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69-616: The name was created by an American ethnologist, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft (1793–1864), who was appointed Indian agent to the Ojibwe in Sault Ste. Marie region in 1822. "Al" is derived from Algonquin, while "goma" is a variant of gomee, meaning lake or water. Algoma District has shoreline along Lake Superior and Lake Huron . It has an international border crossing to the American state of Michigan , at Sault Ste. Marie . Historically, it

138-601: A few other locals. Although they produced only single issues, each was distributed widely to residents in Sault Ste. Marie, then to Schoolcraft's friends in Detroit, New York, and other eastern cities. Jane Johnston Schoolcraft used the pen names of "Rosa" and Leelinau as personae to write about different aspects of Indian culture. Schoolcraft was elected to the legislature of the Michigan Territory , where he served from 1828 to 1832. In 1832, he traveled again to

207-647: A lead mine outside St. Louis in the 18th century.) He also published Journal of a Tour into the Interior of Missouri and Arkansaw (1821), the first written account of a European-American exploration of the Ozark Mountains . This expedition and his resulting publications brought Schoolcraft to the attention of John C. Calhoun , the Secretary of War, who considered him "a man of industry, ambition, and insatiable curiosity." Calhoun recommended Schoolcraft to

276-694: A leading Ojibwe chief, Waubojeeg , and his wife. Both of the Johnstons were of high status; they had eight children together, and their cultured, wealthy family was well known in the area. Jane was also known as Bamewawagezhikaquay (Woman of the Sound the Stars Make Rushing Through the Sky). Her knowledge of the Ojibwe language and culture, which she shared with Schoolcraft, formed in part

345-527: A mean annual temperature of 40 °F (4 °C), with consistent moisture at their roots. They typically grow in the following four forest types: The foliage is browsed by moose and deer. The seeds are eaten by American red squirrels , grouse, and pine mice; the tree also provides food for crossbills and chickadees , as well as shelter for moose, snowshoe hares , white-tailed deer , ruffed grouse , and other small mammals and songbirds. The needles are eaten by some lepidopteran caterpillars, for example

414-669: A member of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan in its early years. In this position he helped establish the state university's financial organization. Schoolcraft founded and contributed to the first United States journal on public education, The Journal of Education. He also published The Souvenir of the Lakes , the first literary magazine in Michigan. Schoolcraft named many of Michigan's counties and locations within

483-494: A personal account of the discovery with his book, Narrative of an Expedition Through the Upper Mississippi River to Itasca Lake (1834). After his territory for Indian Affairs was greatly increased in 1833, Schoolcraft and his wife Jane moved to Mackinac Island , the new headquarters of his administration. In 1836, he was instrumental in settling land disputes with the Ojibwe. He worked with them to accomplish

552-454: A preferred mattress in places where trees greatly outnumbered campers. Many fir limbs are vertically bowed from alternating periods of downward deformation from snow loading and new growth reaching upward for sunlight. Layers of inverted freshly cut limbs from small trees created a pleasantly fragrant mattress lifting bedding off the wet ground; and the bowed green limbs were springs beneath the soft needles. Upper layers of limbs were placed with

621-479: A prominent Scotch-Irish fur trader and an Ojibwe mother, who was the high-ranking daughter of Waubojeeg , a war chief. Jane lived with her family in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan . She was bilingual and educated, having grown up in a literate household. Jane taught Schoolcraft the Ojibwe language and much about her maternal culture. They had several children together, only two of whom survived past childhood. She

690-791: A significant crossroads of water routes. Algoma was created by proclamation in 1858 as a provisional judicial district of the Province of Canada comprising territory north of the French River as far west as Pigeon River , including all Canadian islands in Lakes Huron and Superior. The authorizing act of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada was An Act to provide for the Administration of Justice in

759-511: A small patch of stomata near the tip, and two white stomatal bands below, and a slightly notched tip. They are arranged spirally on the shoot, but with the leaf bases twisted so that the leaves appear to be in two more-or-less horizontal rows on either side of the shoot. The needles become shorter and thicker the higher they are on the tree. The seed cones are erect, 40 to 80 mm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 3 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) long, dark purple, ripening brown and disintegrating to release

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828-417: A steam from a decoction of branches as a bath for rheumatism and parturition , and ingest a decoction of the plant for rheumatism. They take a compound decoction for colds and coughs, sometimes mixing it with alcohol. They apply a compound decoction of the plant for cuts, sprains, bruises and sores. They apply a poultice of the gum and dried beaver kidneys for cancer. They also take a compound decoction in

