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101-426: Alert messaging emerged from the study of personal information management (PIM), the science of discovering how people perform certain tasks to acquire, organize, maintain, retrieve and use information relevant to them. Alert notification is a natural evolution of the concept of RSS which makes it possible for people to keep up with web sites in an automated manner. Alerting makes it possible for people to keep up with

202-427: A ZIP file, as well as viewing Exif metadata such as camera information for the photos uploaded. Microsoft also added the ability to have full-screen slide shows for photos using Silverlight . SkyDrive was updated to "Wave 4" release on June 7, 2010, and added the ability to work with Office Web Apps (now known as Office Online ), with versioning. In this update, due to the discontinuation of Windows Live Toolbar ,

303-476: A file hosting service such as Dropbox ), blog posts and social media updates (e.g., using a service such as Facebook ), text messages and links, text, photos, and videos shared via services such as Twitter , Snapchat , Reddit , and Instagram . People work with information items as packages of information with properties that vary depending upon the information form involved. Files, emails, "tweets", Facebook updates, blog posts, etc. are each examples of

404-463: A recycle bin feature on SkyDrive and announced that SkyDrive will allow users to create online surveys via Excel Web App . Microsoft became involved in a lawsuit with British television broadcaster Sky UK for using the word "Sky", resulting in a High Court ruling in June 2013 that the service's brand breached Sky's trademark. On July 31, 2013, in a joint press release between Sky and Microsoft, it

505-470: A "berry picking" model of finding, information is gathered in bits and pieces through a series of interactions, and during this time, a person's expression of need, as reflected in the current query, evolves. People may favor stepwise approach to finding needed information to preserve a greater sense of control and context over the finding process and smaller steps may also reduce the cognitive burden associated with query formulation. In some cases, there simply

606-404: A cloud-based store using a file hosting service (e.g., Dropbox , Microsoft OneDrive , Google Drive ). People manage information in many more private, personal contexts as well. A parent may, for example, collect and organize photographs of their children into a photo album which might be paper-based or digital. PIM considers not only the methods used to store and organize information, but also

707-410: A code sent via email or SMS. Personal Vault is not available in macOS app. OneDrive allows users to embed their Word, Excel and PowerPoint documents into other web pages. These embedded documents allow anyone who visits these web pages to interact with them, such as browsing an embedded PowerPoint slideshow or perform calculations within an embedded Excel spreadsheet. In addition, Microsoft has released

808-473: A current task and look for ways of preserving the current state so that work can be quickly resumed later. People keep appointments by entering reminders into a calendar and keep good ideas or "things to pick up at the grocery store" by writing down a few cryptic lines on a loose piece of paper. People keep not only to ensure they have the information later, but also to build reminders to look for and use this information. Failure to remember to use information later

909-559: A document in the file system prompt the creation of a new folder or efforts to re-find a document highlight the need to consolidate two folders with overlapping content and purpose. Differences between people are especially apparent in their approaches to the maintenance and organization of information. Malone distinguished between "neat" and "messy" organizations of paper documents. "Messy" people had more piles in their offices and appeared to invest less effort than "neat" people in filing information. Comparable differences have been observed in

1010-422: A document is saved and, where conflicts occur, the saving user can choose which version to keep; users can also use several different desktop and web programs to edit the same shared document. Microsoft OneNote users can sync one or more of their notebooks using OneDrive. Once a notebook is selected for sharing, OneDrive copies the notebook from the user's computer to OneDrive, and that online copy then becomes

1111-533: A feature that had been removed in the previous update as part of the redesign. On December 3, 2011, Microsoft released SkyDrive apps for iOS and Windows Phone, which are available in the App Store and Windows Phone Store respectively. On April 22, 2012, Microsoft released a SkyDrive desktop app for Windows Vista , 7 and 8 , as well as macOS , allowing users to synchronize files on SkyDrive, much like Windows Live Mesh , and to "fetch" files on their computer via

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1212-598: A new update for SkyDrive which brought changes and improvements to SkyDrive.com, SkyDrive for Windows desktop and OS X , and the SkyDrive API as part of Live Connect . For SkyDrive.com, the updates brought a new "modern" design for the web service consistent with Outlook.com , and along with the UI update the service also received improvements such as instant search, contextual toolbar, multi-select in thumbnail view, drag-and-drop files into folders, and sorting improvements. For

1313-778: A notification system in case of emergency, in an attempt to help protect citizens. The first system was the Emergency Broadcast System , an emergency warning system in the United States, used from 1963 to 1997, when it was replaced by the Emergency Alert System . On April 9, 2008, the FCC approved an emergency alert text-messaging system so that cellular telephone users can get text message alerts in case of emergencies. Personal information management Personal information management ( PIM )

