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95-547: The Indian National Anthem Jana Gana Mana is sung in the raga Gaud Sarang . It is believed that the National Anthem of India is sung in raga Alhaiya Bilaval but this is not the case. There is a svara that changes the raga of Jana Gana Mana. In the national anthem, the tivra Madhyam svara is used. Raga Alhaiya Bilaval does not employ the tivra Madhyama svara; raga Alhaiya Bilaval is the raga of all Shuddha Svaras and no other types of svaras. Raga Gaud Sarang has

190-484: A knighthood on him, which he renounced in 1919 in protest over the Jallianwala Bagh massacre ; writing a letter addressed to the viceroy of India Lord Chelmsford : "The time has come when badges of honour make our shame glaring in their incongruous context of humiliation, and I for my part wish to stand, shorn of all special distinctions, by the side of my country men." In Kerala , students belonging to

285-523: A Christian / Baha'i new world religion called Navabidhan or New Dispensation and are not considered part of Adi Dharma and in 1891 formed another Samaj in Bangladesh and are called Sammilani's (or Universal Brahmo Religionists) organising annual Conference of Theists. In 1884 there were two demises in Debendranath's family. The deaths of his third son Hemendranath at the young age of 40 and

380-660: A Hindu." This decision is confirmed by the Privy Council in 1903 ( Rani Bhagwan Koer & Anr. vs. Acharya J.C.Bose and Ors ) and is the leading judgement even today on the vexed question of "Who is a Hindu?". The heart of Adi Dharma in Punjab Province was Bengal's Adi Brahmo Samaj legend Pundit Nabin Chandra Ray. The Punjab Brahmo Samaj under his influence favoured Hindi language as against Punjabi actuated by nationalistic considerations. He looked upon Hindi as

475-609: A Pirali Brahmin bride unlike his brothers who married high caste Brahmin brides. This ultimate exclusionary weapon of Hindu orthodoxy resulted in endogamous tendencies in Adi Dharm marriage practice between these 2 branches of Adi Dharma in the Tagore family, placing Satyendranath Tagore and Rabindranath Tagore and their families against their exogamous brothers. The noted Adi Brahmo historian Kshitindranath Tagore (son of Hemendranath Tagore ) who succeeded Rabindranath Tagore as editor of

570-640: A Prince – a Jain by religion. Such a marriage between parties of different castes although then allowed in law (by further amendment in the Brahmo law in 1923) was frowned upon and meant separation from the family and community. They arranged to be married under the Adi Brahmo Law of 1872 and gave false declarations (as was done in B. K. Nehru's case also). When these facts came out, the Adi Brahmo's fiercely objected to misuse of their Act and began to watch

665-657: A comprehensive manual of religion and ethics for Adi Dharma, while in Calcutta. The bone of contention between these two Samaj's was over the authority of the Vedas – whose authority the Adi Dharma reject and hold to be inferior works , whereas Arya Samaj hold Vedas to be divine revelation . Despite this difference of opinion, however, it seems that the members of the Brahmo Samaj and Swami Dayanand parted on good terms,

760-585: A compromise Law was passed as Act III of 1872 to enable marriages between Brahmos and thereby recognising the Brahmo religion by State. In 1872/1873 Debendranath Tagore (the Maharshi ) and his son Rabindranath Tagore ( Gurudev ) visited Punjab and spent much time in worship at the Golden Temple at Amritsar. A famous Sikh gentleman Sirdar Dayal Singh Majithia from the priestly family of this temple joined

855-658: A few of whom were Sikh. As a result, many Sikhs also joined Adi Dharm in large numbers relying on the Mulmantra of Sikhism i.e. Japuji Sahib which begins as Ik Onkar Sat Naam Karta Purakh translated as "There is only one God His name is Truth He is the Creator.." In 1900 the Government passed the Land Alienation Act . In 1907 other taxing laws were promulgated and finally in 1919 the Government of India Act