897-804: A war party that had contact with Europeans on the East Coast. They had gone to Montreal to assist the French against the British in the French and Indian War (the North American front of the Seven Years' War ). During the voyage, Schoolcraft took the opportunity to explore the region, making the first accurate map of the Lake District around western Lake Superior. Following the lead of Ozawindib , an Ojibwe guide, Schoolcraft encountered

966-647: Is notably the most fragrant of all Christmas tree varieties. The balsam fir was used six times for the US Capitol Christmas Tree between 1964 and 2019. Abies balsamea is also grown as an ornamental tree for parks and gardens. Very hardy down to −20 °C (−4 °F) or below, it requires a sheltered spot in full sun. The dwarf cultivar A. balsamea 'Hudson' (Hudson fir), grows to only 1 m (3.3 ft) tall by 1.5 m (4.9 ft) broad, and has distinctive blue-green foliage with pale undersides. It does not bear cones. It has gained

1035-554: Is now Springfield . They traveled further down the White River into Arkansas , making a survey of the geography , geology , and mineralogy of the area. Schoolcraft published this study in A View of the Lead Mines of Missouri (1819). In this book, he correctly identified the potential for lead deposits in the region . Missouri eventually became the number one lead-producing state. (French colonists had earlier developed

1104-557: Is now recognized for her poetry and other writings as the first Native American literary writer in the United States. Schoolcraft continued to study Native American tribes and publish works about them. In 1833, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society . By 1846, Jane had died. That year, Schoolcraft was commissioned by Congress for a major study, known as Indian Tribes of

1173-478: Is the preferred main host of the eastern spruce budworm , which is a major destructive pest throughout the eastern United States and Canada. During cyclical population outbreaks, major defoliation of the balsam fir can occur, which may significantly reduce radial growth . This can kill the tree. An outbreak in Quebec in 1957 killed over 75% of balsam fir in some stands. The needles of balsam fir can be infected by

1242-409: Is used for sore eyes. They boil the resin twice and add it to suet or fat to make a canoe pitch. The bark gum is taken for chest soreness from colds, applied to cuts and sores, and decoction of the bark is used to induce sweating. The bark gum is also taken for gonorrhea . The Penobscot smear the sap over sores, burns, and cuts. The Potawatomi use the needles to make pillows, believing that

1311-540: The 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , the Algoma District had a population of 113,777 living in 51,709 of its 59,854 total private dwellings, a change of −0.3% from its 2016 population of 114,094 . With a land area of 48,281.36 km (18,641.54 sq mi), it had a population density of 2.4/km (6.1/sq mi) in 2021. Henry Schoolcraft Henry Rowe Schoolcraft (March 28, 1793 – December 10, 1864)

1380-738: The Congressional Cemetery in Washington, DC. His papers are archived in the Library of Congress . Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1821. Numerous counties, towns, lakes, streams, roads and other geographic features are named in his honor, including: Abies balsamea Abies balsamea or balsam fir is a North American fir , native to most of eastern and central Canada ( Newfoundland west to central Alberta ) and

1449-508: The Io moth ( Automeris io ). Abies balsamea is one of the most cold-hardy trees known, surviving at temperatures as low as −45 °C (−49 °F) ( USDA Hardiness Zone 2). Specimens even showed no ill effects when immersed in liquid nitrogen at −196 °C (−320.8 °F). It is listed as endangered in Connecticut . This status applies to native populations only. The balsam fir

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1518-561: The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council , Algoma shrank. Other districts were created from it by the provincial government of Ontario: Algoma District is crossed by a number of rivers, which historically were used as transportation and trade corridors. The Hudson's Bay Company chose key riverside or river mouth locations for a number of its trading posts in the district. One example was Fort Michipicoten , located at

1587-554: The Michigan Territorial Governor , Lewis Cass , for a position on an expedition led by Cass to explore the wilderness region of Lake Superior and the lands west to the upper Mississippi River. Beginning in the spring of 1820, Schoolcraft served as a geologist on the Lewis Cass expedition . Beginning in Detroit, they traveled nearly 2,000 miles (3,200 km) along Lake Huron and Lake Superior, west to