1414-532: A parent folder representing a project and subfolders representing major components of the project (e.g., "wedding reception" and "church service" for a "wedding" project). However, people generally struggle to keep their information organized and often do not have reliable backup routines. People have trouble maintaining and organizing many distinct forms of information (e.g., digital documents, emails, and web references) and are sometimes observed to make special efforts to consolidate different information forms into

1515-434: A person must look across multiple devices and applications to gather together the information needed to complete a project. PIM is a new field with ancient roots. When the oral rather than the written word dominated, human memory was the primary means for information preservation. As information was increasingly rendered in paper form, tools were developed over time to meet the growing challenges of management. For example,

1616-639: A person's initial experience with a file included its placement in a folder, where the folder itself was reached by navigating through a hierarchy of containing folders, then the person will prefer a similar method – navigation – for return to the file later. There have been some prototyping efforts to explore an in-context creation e.g., creation in the context of a project the person is working on, of not only files, but also other forms of information such as web references and email. Prototyping efforts have also explored ways to improve support for navigation e.g., by highlighting and otherwise making it easier to follow,

1717-610: A personal file system can be motivated by the evaluation that the current file organization is too time-consuming to maintain and doesn't properly highlight the information most in need of attention. Information sent and received takes many different information forms in accordance with a growing list of communication modes, supporting tools, and people's customs, habits, and expectations. People still send paper-based letters, birthday cards, and thank you notes. But increasingly, people communicate using digital forms of information including emails, digital documents shared (as attachments or via

1818-403: A primary means for locating email messages (e.g., search on subject or sender, for messages not in view). However, a preference persists for navigation as the primary means of re-finding personal files (e.g., stepwise folder traversal; scanning a list of files within a folder for the desired file), notwithstanding ongoing improvements in search support. The enduring preference for navigation as

1919-411: A primary means of return to files may have a neurological basis i.e., navigation to files appears to use mental facilities similar to those people use to navigate in the physical world. Preference for navigation is also in line with a primacy effect repeatedly observed in psychological research such that preferred method of return aligns with initial exposure. Under a first impressions hypothesis, if

2020-462: A public store such as the Web. For example, efforts to find information may be directed by a personally created outline, self-addressed email reminder or a to-do list. In addition, information inside a person's PSI can be used to support a more targeted, personalized search of the web. A person's efforts to find useful information are often a sequence of interactions rather than a single transaction. Under

2121-418: A refrigerated room, gained further validity from work in the late 1970s and through the 1980s to produce personal computers of increasing power and portability. These trends continue: computational power roughly equivalent to that of a desktop computer of a decade ago can now be found in devices that fit into the palm of a hand. The phrase "Personal Information Management" was itself apparently first used in

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2222-423: A set of APIs for OneDrive via Live Connect to enable developers to develop web services and client apps utilizing OneDrive's cloud storage. This allows users of these web services and client apps to browse, view, upload or edit files stored on OneDrive. A software development kit (SDK) is available for .NET Framework , iOS , Android and Python with a limited set of API for web apps and Windows. OneDrive

2323-426: A single download, there is a limit of 15 GB; the total ZIP file size limit is 20 GB; and up to 10,000 files can be included in a ZIP file. On Windows 10, OneDrive can utilize Files On-Demand, where files synchronized with OneDrive show up in file listings, but do not require any disk space. As soon as the content of the file is required, the file is downloaded in the background. Microsoft added Office for

2424-712: A single organization. Microsoft OneDrive Microsoft OneDrive is a file-hosting service operated by Microsoft . First released in August 2007, it allows registered users to store, share and sync their files. OneDrive also works as the storage backend of the web version of Microsoft 365 / Office. OneDrive offers 5  GB of storage space free of charge, with 100 GB, 1  TB , and 6 TB storage options available either separately or with Microsoft 365 subscriptions. The OneDrive client app adds file synchronization and cloud backup features to its device. The app comes bundled with Microsoft Windows and

2525-570: A special National Science Foundation (NSF)-sponsored workshop held in Seattle in 2005. Much PIM research can be grouped according to the PIM activity that is the primary focus of the research. These activities are reflected in the two main models of PIM, i.e., that primary PIM activities are finding/re-finding, keeping and meta-level activities (see section Activities of PIM ) or, alternatively, keeping, managing, and exploiting. Important research

2626-439: A task. Over the years, PIM studies have determined that people prefer to return to personal information, most notably the information kept in personal digital files, by navigating rather than searching. Support for searching personal information has improved dramatically over the years most notably in the provision for full-text indexing to improve search speed. With these improvements, preference may be shifting to search as