950-435: A gathering consisting of representatives from all over the world. The National Anthem of India is played or sung on various occasions. Instructions have been issued from time to time about the correct versions of the anthem, the occasions on which these are to be played or sung and the need for paying respect to the anthem by observance of proper decorum on such occasions. The substance of these instructions has been embodied in

1045-505: A movie hall went viral. They were questioned "Are you Pakistani?". There was a debate on the issue; some lawyers recalled Article 21, some people called it a way to gain media attention and some recommended attending the movie after the national anthem is played to avoid any problems. But after the debate, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier order making it mandatory for cinema halls to play the National Anthem. Another controversy

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1140-679: A patriotic song by Babu Rabindranath Tagore. Messages from well-wishers were then read and a resolution was passed expressing loyalty to King George V. Afterwards the song composed for welcoming King George V and Queen Mary was sung." On 10 November 1937, Tagore wrote a letter to Pulin Bihari Sen about the controversy. That letter in Bengali can be found in Tagore's biography Rabindrajibani, volume II page 339 by Prabhatkumar Mukherjee . "A certain high official in His Majesty's service, who

1235-872: A supposedly casteless Sikhism rediscovered Ravidass's teachings of the 14th century (claimed by them to be incorporated in Guru Granth Sahib) and got themselves registered as Adi -Dharmi's in the 1921 and 1931 Census of Punjab after the legal decision in Bhagwan Koer's case and the Pirali precedent. This action by a section in the Punjab once again revived the Pirali controversy which echoed in Calcutta. Concerted action and representation by Adi Dharma and all sections of Brahmo Samaj ensured that after 1931 no further caste based Census took place in India. Thereafter

1330-417: A sustained and bitter campaign to wean away the Adi Dharma missions outside Bengal. A great deal of propaganda was hurled from both sides. In 1871 the expelled group petitioned the Government to recognise them and their inter-faith marriages claiming that Brahmos are not Hindu, Christian, Moslem, Jew or Parsi etc. . The Adi Brahmo group opposed this stating We are Brahmos first, and Hindus second and finally

1425-487: A want of integrity, a want of independence. ... arising from being subjected to misrule of an ignorant, intolerant and licentious soldiery ... falling into abject submission, deceit and fraud. Previously in 1829 Dwarkanath and Prasanna Coomar had founded the Landholders ( Zamindars ) Association which in its variants went on to play such role in modern India's development. The first major success of this Zamindari Sabha

1520-1331: A yaka jaya he Bh a rata-bh a gya-vidh a t a Panj a ba-Sindhu-Gujar a ta-Mar a th a Dr a vida-Utkala-Banga Vindhya-Him a chala-Yamun a -Gang a Uchchhala-jaladhi-taranga Tava subha n a m e j a g e , tava subh a s i sa m a g e , g a h e tava jaya-g a th a . Jana-gana-mangala-d a yaka jaya h e Bh a rata-bh a gya-vidh a t a . Jaya h e , jaya h e , jaya h e , jaya jaya jaya jaya h e . Jana-gaṇa-mana adhināyaka jaya hē Bhārata-bhāgya-vidhātā. Pañjāba-Sindha -Gujarāta-Marāṭhā, Drāviṛa-Utkala Baṅga Vindhya Himācala Yamunā Gaṅgā, Ucchala jaladhi taraṅga Tava śubha nāmē jāgē, tava śubhāśīṣa māṅgē gāhē tava jaya gāthā. Jana gaṇa maṅgala-dāyaka jaya hē, Bhārata bhāgya vidhātā. Jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya jaya jaya jaya hē. [d͡ʒə.nə gə.ɳə mə.nə ə.d̪ʱi.nɑː.jə.kə d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː] [bʱɑː.ɾə.t̪ə bʱɑːg.jə ʋɪ.dʱɑː.t̪ɑː ǁ] [pəɲ.d͡ʒɑː.bə sɪn.d̪ʱə gʊ.d͡ʒə.ɾɑː.t̪ə mə.ɾɑː.ʈʰɑː |] [d̪ɾɑː.ʋɪ.ɽə ʊt̪.kə.lə bəŋ.gə] [ʋɪnd̪ʱ.jə ɦɪ.mɑː.t͡ʃə.lə jə.mʊ.nɑː gəŋ.gɑː |] [ʊt.t͡ʃʰə.lə d͡ʒə.lə.d̪ʱi t̪ə.ɾəŋ.gə] [t̪ə.ʋə ʃʊ.bʱə nɑː.meː d͡ʒɑː.geː] [t̪ə.ʋə ʃʊ.bʱɑː.ʃiː.ʂə mɑːŋ.geː] [gɑː.ɦeː t̪ə.ʋə d͡ʒə.jə gɑː.t̪ʰɑː ‖] [d͡ʒə.nə gə.ɳə məŋ.gə.lə d̪ɑː.jə.kə d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː |] [bʱɑː.ɾə.t̪ə bʱɑːg.jə ʋɪ.d̪ʱɑː.t̪ɑː ‖] [d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː | d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː | d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː |] [d͡ʒə.jə d͡ʒə.jə d͡ʒə.jə d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː ‖] Victory to