1656-405: The Ojibwe language , as well as much of the lore of the tribe and its culture. Schoolcraft created The Muzzeniegun, or Literary Voyager , a family magazine which he and Jane produced in the winter of 1826–1827 and circulated among friends ("muzzeniegun" coming from Ojibwe mazina'igan meaning "book"). It contained mostly his own writings, although he did include a few pieces from his wife and

1725-526: The Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . Other cultivars include: The resin is used to produce Canada balsam , and was traditionally used as a cold remedy and as a glue for glasses, optical instrument components, and for preparing permanent mounts of microscope specimens. Given its use as a traditional remedy and the relatively high ascorbic acid content of its needles, historian Jacques Mathieu has argued that

1794-472: The Treaty of Washington (1836) , by which they ceded to the United States a vast territory of more than 13 million acres (53,000 km ), worth many millions of dollars . He believed that the Ojibwe would be better off learning to farm and giving up their wide hunting lands. The government agreed to pay subsidies and provide supplies while the Ojibwe made a transition to a new way of living, but its provision of

1863-637: The Whig Party came to power in 1841 with the election of William Henry Harrison , Schoolcraft lost his political position as Indian agent. He and Jane moved to New York. She died the next year during a visit with a sister in Canada, while Schoolcraft was traveling in Europe. He continued to write about Native Americans. In 1846 Congress commissioned him to develop a comprehensive reference work on American Indian tribes. Schoolcraft traveled to England to request

1932-729: The Michipicoten River's mouth. The rivers flow in a number of directions, some crossing through other districts to ultimately empty into faraway water bodies such as James Bay . Others drain into the Great Lakes Basin via Lake Huron or Lake Superior . Major rivers in Algoma District include: In the Algoma section, the characteristic forest mixture consists of yellow birch, white spruce, balsam fir, sugar maple, hop-hornbeam, and eastern white cedar. Eastern white pine and occasional red pine ( Pinus resinosa ) dominate on

2001-555: The Mississippi River, down the river to present-day Iowa, and then returning to Detroit after tracing the shores of Lake Michigan . The expedition was intended to establish the source of the Mississippi River. It was also intended to settle the question of the yet undetermined boundary between the United States and British Canada . The expedition traveled as far upstream as Upper Red Cedar Lake in present-day Minnesota. Since low water precluded navigating farther upstream,

2070-758: The Schoolcraft children. They became alienated from both her and their father. After Schoolcraft's hands became paralyzed in 1848 from a rheumatic condition, Mary devoted much of her attention to caring for him and helping him complete his massive study of Native Americans, which had been commissioned by Congress in 1846. In 1860, she published the novel The Black Gauntlet: A Tale of Plantation Life in South Carolina (which she said her husband had encouraged). One of many pro-slavery books published in response to Harriet Beecher Stowe 's bestselling Uncle Tom's Cabin , such defenses of slavery, published in

2139-543: The Sources of the Mississippi River (1821). In 1821, he was a member of another government expedition, which traveled through Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. In 1832, he led a second expedition to the headwaters of the Mississippi River. Arriving a month earlier than had the 1820 expedition, he was able to take advantage of higher water to navigate to Lake Itasca . Schoolcraft met his first wife Jane Johnston soon after being assigned in 1822 to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan , as

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2208-526: The United States . It was published in six volumes from 1851 to 1857, and illustrated by Seth Eastman , a career Army officer with extensive experience as an artist of indigenous peoples. Schoolcraft remarried in 1847, to Mary Howard , from a slaveholding family in South Carolina . In 1860 , Howard published the bestselling novel The Black Gauntlet . It was part of the Anti-Tom literature that

2277-445: The balsam fir was the " aneda " that cured scurvy during the second expedition into Canada of Jacques Cartier . The wood is milled for framing lumber (part of SPF lumber), siding and pulped for paper manufacture. Balsam fir oil is an EPA approved nontoxic rodent repellent. The balsam fir is also used as an air freshener and as incense . Prior to the availability of foam rubber and air mattresses , balsam fir boughs were

2346-559: The conditions of American Indians; it was informally known as the Meriam Report , after the technical director of the team, Lewis Meriam .) Schoolcraft died in Washington, D.C., on December 10, 1864. After his death, Schoolcraft's second wife Mary donated over 200 books from his library, which had been published in 35 different Native American languages, to the Boston Athenæum . Schoolcraft and Mary were each buried in

2415-425: The cut ends of the limbs touching the earth to avoid uncomfortably sharp spots and sap. Native Americans use it for a variety of medicinal purposes. The Abenaki use the gum for slight itches and as an antiseptic ointment. They stuff the leaves, needles, and wood into pillows as a panacea . The Algonquin people of Quebec apply a poultice of the gum to open sores, insect bites, boils and infections, use