2727-433: A tool to model human thought. They produced "The Logic Theorist ", generally thought to be the first running artificial intelligence (AI) program. The computer of the 1950s was also an inspiration for the development of an information processing approach to human behavior and performance. After the 1950s research showed that the computer, as a symbol processor, could "think" (to varying degrees of fidelity) like people do,

2828-434: A typical person's ability to keep track of different piles, by location alone, is limited. Tagging provides another alternative to filing information items into folders. A strict folder hierarchy does not readily allow for the flexible classification of information even though, in a person's mind, an information item might fit in several different categories. A number of tag-related prototypes for PIM have been developed over

2929-482: A user's data", and that advanced mechanisms, such as Microsoft's automated PhotoDNA scanning tool, are utilized to ensure users abide with the Code of Conduct and that their account does not contain files in contravention thereof, such as partial human nudity (including art or drawings), or any online surveys. Microsoft provides user data to local law enforcement on request, or when they suspect content that violates law

3030-403: A variety of settings, for a variety of reasons, and with a variety of types of information. For example, a traditional office worker might manage physical documents in a filing cabinet by placing them in hanging folders organized alphabetically by project name. More recently, this office worker might organize digital documents into the virtual folders of a local, computer-based file system or into

3131-776: Is information management with intrapersonal scope. Personal knowledge management is by some definitions a subdomain. One ideal of PIM is that people should always have the right information in the right place, in the right form, and of sufficient completeness and quality to meet their current need. Technologies and tools can help so that people spend less time with time-consuming and error-prone clerical activities of PIM (such as looking for and organising information). But tools and technologies can also overwhelm people with too much information leading to information overload . A special focus of PIM concerns how people organize and maintain personal information collections, and methods that can help people in doing so. People may manage information in

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3232-661: Is already interoperable with a host of web services, including: Data stored on OneDrive is subject to monitoring through technologies like PhotoDNA . Any content that is in violation of Microsoft's Code of Conduct is subject to removal, and may lead to temporary or permanent shutdown of the associated Microsoft account. Closing an account without pre-notice is in most cases illegal in many jurisdictions, like in Germany. This has led to privacy concerns in relation to data stored on OneDrive. Microsoft has responded by indicating that "strict internal policies [are] in place to limit access to

3333-412: Is also being done under the special topics: Personality, mood, and emotion both as impacting and impacted by a person's practice of PIM, the management of personal health information and the management of personal information over the long run and for legacy. Throughout a typical day, people repeatedly experience the need for information in large amounts and small (e.g., "When is my next meeting?"; "What's

3434-452: Is available for macOS , Android , iOS , Windows Phone , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , and Xbox Series X and S . In addition, Microsoft 365 apps directly integrate with OneDrive. At its launch, OneDrive, then known as Windows Live Folders (codenamed SkyDrive ), was provided as a limited beta available to a few testers in the United States. On August 1, 2007, the service was expanded to a wider audience. Shortly thereafter, on August 9, 2007,

3535-469: Is available for a number of programming and markup languages, including C# , Visual Basic , JavaScript , Windows PowerShell , CSS , HTML , XML , PHP and Java . This online editor includes a find-and-replace feature and a way to manage file merging conflicts. OneDrive can use geo-location data for photos uploaded to the service, and will automatically display a map of the tagged location. OneDrive also allows users to tag people in photos uploaded via

3636-714: Is being stored in a OneDrive account. Microsoft accounts associated with flagged OneDrive content can be suspended without notice. Consequently, the account holder will lose access to the data stored in their Microsoft account, such as OneDrive files and Outlook emails, contacts, and calendar. There have also been concerns about people who have been automatically flagged losing all their Microsoft account data even after being cleared by local law enforcement. In some cases people have been locked out of their online accounts that were using Microsoft's two-factor authentication app, losing their Xbox games library, and being unable to use their Microsoft Office 365 licence. Some people using

3737-499: Is broad. A person's perception of and ability to effect change in the world is determined, constrained, and sometimes greatly extended, by an ability to receive, send and otherwise manage information. Research in the field of personal information management has considered six senses in which information can be personal (to “me”) and so an object of that person's PIM activities: An encyclopaedic review of PIM literature suggests that all six senses of personal information listed above and

3838-426: Is concerned with how people retrieve information from their collections for re-use. For example, the office worker might re-locate a physical document by remembering the name of the project and then finding the appropriate folder by an alphabetical search. On a computer system with a hierarchical file system , a person might need to remember the top-level folder in which a document is located, and then browse through

3939-515: Is encountered by happenstance is essential to a person's ability to discover new material and make new connections. People also keep information that they have actively sought but do not have time to process currently. A search on the web, for example, often produces much more information than can be consumed in the current session. Both the decision to keep this information for later use and the steps to do so are keeping activities. Keeping activities are also triggered when people are interrupted during