1615-534: Is indeed a religion (and differentiates it from "sects"). In 1949 the Government of India passes the "Hindu Marriages Validity Act." Despite discussion in Parliament Brahmos are not brought within the scope of this Law. In 1955 the Government of India passes the "Hindu Code" (a comprehensive set of laws for Hindus). Again despite discussion in Parliament, Brahmo religionists are not brought within

1710-645: Is now Andhra Pradesh . In 1878 these expelled neo-Christian members split again, but almost all of them recanted (by having executed a Trust Deed of Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in 1880 virtually identical in Principles to the 1830 Adi Dharma Trust Deed) and were reabsorbed into Brahmoism by Maharshi Debendranath and Rajnarayan Basu the founders of Hindutva (i.e. Brahmoism's nationalistic religion of Adi Dharma of pre-Aryan uncorrupt times means all Indians are one without distinction, regionalism and caste ) as Sadharan Brahmo Samaj. The small remainder of Adi heretics formed

1805-495: Is rejected. The doctrine of God being incarnate is also rejected. This publication resulted in the famous "Removal of Caste Disabilities Act" of August 1850, and Brahmos were free to establish their own religion and marry amongst themselves without fear of disinheritance from ancestral property. At the 23 December 1850 annual meeting of Calcutta Brahmo Samaj, Debendranath formally announced the Brahma Dharma as doctrine of

1900-655: Is still sung to this date. It was also here that the song was first translated into English by Tagore as "The Morning Song of India". The song was selected as the national anthem by Subhas Chandra Bose while he was in Germany. On the occasion of the founding meeting of the German-Indian Society on 11 September 1942 in the Hotel Atlantic in Hamburg , "Jana Gana Mana" was played for the first time by

1995-626: Is sung in the raga Alhaiya Bilaval . In the national anthem, the tivra Madhyama svara is employed. The composition was first sung during a convention of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta on 27 December 1911. It was sung on the second day of the convention. The event was reported as such in the British Indian press: "The Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore sang a song composed by him specially to welcome

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2090-481: Is sung. It will not be right to say that disrespect is shown by not joining in the singing. Standing up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung but not singing oneself clearly does not either prevent the singing of the National Anthem or cause disturbance to an assembly engaged in such singing so as to constitute the offence mentioned in s. 3 of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act . In some states,

2185-481: Is superficially similar to other reformatory "sects" of Hinduism which speak of "different paths to One God", the core beliefs of Adi Dharm irrevocably place Adi Dharm and Brahmoism as the youngest of India's nine religions beyond the pale of "Hinduism's catholicism and elasticity". The core Adi Dharma doctrinal beliefs include: The Adi Dharma religion was started by Ram Mohan Roy , Debendranath Tagore and Prasanna Coomar Tagore. This Adi Brahma religion Adi Dharma