2484-491: The decade before the American Civil War , became known as the anti-Tom genre. Hers became a best-seller, although not on the scale of Stowe's. Schoolcraft began his ethnological research in 1822 during his appointment as US Indian agent at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan . He had responsibility for tribes in what is now northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. From his wife Jane Johnston, Schoolcraft learned

2553-429: The early stages of tuberculosis, and they use the plant for bedwetting and gonorrhea . The Maliseet use the juice of the plant as a laxative, use the pitch in medicines, and use an infusion of the bark, sometimes mixed with spruce and tamarack bark, for gonorrhea . They use the needles and branches as pillows and bedding, the roots as thread, and use the pitch to waterproof seams in canoes. The Menominee use

2622-472: The expedition designated the lake as the river's headwaters and renamed it in honor of Cass . (Schoolcraft noted, however, that locals informed the expedition that it was possible to navigate by canoe farther upstream earlier in the year when water levels were higher.) Schoolcraft's account of the expedition was published as A Narrative Journal of Travels Through the Northwestern Regions...to

2691-425: The female organs. The male organs contain microsporangia which divide to form sporogenous tissue, composed of cells which become archesporial cells. These develop into microspores, or pollen-mother cells, once they are rounded and filled with starch grains. When the microspores undergo meiosis in the spring, four haploid microspores are produced which eventually become pollen grains. Once the male strobilus has matured

2760-542: The first US Indian agent in the region. Two years before, the government had built Fort Brady and wanted to establish an official presence to forestall any renewed British threat following the War of 1812 . The government tried to ensure against British agitation of the Ojibwa . Jane was the eldest daughter of John Johnston , a prominent Scots-Irish fur trader , and his wife Ozhaguscodaywayquay (Susan Johnston), daughter of

2829-711: The former Michigan Territory . He named Leelanau County, Michigan after his wife's pen name of "Leelinau". For those counties established in 1840, he made elisions – the process of joining or merging morphemes that contained abstract ideas from multiple languages – to form unique place names he considered as never previously used in North America. In names such as Alcona , Algoma , Allegan , Alpena , Arenac , Iosco , Kalkaska , Leelanau , Lenawee , Oscoda , and Tuscola , for example, Schoolcraft combined words and syllables from Native American languages with words and syllables from Latin and Arabic . Lake Itasca ,

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2898-442: The fungus Delphinella balsameae . Both varieties of the species are very popular as Christmas trees , particularly in the northeastern United States. Balsam firs cut for Christmas are not taken from the forest, but are grown on large plantations. The balsam fir is one of the greatest exports of Quebec and New England . It is celebrated for its rich green needles, natural conical shape, and needle retention after being cut, and it

2967-401: The gum for burns, colds, fractures, sores and wounds, use the cones for colic, and use the buds as a laxative. They also use the bark used for gonorrhea and buds used as a laxative. They use the boughs to make beds, use the bark to make a beverage, and use the wood for kindling and fuel. The Ojibwe melt the gum on warm stones and inhale the fumes for headache. They also use a decoction of

3036-426: The inner bark as a seasoner for medicines, take an infusion of the inner bark for chest pain, and use the liquid balsam pressed from the trunk for colds and pulmonary troubles. They also use the inner bark as a poultice for unspecified illnesses. They also apply gum from plant blisters to sores. The Miꞌkmaq use a poultice of inner bark for an unspecified purpose, use the buds, cones and inner bark for diarrhea, use

3105-589: The later Woodland period , with evidence of extensive Late Woodland habitation. Ceramics at Late Woodland sites show predominantly southeastern links, having originated from the Huron – Petun complex (broadly Ontario Iroquoian ) as well as from modern-day Michigan . French explorers arrived in the area by the mid-17th century. As the French penetrated into North America, they established lines of forts and trading posts, often at river mouths to control trade, especially

3174-560: The lucrative fur trade . In Algoma, they established Fort Michipicoten , located at the mouth of the Michipicoten River where it empties into Lake Superior . The Michipicoten was one of the geographic features depicted by Samuel de Champlain on a 1632 map. This helped the French bridge the distance to Fort Kaministiquia at the head of Lake Superior, and protected the route up the Michipicoten to James Bay , providing