4040-593: Is ignored that later is needed and should have been kept (e.g., proof of charitable donations needed now to file a tax return) and 2) a false positive when information kept as useful (incorrectly judged as "signal") turns out not to be used later. Information kept and never used only adds to the clutter – digital and physical – in a person's life. Keeping can be a difficult and error prone effort. Filing i.e., placing information items such as paper documents, digital documents and emails, into folders, can be especially so. To avoid, or delay filing information (e.g., until more

4141-448: Is known concerning where the information might be used), people may opt to put information in "piles" instead. (Digital counterparts to physical piling include leaving information in the email inbox or placing digital documents and web links into a holding folder such as "stuff to look at later".) But information kept in a pile, physical or virtual, is easily forgotten as the pile fades into a background of clutter and research indicates that

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4242-442: Is not a "direct" way to access the information. For example, a person's remembrance for a needed Web site may only be through an email message sent by a colleague i.e., a person may not recall a Web address nor even keywords that might get be used in a Web search but the person does recall that the Web site was mentioned recently in an email from a colleague). People may find (rather than re-find) information even when this information

4343-455: Is one kind of prospective memory failure. In order to avoid such a failure, people may, for example, self-e-mail a web page reference in addition to or instead of making a bookmark because the e-mail message with the reference appears in the inbox where it is more likely to be noticed and used. The keeping decision can be characterized as a signal detection task subject to errors of two kinds: 1) an incorrect rejection ("miss") when information

4444-545: Is ostensibly under their control. For example, items may be "pushed" into the PSI (e.g., via the inbox, podcast subscriptions, downloads). If these items are discovered later, it is through an act of finding not re-finding (since the person has no remembrance for the information). Lansdale characterized the retrieval of information as a two-step process involving interplay between actions to recall and recognize . The steps of recall and recognition can iterate to progressively narrow

4545-459: Is personal") with potential use in a person's efforts to journal or to return to information previously experienced ("I think I read the email while in the taxi on the way to the airport..."). Activity tracking technology can further enrich the record of a person's daily activity with tremendous potential use for people to enrich their understanding of their daily lives and the healthiness of their diet and their activities. Technologies to automate

4646-498: Is properly backed up and otherwise secured . (See also section, "Managing privacy and the flow of information"). Studies of people's folder organizations for digital information indicate that these have uses going far beyond the organization of files for later retrieval. Folders are information in their own right – representing, for example, a person's evolving understanding of a project and its components. A folder hierarchy can sometimes represent an informal problem decomposition with

4747-534: Is renewed automatically each year unless Microsoft or the user cancels the service. Upon the re-launch as OneDrive, monthly payment plans were introduced, along with the ability to earn up to 5 GB of free storage for referring new users to OneDrive (500 MB each), and 3 GB if users enable automatic uploads of photos using the OneDrive mobile apps on smartphones. Subscribers to Office 365 's home-oriented plans also receive additional storage for use with

4848-522: Is shipped with Windows 8.1 and later, where it is executed during each first user login and installed below %LOCALAPPDATA% into the user profile, unprotected against tampering, thus violating Microsoft's own guidelines for proper installation of applications. OneDrive is also integrated in the Office and Photos hub of Windows Phone . OneDrive in Windows 8.1 can sync user settings and files, through either

4949-405: Is the study and implementation of the activities that people perform in order to acquire or create, store, organize, maintain, retrieve, and use informational items such as documents (paper-based and digital), web pages , and email messages for everyday use to complete tasks (work-related or not) and fulfill a person's various roles (as parent, employee, friend, member of community, etc.); it

5050-830: Is used to extract text from the digital photo, and then transformed yet again when this information is sent to others via a text message. Information fragmentation is a key problem of PIM often made worse by the many information forms a person must work with. Information is scattered widely across information forms on different devices, in different formats, in different organizations, with different supporting tools. Information fragmentation creates problems for each kind of PIM activity. Where to keep new information? Where to look for (re-find) information already kept? Meta-level activities, such as maintaining and organizing, are also more difficult and time-consuming when different stores on different devices must be separately maintained. Problems of information fragmentation are especially manifest when

5151-475: The BitLocker drive encryption software also risk losing their local disk data if the recovery key for their data was stored in OneDrive as per Microsoft's recommendations. It is reported that at least 100 users in Germany have been affected by this up to 2022. Microsoft has a similarly named but unrelated software plus service offering called OneDrive for Business (previously SkyDrive Pro ). While OneDrive

