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23-539: Until the 18th century, the Neglinnaya River flowed on the site of Alexandrovsky Gardens, over which four bridges were built. Historically, folk festivals were held on the river banks, its water was clean and famous for fishing.  After the end of the Napoleonic Wars , Emperor Alexander I decided to take the river underground and enclose it in a pipe three kilometres long. Gardens were laid out in

46-560: A century, Zaryadye was the location of Moscow's garment industry , a backyard of the wealthy Kitai-gorod. Since 1826, Glebovskoye Podvorye (Глебовское подворье), an inn in Zaryadye, was the hub of Moscow's Jewish community. Jews were allowed free settlement in the city in 1856, and preferred settling nearby, in Zaryadye. By 1891, Moscow housed an estimated 35,000 Jews, at least half of them settled in Zaryadye (the first synagogue opened in 1891 two blocks north-east). After 1918, with

69-558: A chain of six interconnected ponds , used for firefighting, with watermills , forges , workshops and public baths (Moscow's two best-known public baths, Central and Sandunоvskie , built in 1890s, are still located on Neglinnaya Street ). There were four bridges across the Neglinnaya River: Voskresensky Bridge (its fragments unearthed during a 1994 excavation), three-span Kuznetsky Bridge , Trinity Bridge and Petrovsky Bridge (the remains of

92-570: Is dotted with diminutive statues on subjects taken from Russian fables designed by Zurab Tsereteli . Zaryadye Zaryadye (Russian: Зарядье , IPA: [zɐˈrʲædʲje] ) is a historical district in Moscow established in the 12th or 13th century within Kitai-gorod , between Varvarka Street and the Moskva River . The name means "the place behind the rows", i.e., behind

115-645: The Field of Mars in Leningrad . Created in 1967, it contains the body of a soldier who fell during the Great Patriotic War at the kilometer 41 marker of Leningradskoe Shosse, the nearest point the forces of Nazi Germany penetrated towards Moscow. Post Number One, where the honor sentinels stand on guard, used to be located in front of Lenin's Mausoleum , but was moved to the Tomb of The Unknown Soldier in

138-517: The first street of Moscow outside Kremlin walls. In 1536–1538, the walls of Kitai-gorod fortress separated Zaryadye from the river; access to the river was possible only through the gates in the south-western and south-eastern corners of the neighborhood. The businesses changed their logistics pattern, walking away from river trade to supplies by land. The population of traders became more and more diluted by craftsmen and court servants. Peter I 's reforms struck two blows at Zaryadye. Firstly, when

161-562: The market rows adjacent to Red Square . Zaryadye is the oldest trading settlement outside the Kremlin walls. The first chronicle notice is dated 1365, when a fire destroyed the area. Fires continued in 1390, 1468, 1493, 1547; in 1451, the fire was set by Tatar raiders. Zaryadye's Main Street (Великая улица), later called Mokrinsky Lane (Мокринский переулок), connected Kremlin with the docks and warehouses on Moskva River; some sources call it

184-595: The 1990s. The middle section of the upper garden contains a faux ruined grotto built underneath the Middle Arsenal Tower . Although not constructed until 1841, this was part of Bove's original design. The garden's cast iron gate and grille were designed to commemorate the Russian victories over Napoleon , and its rocks are rubble from buildings destroyed during the French occupation of Moscow . In front of

207-528: The 2-story buildings on Moskvoretskaya Street, right next to the bridge, and the Kitai-gorod wall facing the river. According to P. V. Sytin, the historical church of St. Anna and other relics had to be disassembled and rebuilt in the Kolomenskoye park; this did not materialize. The site was left vacant for over 15 years. A third round, in the 1960s, cleared these buildings near the bridge. In 1967,

230-477: The Borovitskaya Tower, one of two vehicular and pedestrian entrances to the Kremlin. Neglinnaya (river) The Neglinnaya (Russian: Неглинная , IPA: [nʲɪˈɡlʲinːəjə] ), also known as Neglinka , Neglinna , Neglimna (Неглинка, Неглинна, Неглимна), is a 7.5 km underground river in the central part of Moscow and a tributary of the river Moskva . It flows in

253-406: The blocks adjacent to Moscow Kremlin for the ramps of Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge . This was followed by the destruction of most of Zaryadye in 1947, clearing the ground for the skyscraper designed by Dmitry Chechulin . This project was cancelled at the foundation stage. A 1947 postcard shows that, in addition to the existing row of churches on Varvarka Street, this round of demolition spared