2280-493: Is that only those provinces that were under direct British rule, i.e. Punjab , Sindh , Gujarat , Maratha , Dravida ( South India ), Utkal ( Odisha ) and Bengal , were mentioned. None of the princely states – Jammu and Kashmir , Rajputana , Hyderabad , Mysore or the states in Northeast India , which are now parts of India, were mentioned. However, opponents of this proposition claim that Tagore mentioned only

2375-562: The Constitution of India as Fundamental Rights . These founding fathers of Adi Dharma believed then that Hinduism was thoroughly corrupted and debased and that strong Law (i.e. Dharma ) of first Moslems and then English Rulers could cleanse India from these evils. For their associations with the Rulers of the times, they were ostracised and barred from orthodox Hindu society but were amply compensated by "being so weighed down in honours by

2470-467: The Indian National Congress . The National Anthem of India is titled "Jana Gana Mana". The song was originally composed in Bengali by India's first Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore on 11 December 1911. The parent song, ' Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata ' is a Brahmo hymn that has five verses and only the first verse has been adopted as the national anthem. If put forward succinctly, the anthem conveys

2565-603: The Jehovah's Witnesses religious denomination were expelled by school authorities for their refusal to sing the national anthem on religious grounds, although they stood up when the anthem was sung. The Kerala High Court concluded that there was nothing in it which could offend anyone's religious susceptibilities, and upheld their expulsion. On 11 August 1986, the Supreme Court reversed the High Court and ruled that

2660-466: The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act for not standing during the anthem at a cinema, in the first such arrest of its kind made by a state government. On 3 July 2023, an executive magistrate in Srinagar sent 11 men to jail for a week, allegedly not rising for the anthem at a 25 June event in the presence of J&K Lt Governor Manoj Sinha . Other incidents of violent outbreaks associated with

2755-474: The Adi Brahma Dharma to be eventually absorbed back after education into their respective faiths. It is pertinent that Debendranath was greatly influenced by works of Kabir and Baba Guru Nanak and always kept their books at his side. By 1871 Kandukuri Veeresalingam (father of Telugu nation) was heavily influenced by Brahmoism . A movement was covertly established by him to seek independence of

2850-632: The Adi Dharma and subsequently contributed much money to the faith and also became a founder Trustee of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in 1880. In the meantime (1872–1875) in Punjab due to Schisms in Adi Brahmo Samaj at Calcutta, a new variant of Adi Brahmoism called Arya Samaj began to take root. While travelling its founder Swami Dayanand came into close and extended contact with Raj Narayan Bose, Debendranath Tagore etc. Swami Dayanand closely studied Tagore's book Brahmo Dharma ,

2945-503: The Adi Dharma organ, has written that it was Rabindranath who destroyed many family documents. Consequently, the Adi Brahmos then set up their own faith called Adi Brahma Sabha in 1828/1830 by Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha and codified their religion as Adi Brahma Dharma published from 1848. The founders of this Brahmo religion were foremost reformers for nationalism, equality, secularism and education which now stand enshrined in

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3040-455: The Adi Dharma principles. This was chiefly due to his insistence on denouncing Manu – paradoxically respected by Adi Dharma's founding father's as a great Law Giver. Thereafter in about 1955 Ambedkar and his followers instead chose to join Buddhism. In 1901 (Bhagwan Koer & Ors v J.C.Bose & Ors, 31 Cal 11, 30 ELR IA 249) the Privy Council (Britain's highest judicial authority) upholds

3135-640: The Adi Samaj by Hemendranath Tagore – which religion was henceforth known as the Adi Brahmo Samaj . From 1867 after the First Schism, the Adi Dharma movement became stridently nationalistic. A Hindu Mela was regularly organised which became the precursor to the Swadeshi movement and then the Indian National Congress . In the meanwhile the expelled Christian factions from Adi Samaj launched