3243-605: The meticulous and knowledgeable illustrations by Eastman. Critics also noted the work's shortcomings, including a lack of index, and poor organization, which made the information almost inaccessible. Almost 100 years later, in 1954, the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution prepared and published an index to the volumes. (It was not until 1928 that the US government conducted another overall study of

3312-400: The microsporangia are exposed at which point the pollen is released. The female megasporangiate is larger than the male. It contains bracts and megasporophylls, each of which contains two ovules, arranged in a spiral. These then develop a nucellus in which a mother cell is formed. Meiosis occurs and a megaspore is produced as the first cell of the megagametophyte. As cell division takes place

3381-425: The needles as a sudatory for women after childbirth and for other purposes, use the roots for heart disease, use the needles to make a laxative tea, and use the needles for making poultices . The Atikamekw chew the sap as a cold remedy, and use the boughs as mats for the tent floor. The Cree use the pitch for menstrual irregularity, and take an infusion of the bark and sometimes the wood for coughs. They use

3450-713: The northeastern United States ( Minnesota east to Maine , and south in the Appalachian Mountains to West Virginia ). Balsam fir is a small to medium-size evergreen tree typically 14–20 metres (46–66 ft) tall, occasionally reaching a height of 27 metres (89 ft). The narrow conic crown consists of dense, dark-green leaves. The bark on young trees is smooth, grey, and with resin blisters (which tend to spray when ruptured), becoming rough and fissured or scaly on old trees. The leaves are flat and needle-like, 15 to 30 mm ( 5 ⁄ 8 to 1 + 1 ⁄ 8  in) long, dark green above often with

3519-541: The nucleus of the megaspore thickens, and cell differentiation occurs to produce prothallial tissue containing an ovum . The remaining undifferentiated cells then form the endosperm. When the male structure releases its pollen grains, some fall onto the female strobilus and reach the ovule. At this point the pollen tube begins to generate, and eventually the sperm and egg meet at which point fertilization occurs. There are two varieties: Balsam firs are very shade tolerant, and tend to grow in cool climates, ideally with

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3588-423: The pitch and grease used as an ointment for scabies and boils . They apply a poultice of pitch applied to cuts. They also use a decoction of pitch and sturgeon oil used for tuberculosis , and take an infusion of bark for tuberculosis. They also use the boughs to make brush shelters and use the wood to make paddles. The Innu people grate the inner bark and eat it to benefit their diet. The Iroquois use

3657-545: The promised subsidies was often late and underfunded. The Ojibwe suffered as a result. In 1838 pursuant to the terms of the treaty, Schoolcraft oversaw the construction of the Indian Dormitory on Mackinac Island. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It provided temporary housing to the Ojibwe who came to Mackinac Island to receive annuities during their transition to what

3726-435: The root as an herbal steam for rheumatic joints. They also combine the gum with bear's grease and use it as an ointment for hair. They use the needle-like leaves in as part of ceremony involving the sweat bath , and use the gum for colds and inhale the leaf smoke for colds. They use the plant as a cough medicine. The gum is used for sores and a compound containing leaves is used as wash. The liquid balsam from bark blisters

3795-528: The second time as commander of the fort, and had closely studied, drawn and painted the people of the Indian cultures of the Great Plains . Schoolcraft worked for years on the history and survey of the Indian tribes of the United States. It was published in six volumes from 1851 to 1857 by J. B. Lippincott & Co. of Philadelphia . Critics praised its scholarship and valuable content by Schoolcraft, and

3864-481: The services of George Catlin to illustrate his proposed work, as the latter was widely regarded as the premier illustrator of Indian life. Schoolcraft was deeply disappointed when Catlin refused. Schoolcraft later engaged the artist Seth Eastman , a career Army officer, as illustrator. An Army captain and later brigadier general, Eastman was renowned for his paintings of Native American peoples. He had two extended assignments at Fort Snelling in present-day Minnesota ,

3933-487: The source lake of the Mississippi River , is another example of his eliding Native American and Latin morphemes. In 1843 the unique names of six counties named in 1840 after Native Michigan chiefs were erased – Kautawaubet County , Kaykakee County , Keskkauko County , Meegisee County , Mikenauk County , and Tonedagana County . But none of the 1840 counties with unique Schoolcraft elisions were changed. When

4002-463: The source material for Longfellow 's epic poem The Song of Hiawatha . Jane and Henry had four children together: The Schoolcrafts sent Jane and John to a boarding school in Detroit for part of their education. Jane at 11 could handle the transition, but John at nine had a more difficult time and missed his parents. The Schoolcrafts had a literary marriage, producing a family magazine. They included their own poetry in letters to each other through

