , near Schwäbisch Gmünd ) and Alba ( Albuch ) between

2156-456: Was a kingdom or subkingdom. At times, however, it was. It was granted to Charles the Bald in 829, though it is not certain whether he was recognised as duke or king. It was certainly a kingdom, including Alsace and Rhaetia, when it was granted to Charles the Fat in the division of East Francia in 876. Under Charles, Alamannia became the centre of the Empire, but after his deposition, it found itself out of favour. Though ethnically singular, it

2205-399: Was a nominal dukedom within Francia. Though ruled by their own dukes, it is not likely that they were very often united under one duke in the 6th and 7th centuries. The Alemanni most frequently appear as auxiliaries in expeditions to Italy. The Duchy of Alsace was Alemannic, but it was ruled by a line of Frankish dukes and the region around the upper Danube and Neckar rivers was ruled by

2254-427: Was disestablished with the execution of Conradin and its territory was politically fragmented during the succeeding interregnum period . Alemannic German persists as a separate family of dialects within High German . The distribution of the Low Alemannic and High Alemannic subgroups largely correspond to the extent of historical Alemannia, while the Highest Alemannic dialects spread beyond its limits during

2303-457: Was largely successful until the early 8th century, when a series of campaigns waged by the Arnulfing mayors of the palace reduced Alamannia to a province of Francia once again. It was, however, during this period of de facto independence that the Alamanni began to be ruled by one duke, though Alsace and Rhaetia remained outside of the scope of Alamannia. Between 709 and 712, Pepin of Heristal fought against Lantfrid , who appears as dux of

2352-408: Was still plagued by Rhaetian-Alamannic feuds and fighting over the control of the Alamannic church. Alamannia in the late 9th century, like Bavaria, Saxony , and Franconia , sought to unite itself under one duke, but it had considerably less success than either Saxony or Bavaria. Alamannia was one of the jüngeres Stammesherzogtum , one of the "younger" stem duchies, or tribal duchies, which formed

2401-454: Was the largest diocese in Germany throughout the Merovingian and early Carolingian era. The dioceses of Alamannia, including Chur, which had been a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Milan , were placed under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Mainz by the Carolingians. After the death of Dagobert I in 638, Alamannia, like Bavaria, Aquitaine , and Brittany , broke its ties with its Frankish sovereigns and struggled for independence. This

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