3230-461: The British that they forgot all the radicalism of their youth." It was Dwarkanath Tagore alone who could publicly lambast an English Magistrate Abercrombie Dick on the emergence of servile mai-baap (great lord) ruling culture of 19th-century Bengal as follows: ... If Mr.Dick wishes me to specify what I deem the present characteristic failings of the natives I answer that they are – a want of truth,

3325-489: The Congress party session started with a prayer in Bengali to praise God (song of benediction). This was followed by a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V. Then another song was sung welcoming King George V." ( Amrita Bazar Patrika , 28 December 1911) "The annual session of Congress began by singing a song composed by the great Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. Then a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V

3420-634: The Day (6AM to 9AM) Shaant Rasa (peaceful). Bor, Joep (ed). Rao, Suvarnalata; der Meer, Wim van; Harvey, Jane (co-authors) The Raga Guide: A Survey of 74 Hindustani Ragas . Zenith Media, London: 1999. Jana Gana Mana Jana Gana Mana ( lit.   ' [Ruler of] the minds of the people ' ) is the national anthem of the Republic of India . It was originally composed as " Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata " in Bengali by polymath Rabindranath Tagore on 11 December 1911. The first stanza of

3515-531: The Emperor." ( Statesman , 28 December 1911) "The proceedings began with the singing by Rabindranath Tagore of a song specially composed by him in honour of the Emperor." ( Englishman , 28 December 1911) "When the proceedings of the Indian National Congress began on Wednesday 27 December 1911, a Bengali song in welcome of the Emperor was sung. A resolution welcoming the Emperor and Empress

3610-651: The Fourth or George the Fifth as the Eternal Charioteer leading the pilgrims on their journey through countless ages of the timeless history of mankind." (Purvasa, Phalgun, 1354, p. 738.) These clarifications by Tagore regarding the controversy occurred only after the death of King George V in 1936. Earlier, in 1915, after Tagore was awarded the Nobel Literature Prize , George V had conferred

3705-673: The Gandhi-Nehru family for their marriages – such as for Rajiv Gandhi to Sonia Gandhi , Sanjay Gandhi to Maneka Gandhi , Priyanka Gandhi to Robert Vadra etc. and the Vedic law of Adi Dharma has never been repealed despite passage of the Hindu Code in 1955 which repealed all such similar marriage validity laws for other faiths. After Partition of India in 1947, the Adi Brahmo Dharma Headquarters for

3800-519: The Hamburg Radio Symphony Orchestra as the national anthem of India. The musical notations for this interpretation of the song were prepared by B.L. Mukherjee and Ambik Majumdar. Before it officially became the national anthem of India in 1950, "Jana Gana Mana" was heard in the 1945 film Hamrahi . It was also adopted as a school song of The Doon School, Dehradun in 1935. On the occasion of India attaining freedom,

3895-411: The High Court had misdirected itself because the question is not whether a particular religious belief or practice appeals to our reason or sentiment but whether the belief is genuinely and conscientiously held as part of the profession or practice of religion. "Our personal views and reactions are irrelevant." The Supreme Court affirmed the principle that it is not for a secular judge to sit in judgment on

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3990-737: The Indian Constituent Assembly assembled for the first time as a sovereign body at midnight on 14 August 1947; the session closed with a unanimous performance of "Jana Gana Mana". The members of the Indian delegation to the General Assembly of the United Nations held in New York in 1947 gave a recording of "Jana Gana Mana" as the country's national anthem. The song was played by the house orchestra in front of

4085-466: The Indian National Congress revived casteism again with M.K. Gandhi asserting on 7 September 1936 "...Sikhism is part of Hinduism and if becoming a Sikh is conversion then this kind of conversion on the part of Harijans is dangerous. " A considerable controversy also erupted at this time over validity of Arya Samaj marriages. With low-caste converts to Christianity being reinducted into Hindu ranks after shuddhikaran or purification, orthodox Hindu society