4071-558: The true headwaters of the Mississippi River, a lake that the natives called "Omushkos", meaning Elk Lake. which Schoolcraft renamed Lake Itasca , a name which he coined from the Latin words ver itas meaning 'truth' and ca put meaning 'head'. The nearby Schoolcraft River , the first major tributary of the Mississippi, was later named in his honor. United States newspapers widely covered this expedition. Schoolcraft followed up with

4140-510: The unorganized Tracts of Country within the limits of this Province (known by its short title as The Temporary Judicial Districts Act, 1857) . The district seat is Sault Ste Marie, Ontario. However, it is noted that Thessalon is where the Algoma District Services Administration Board is located. As the population grew and the northern and northwestern boundaries of Ontario were determined by

4209-413: The upper reaches of the Mississippi to settle continuing troubles between the Ojibwe and Dakota (Sioux) nations. He worked to talk to as many Native American leaders as possible to maintain the peace. He was also provided with a surgeon and given instructions to begin vaccinating Native Americans against smallpox . He determined that smallpox had been unknown among the Ojibwe before the return in 1750 of

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4278-474: The upper, steep south-facing slopes; white spruce, eastern white cedar, and balsam fir occupy the middle and lower slopes. A white spruce– balsam fir association, which usually includes white birch and black spruce , is prominent on the river terraces and adjoining flats in the northern part of the Section (Rowe 1972). Communities within these subdivisions are added in parentheses. As a census division in

4347-585: The winged seeds in September. For thousands of years Native Americans used balsam fir for medicinal and therapeutic purposes. The needles are eaten directly off the tree by many animals and humans. Higher content dosage is ingested in tea. Balsam fir contains vitamin C , which has been studied for its effects on bacterial and viral infections. Balsam fir's essential oil and some of its compounds have shown efficacy against ticks. The male reproductive organs generally develop more rapidly and appear sooner than

4416-571: The years. Jane suffered from frequent illnesses. She died in 1842, while visiting a sister in Canada, and was buried at St. John's Anglican Church, Ancaster, Ontario . On January 12, 1847, after moving to Washington, DC, at age 53 Schoolcraft married again, to Mary Howard (died March 12, 1878). She was a southerner and slaveholder, from an elite planter family of the Beaufort district of South Carolina. Her support of slavery and opposition to mixed-race unions created strains in her relationship with

4485-520: Was a glassmaker , and Schoolcraft initially studied and worked in the same industry. At age 24, he wrote his first paper on the topic, Vitreology (1817). After working in several glassworks in New York, Vermont , and New Hampshire , the young Schoolcraft left the family business at age 25 to explore the western frontier. From November 18 to February 1819, Schoolcraft and his companion Levi Pettibone made an expedition from Potosi, Missouri , to what

4554-656: Was an American geographer , geologist , and ethnologist , noted for his early studies of Native American cultures, as well as for his 1832 expedition to the source of the Mississippi River . He is also noted for his major six-volume study of Native Americans commissioned by Congress and published in the 1850s. He served as United States Indian agent in Michigan for a period beginning in 1822. During this period, he named several newly organized counties, often creating neologisms that he claimed were derived from indigenous languages. There he married Jane Johnston , daughter of

4623-614: Was envisioned by the US government as a more settled way of life. In 1839 Schoolcraft was appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Northern Department. He began a series of Native American studies later published as the Algic Researches (2 vols., 1839). These included his collection of Native American stories and legends, many of which his wife Jane Johnston Schoolcraft told him or translated for him from her culture. While in Michigan, Schoolcraft became

4692-606: Was known for its lumber and mining industries. The rugged scenery of the region has inspired works by Canadian artists, particularly the Group of Seven . They rented a boxcar from the Algoma Central Railway to travel on excursions through this region. Surviving prehistoric remains in Algoma District are concentrated around waterways . These remains date as far back as the Archaic period . There are also sites from

4761-546: Was written in Southern response to the bestselling Uncle Tom's Cabin by Northern abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe . Schoolcraft was born in 1793 in Guilderland , Albany County, New York , the son of Lawrence Schoolcraft and Margaret-Anne Barbara (née Rowe) Schoolcraft. He entered Union College at age 15 and later attended Middlebury College . He was especially interested in geology and mineralogy. His father

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