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5252-445: The 1960s saw an increasing interest in the use of the computer to help people to think better and to process information more effectively. Working with Andries van Dam and others, Ted Nelson , who coined the word " hypertext ", developed one of the first hypertext systems, The Hypertext Editing System, in 1968. That same year, Douglas Engelbart also completed work on a hypertext system called NLS (oN-Line System). Engelbart advanced

5353-452: The 1980s in the midst of general excitement over the potential of the personal computer to greatly enhance the human ability to process and manage information. The 1980s also saw the advent of so-called "PIM tools" that provided limited support for the management of such things as appointments and scheduling, to-do lists, phone numbers, and addresses. A community dedicated to the study and improvement of human–computer interaction also emerged in

5454-442: The 1980s. As befits the "information" focus of PIM, PIM-relevant research of the 1980s and 1990s extended beyond the study of a particular device or application towards larger ecosystems of information management to include, for example, the organization of the physical office and the management of paperwork. Malone characterized personal organization strategies as 'neat' or 'messy' and described 'filing' and 'piling' approaches to

5555-471: The Notebook to OneDrive may result in recovery of the lost data. In September 2019 Microsoft announced Personal Vault. It is a protected area in OneDrive where users can store their most important or sensitive files and photos without sacrificing the convenience of anywhere access. Personal Vault has a strong authentication method or a second step of identity verification, such as fingerprint, face, PIN, or

5656-404: The OneDrive desktop application for Microsoft Windows and OS X . From September 23, 2013 onwards, in addition to 7 GB of free storage (or 25 GB for users eligible for the free upgrade), power users who required more storage could choose from one of four paid storage plans. Users in some regions may need to have a certain payment card or PayPal account to pay. The paid storage plan

5757-552: The SkyDrive for Windows desktop and macOS applications, the update brought new performance improvements to photo uploads and the sync experience. The update also improved the SkyDrive API with the removal of file type restrictions, ability to upload images in their full resolution, as well as a new SkyDrive file picker for opening and saving files. On August 28, 2012, Microsoft released a SkyDrive app for Android on Google Play store. On September 18, 2012, Microsoft also introduced

5858-430: The ability to schedule their own alerts (for example Outlook Calendar ). The most sophisticated service providers embrace all capabilities, aggregating a multitude of reminder, notifications and alert, catering the delivery system to the specific context of the content being delivered thus enabling users to create sophisticated scenarios. The notion of content being delivered to users has received negative connotation over

5959-641: The ability to synchronise and share bookmarked web links between users via SkyDrive was also discontinued. However, users were still able to use Windows Live Mesh , which replaced the previous Windows Live Favorites , to synchronize their favorites between computers until its discontinuation in February 2013. In June 2010, users of Office Live Workspace , released in October 2007, were migrated to Windows Live Office . The migration included all existing workspaces, documents, and sharing permissions. The merger of

6060-454: The actions people take to manage information that is personal to them in one or more of the ways listed above – can be seen as an effort to establish, use, and maintain a mapping between information and need. Two activities of PIM occur repeatedly throughout a person's day and are often prompted by external events. Meta-level activities focus more broadly on aspects of the mapping itself. PIM activities overlap with one another. For example,

6161-539: The announcement for the Personal Vault , Microsoft announced that it would increase the OneDrive standalone storage plan from 50 GB to 100 GB at no additional charge, and that it would be giving Office 365 subscribers a new option to add more storage as they need it. OneDrive initially did not store previous versions of files, except for Microsoft Office formats. In July 2017, however, Microsoft OneDrive team announced that version history support for all file types

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6262-672: The contents of their PCs via the web browser, provided the user enabled this option; macOS users can fetch from a PC, but not vice versa. The Android, iOS and Windows Phone 8 versions also allow camera photos to automatically be uploaded to OneDrive. Upon the re-branding as OneDrive, the Xbox One app also added achievements . The OneDrive client app integrates itself in Windows 7 and later as well as Microsoft Office 2010 and later, enabling users to access documents, photos and videos stored on their OneDrive account; its outdated installer

6363-852: The desktop application. Users can also view the version history of Office documents stored on OneDrive. OneDrive allows the viewing of documents in Portable Document Format (PDF), and in the Open Document Format (ODF), an XML -based file format supported by a number of word processing applications, including Microsoft Office, LibreOffice , Apache OpenOffice and Corel's WordPerfect . OneDrive's search function supports search within PDF documents. OneDrive includes an online text editor that allows users to view and edit files in plain text format, such as text files and batch files . Syntax highlighting and code completion

6464-541: The different entry points for SkyDrive, such as Windows Live Photos and Windows Live Office , into one single interface. Files and folders shared with a user, including those in Windows Live Groups , were also accessible in the new interface. On November 29, 2011, Microsoft updated SkyDrive to make sharing and file management easier, as well as HTML5 and other updates. This update also allowed users to see how much storage they had (and how much they had used),