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276-542: The city cleared it and covered with a masonry vault, creating the first Neglinnaya Tunnel (1817-1819), which also formed present-day Neglinnaya Street and Theatre Square . Before centralised city sewage (1887), the tunnel doubled as a sewer, dumping the refuse into the Moskva River. The first reconstruction (1910—1914) replaced part of the tunnel with a larger pipe, but was terminated by World War I . This new pipe, designed by engineer Schekotov ( Schekotov Tunnel ),

299-582: The collapse of traditional small businesses due to the October Revolution , Zaryadye tenants relocated to the remote workers' neighborhoods. The properties were taken over by state offices. The 1935 Soviet master plan of Moscow called for demolition of Zaryadye, clearing space for the Industry Building ( Narkomtiazhprom ) and its riverside ramps. This project did not materialize as planned. The first round of destruction (1936) cleared

322-684: The court relocated to Saint Petersburg , the area lost tenants, and many businesses closed. Secondly, Peter's rampart, built between Kitai-gorod wall and the river, closed all the sewage moats, trapping all the waste inside Zaryadye. For at least a century, Zaryadye became an unhealthy and unsafe social bottom of Moscow. Things improved after the fire of 1812. The State, fearing future fires, banned all wooden construction. Poorer landlords of Zaryadye could not afford stone buildings and sold their properties. They were purchased by real estate developers, who quickly converted Zaryadye into an area of cheap rental housing, usually two or three stories high. For nearly

345-589: The grotto is an obelisk erected on July 10, 1914, a year after the tercentenary of the Romanov dynasty was celebrated. The monument made of granite from Finland listed all of the Romanov Tsars and had the coats of arms of the (Russian) provinces. Four years later, the dynasty was gone, and the Bolsheviks (per Lenin ’s directive on Monumental propaganda ) removed the imperial eagle , and re-carved

368-644: The last were discovered during the reconstruction of the Maly Theatre ). The first plans to rebuild the Neglinnaya River, presented in 1775, materialized in 1792. A new masonry canal , one sazhen (2.13 m) wide, was laid parallel to the Neglinnaya; after diverting water into the channel, builders filled the old river bed with earth. After the Fire of Moscow (1812) , the canal was so polluted that

391-659: The military victory over Napoleon. The northern part of the garden is adjacent to the large underground shopping complex at Manege Square . The most prominent feature of the Middle Garden is the outlying Kutafya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin . There is an entrance to the park opposite the tower directly to the Moscow Metro system. Laid out in 1823, the Lower Garden stretches to the road leading to

414-415: The monument with a list of 19 socialist and communist philosophers and political leaders, personally approved by Lenin. Originally in the Lower Garden, it was relocated to its present location in 1966. There is discussion to remove Lenin's and reinstall an obelisk duplicating the original. The wrought iron grille, enclosing this part of the garden, has a design of fasces , which are intended to commemorate

437-440: The path under Zaryadye . In 1974–1989, after the 1973 flood, the city built a completely-new 4 km tunnel, 3.47 m high and 4.90 m wide, from Durova Street to Metropol Hotel (where the tunnel forks into two branches). The old tunnel was reused as a pipe and cable conduit. Present-day ponds on Manezhnaya Square (1996) are not the Neglinnaya River but an imitation. The real river runs too deep to be properly displayed. The area

460-459: The tunnels under Samotechnaya Street, Tsvetnoy Boulevard , Neglinnaya Street and Alexander Garden and Zaryadye . The Neglinnaya discharges into the Moskva through two separate tunnels near Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge and Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge . The river in its natural state used to flow openly from the northern parts of Moscow to the south across the very centre of the city. The Kremlin

483-665: The vacated place, designed by the architect Osip Bove as part of a plan to restore Moscow after the fire of 1812. The gardens were built from 1819 to 1823 and were originally called the Kremlin Gardens. After the coronation of Alexander II in 1856, the gardens were renamed the Alexander Gardens. Towards the main entrance to the park is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier with an eternal flame brought from

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506-429: Was adequate by any standard, and could suffice, if completed in full length. Narrow cross-section of old pipe, however, could not accommodate the volume of water, especially during high water and freshets , flooding central streets; the most recent catastrophic floods occurred in 1965 (twice) and 1973 (also twice). In 1966, the city built a second arm for the Neglinnaya River (length: 1 km, width : 4 m ), cutting

529-423: Was built on a hill east of the Neglinnaya, using the river as a moat. The moat did not stop foreign invasions but slowed development of territories west of the Kremlin; initially, the city grew eastward, into Red Square and Kitay-gorod . When Muscovites began settling on the western side, territories around the Neglinnaya remained vacant due to frequent flooding. Muscovites constructed a number of dams , creating

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