6565-529: The effort to keep an email attachment as a document in a personal file system may prompt an activity to organize the file system e.g., by creating a new folder for the document. Similarly, activities to organize may be prompted by a person's efforts to find a document as when, for example, a person discovers that two folders have overlapping content and should be consolidated. Meta-level activities overlap not only with finding and keeping activities but, even more so, with each other. For example, efforts to re-organize

6666-439: The efforts to find the desired information. This interplay happens, for example, when people move through a folder hierarchy to a desired file or e-mail message or navigate through a website to a desired page. But re-finding begins first with another step: Remember to look in the first place. People may take the trouble to create Web bookmarks or to file away documents and then forget about this information so that, in worst case,

6767-478: The folder contents to navigate to the desired document. Email systems often support additional methods for re-finding such as fielded search (e.g., search by sender, subject, date). The characteristics of the document types, the data that can be used to describe them (meta-data), and features of the systems used to store and organize them (e.g. fielded search) are all components that may influence how users accomplish personal information management. The purview of PIM

6868-431: The included OneDrive app (originally called SkyDrive, until the name was changed with a Windows update ) or File Explorer , deprecating the previous Windows client. Along with the use of reparse points , these changes allow files to be accessed directly from OneDrive as if they are stored locally. The OneDrive app was also updated to include a local file manager . Unlike on Windows 8, use of OneDrive on Windows 8.1 requires

6969-414: The increased storage for at least 12 months. Following calls for Microsoft to reverse the reduction decision, Microsoft announced on December 11 of the same year that it would allow existing users to request to have up to 30 GB of free storage unaffected by the reduction, and said it would fully refund customers of Office 365 not satisfied with the 1 TB cap, among other redress. In June 2019, alongside

7070-399: The information item. The ways in which an information item can be manipulated depend upon its underlying form. Items can be created but not always deleted (completely). Most items can be copied, sent and transformed as in, for example, when a digital photo is taken of a paper document (transforming from paper to digital) and then possibly further transformed as when optical character recognition

7171-540: The information that matters most to them. Alerts are typically delivered through a notification system and the most common application of the service is machine-to-person communication. Very basic services provide notification services via email or SMS . More advanced systems (for example AOL ) provides users with the choice of selecting a preferred delivery channel such as e-mail, Short Message Service (SMS), instant messaging (IM), via voice through voice portals, desktop alerts and more. Novel approaches provide users with

7272-522: The keeping of personal information segue to personal informatics and the quantified self movement, life logging, in the extreme, a 'total capture" of information. Tracking technologies raise serious issues of privacy (see " Managing privacy and the flow of information "). Additional questions arise concerning the utility and even the practical accessibility of "total capture". Activities of finding and, especially, keeping can segue into activities to maintain and organize as when, for example, efforts to keep

7373-449: The likelihood of error. For example, the ability to take a digital photo of a sign, billboard announcement or the page of a paper document can obviate the task of otherwise transcribing (or photocopying) the information. A person's ongoing use of a smartphone through the day can create a time-stamped record of events as a kind of automated keeping and especially of information "experienced by me" (see section, "The senses in which information

7474-413: The notion that the computer could be used to augment the human intellect. As heralded by the publication of Ulric Neisser 's book Cognitive Psychology , the 1960s also saw the emergence of cognitive psychology as a discipline that focused primarily on a better understanding of the human ability to think, learn, and remember. The computer as aid to the individual, rather than remote number cruncher in

7575-431: The official OneDrive uservoice to voice their concerns. According to Microsoft these changes were a response to people abusing the service by using OneDrive to store PC backups, movie collections, and DVR recordings. As of November 2024 the service offers 5  GB of free storage for new users. Additional storage is available for purchase. The amount of storage available has changed several times. Initially,

7676-564: The older FAT32 and exFAT , as well as the newer ReFS were not supported. Microsoft further commented that this was always the requirement; it had merely fixed a bug in which the warning was not displayed. Microsoft also denied this feature having anything to do with the forthcoming OneDrive Files On-Demand. Microsoft Office , starting with Microsoft Office 2010 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2011 , allows users to directly open or save documents to OneDrive, or simultaneously edit shared documents with other users. Changes are synchronized when

7777-441: The organization of information. Other studies showed that people vary their methods for keeping information according to anticipated uses of that information in the future. Studies explored the practical implications that human memory research might carry in the design of, for example, personal filing systems, and information retrieval systems. Studies demonstrated a preference for navigation (browsing, "location-based finding) in

7878-421: The original effort is wasted. Also, finding/re-finding often means not just assembling a single item of information but rather a set of information. The person may need to repeat the finding sequence several times. A challenge in tool support is to provide people with ways to group or interrelate information items so that their chances improve of retrieving a complete set of the information needed to complete

7979-463: The original for all future changes. The originating copy remains on the user's hard drive but is no longer updated by OneNote. Users can switch back to an offline-only version of the notebook by manually changing its location in OneNote, but unpredictable results may occur, including the OneNote application crashing and loss of notebook data under certain conditions. Under such circumstances, re-sharing

8080-504: The paths people are more likely to take in their navigation back to a file. Many events of daily life are roughly the converse of finding events: People encounter information and try to determine what, if anything, they should do with this information, i.e., people must match the information encountered to current or anticipated needs. Decisions and actions relating to encountered information are collectively referred to as keeping activities. The ability to effectively handle information that

8181-485: The price of OneDrive storage subscriptions at that time. In October 2014 Microsoft announced that it would offer unlimited OneDrive storage to all Office 365 subscribers. However, on November 3, 2015, the 1 TB cap was reinstated. Microsoft additionally announced the planned replacement of its 100 GB and 200 GB plans with a new 50 GB plan in early 2016, and the reduction of free storage from 15 GB to 5 GB. Any current accounts over this limit could keep

8282-448: The return to personal files, a preference that endures today notwithstanding significant improvements in search support. and an increasing use of search as the preferred method of return to e-mails. PIM, as a contemporary field of inquiry with a self-identified community of researchers, traces its origins to a Special Interest Group (SIG) session on PIM at the CHI 2004 conference and to

8383-450: The service did integrate with SharedView for real-time screen sharing. On June 20, 2011, Microsoft overhauled the user interface for SkyDrive, built using HTML5 technologies. The updated version featured caching, hardware acceleration, HTML video , quick views, cleaner arrangement of photos and infinite scrolling. Microsoft also doubled the file size limit from 50  MB to 100 MB per file. With this update, Microsoft consolidated

8484-413: The service provided 7 GB of storage and, for one year, an additional 3 GB of free storage to students. Users who signed up to OneDrive prior to April 22, 2012 were able to opt-in for a limited time offer of 25 GB of free storage upgrade. The service is built using HTML5 technologies, and files up to 300 MB can be uploaded via drag and drop into the web browser, or up to 10 GB via

8585-665: The service was renamed Windows Live SkyDrive and made available to testers in the United Kingdom and India. As of 22 May 2008 SkyDrive was initially available in 38 countries and regions, later expanded to 62. On December 2, 2008, the capacity of an individual SkyDrive account was upgraded from 5 GB to 25 GB, and Microsoft added a separate entry point called Windows Live Photos which allowed users to access their photos and videos stored on SkyDrive. This entry point allowed users to add "People tags" to their photos, download photos into Windows Photo Gallery or as

8686-473: The service, with 20 GB per user. In June 2014 it was announced that OneDrive's default storage would increase to 15 GB, putting it in line with its competitor Google Drive . An additional 15 GB were offered for activating camera roll backup on a mobile device, putting it ahead of Google Drive until November 2015, when this bonus was cancelled. The amount of additional storage for Office 365 subscribers also increased to 1 TB. Microsoft reduced

8787-433: The status of the budget forecast?" "What's in the news today?") prompting activities to find and re-find. A large body of research in information seeking , information behavior , and information retrieval relates and especially to efforts to find information in public spaces such as the Web or a traditional library. There is a strong personal component even in efforts to find new information, never before experienced, from

8888-546: The tools and technologies used to work with such information (from email applications and word processors to personal information managers and virtual assistants ) combine to form a personal space of information (PSI, pronounced as in the Greek letter , alternately referred to as a personal information space ) that is unique for each individual. Within a person's PSI are personal information collections (PICs) or, simply, collections. Examples include: Activities of PIM – i.e.,

8989-508: The two services was a result of Microsoft's decision to merge its Office Live team into Windows Live in January 2009, as well as several deficiencies with Office Live Workspace, which lacked high-fidelity document viewing and did not allow files to be edited from within the web browser. Office Live Workspace also did not offer offline collaboration and co-authoring functionality – instead documents were "checked out" and "checked in", though

9090-414: The use of folders were able to elicit some limitations of tagging not previously discussed openly such as, for example, that once a person decides to use multiple tags, it is usually important to continue doing so (else the tag not applied consistently becomes ineffective as a means of retrieving a complete set of items). Technologies may help to reduce the costs, in personal time and effort, of keeping and

9191-493: The user's Windows account be linked to a Microsoft account ; the previous OneDrive desktop client (which did not have this requirement) no longer works on Windows 8.1. Additionally, the Fetch feature does not work on Windows 8.1. In an update on July 4, 2017, OneDrive desktop client started showing an error message to the effect that the local OneDrive folder must be located on an NTFS volume only. Other file systems, including

9292-413: The vertical filing cabinet , now such a standard feature of home and workplace offices, was first commercially available in 1893. With the increasing availability of computers in the 1950s came an interest in the computer as a source of metaphors and a test bed for efforts to understand the human ability to process information and to solve problems . Newell and Simon pioneered the computer's use as

9393-788: The ways people organize digital documents, emails, and web references. Activities of keeping correlate with activities of organizing so that, for example, people with more elaborate folder structures tend to file information more often and sooner. However, people may be selective in the information forms for which they invest efforts to organize. The schoolteachers who participated in one study, for example, reported having regular "spring cleaning" habits for organization and maintenance of paper documents but no comparable habits for digital information. Activities of organization (e.g., creating and naming folders) segue into activities of maintenance such as consolidating redundant folders, archiving information no longer in active use, and ensuring that information

9494-458: The web (known at the time as Office Web Apps, later renamed to Office Online and again to just Office) capability to OneDrive in its "Wave 4" update, allowing users to upload, create, edit and share Word , Excel , PowerPoint and OneNote documents directly within a web browser. In addition, Office for the web allows multiple users to simultaneously co-author Excel documents in a web browser, and co-author OneNote documents with another web user or

9595-577: The web browser. In addition, SkyDrive also provided additional storage available for purchase and reduced the free storage space for new users to 7  GB (from 25 GB.) Existing users were offered a free upgrade offer to retain their 25 GB of free storage. The updated SkyDrive also allowed files up to 2 GB in size (uploaded via the SkyDrive desktop app). The update also brought additional features such as Open Document Format (ODF) capability, URL shortening services and direct sharing of files to Twitter . On August 14, 2012, Microsoft announced

9696-1039: The web interface or via Windows Photo Gallery . OneDrive also has support for the UWP app, Microsoft Photos . Photos uploaded to OneDrive can be played as an automatic slideshow. Images uploaded to OneDrive will be recognized as 360° images if they are clicked with popular models of 360° cameras in a panoramic mode, right from within the OneDrive. Microsoft has released OneDrive client applications for Android , iOS , Windows 7 , Windows 8 , Windows 10 , Windows 11 , Windows 10 Mobile , Windows Phone , Xbox 360 , and Xbox One that allow users to browse, view and organize files stored on their OneDrive cloud storage. In addition, Microsoft also released desktop applications for Microsoft Windows ( Vista and later) and macOS (10.7 Lion and later) that allow users to synchronize their entire OneDrive storage with their computers for offline access, as well as between multiple computers. The OneDrive client for Windows allows users to "fetch"

9797-503: The web. In 2015 Microsoft removed the unlimited storage plan for Office 365 Home, Personal and University packages, reduced the free OneDrive storage from 15 GB to 5 GB, and replaced paid subscriptions to 100 GB and 200 GB plans to a $ 1.99 per month 50 GB plan. These changes caused major controversy with users, some of whom petitioned Microsoft to reverse the plans. By November 21, 2015, in response to Microsoft's November 2 announcement, over 70,000 people had taken to

9898-427: The years and is sometimes labeled as spamming , particularly for information that hasn't been requested by the user. The advent of technologies such as RSS and now alert notification are an effort directed to creating an antithesis to spam: the information being received by users is exclusively from opt-in requests. The Federal Communications Commission is continually working to improve their ability to put in place

9999-481: The years. A tagging approach has also been pursued in commercial systems, most notably Gmail (as "labels"), but the success of tags so far is mixed. Bergman et al. found that users, when provided with options to use folders or tags, preferred folders to tags and, even when using tags, they typically refrained from adding more than a single tag per information item. Civan et al., through an engagement of participants in critical, comparative observation of both tagging and

10100-430: Was announced that a settlement had been reached and as a result the 'SkyDrive' name would be changed to 'OneDrive'. Sky allowed Microsoft to continue using the brand "for a reasonable period of time to allow for an orderly transition to a new brand". The change was made on most platforms on February 19, 2014, following an announcement on January 27. On June 18, 2015, Microsoft launched an improved design of OneDrive for

10201-407: Was the top requested feature; as such, OneDrive would keep older versions of all files for up to 30 days. OneDrive implements a "recycle bin" ; files the user chooses to delete are stored there for a time, without counting as part of the user's allocation, and can be reinstated until they are ultimately purged from OneDrive. Entire folders can be downloaded as a single ZIP file with OneDrive. For

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