4180-938: The Lord of the minds of the people, the Dispenser of India's destiny! Punjab , Sindh , Gujarat , Maratha , Dravida , Odisha , Bengal , The Vindhyas , the Himalayas , the Yamunas , the Ganges , the wavering waves of the Ocean All arise in Your auspicious Name, seek Your auspicious blessings, sing Your victory lore. Victory to the Gracious of the people, the Dispenser of India's destiny! Victory to, victory to, victory to, victory victory victory to You. Thou art

4275-846: The Telugu speaking provinces of Madras Presidency and the Nizamate of Hyderabad. A secret society for this was organised in 1878 in Rajahmundry under the cover of Prarthana Samaj of Andhra Pradesh. He bitterly opposed immoral (i.e. polygamy and child marriage) practices of the upper classes of Telangana starting a new phase of reform for Adi Dharma in Telugu speaking regions. Kandukuri vacillated between Adi Dharm nationalism and Keshab Sen 's dictum of "Loyalty to Sovereign" being rewarded with Rao Bahadur title in 1893 by British. But by clinging to Keshab Sen philosophy of "Loyalty to Sovereign" till 1907, Viresalingam found himself increasingly isolated from

4370-694: The Vasant Rai and Mangoo Ram groups again split the regional Adi Dharma movement. Both groups approached the Lahore Headquarters of Adi Brahmo Samaj for recognition which was denied to both. This led to rivalry and inducements from all sides including Arya Samaj, Christian missionaries, Sikhism etc. causing considerable confusion in the Northern Provinces as to who represents Adi Dharma here. The major controversy at this time concerned many depressed caste Sikhs of Chamar grade in

4465-399: The anthem must be played before films are played at cinemas. On 30 November 2016, to instil "committed patriotism and nationalism", the Supreme Court ordered that all cinemas nationwide must play the national anthem, accompanied by an image of the flag of India, before all films. Patrons were expected to stand in respect of the anthem, and doors to a cinema hall were expected to be locked during

4560-488: The anthem to minimise disruption. The order was controversial, as it was argued that patrons who chose not to participate would be targeted and singled out, as was the case in an incident publicised in 2015 which purported to show a group of patrons (alleged by the YouTube uploader to be Muslims) being heckled by others. On 10 February 2017, two Kashmiris (which included an employee of the state government) were arrested under

4655-606: The backward people of Punjab he published various newspapers in Punjabi, Urdu and Hindi and the highly controversial "Widow Remarriage Advertiser" in English. For the depressed classes he started a night school and the Chamar Sabha. His doors were open to all helpless and the poor. After N.C.Rai left the Punjab in course of his service, initiation into Adi Dharm was given to castes other than Brahmin or Pandit by his successors –

4750-413: The banns. In 1938 Jawaharal Nehru's daughter Indira insisted on marrying her sweetheart Feroze. Once again being of different faiths they could not be legally married under any law of the time except the Adi Dharma Law. The elders (including Rabindranath Tagore) of Brahmo Samaj at Shantiniketan, Delhi and Allahabad were consulted (by M. K. Gandhi) and who after considerable disagreement advised instead that

4845-459: The border states of India to include complete India. Whether the princely states would form a part of an independent Indian republic was a matter of debate even until Indian independence . In 2005, there were calls to delete the word "Sind" and substitute it with the word Kashmir . The argument was that Sindh was no longer a part of India, having become part of Pakistan as a result of the Partition of 1947 . Opponents of this proposal hold that

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4940-403: The correctness of a religious belief. The Supreme Court observed in its ruling that: There is no provision of law which obliges anyone to sing the National Anthem nor is it disrespectful to the National Anthem if a person who stands up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung does not join the singing. Proper respect is shown to the National Anthem by standing up when the National Anthem

5035-518: The curved. That Lord of Destiny, that Reader of the Collective Mind of India, that Perennial Guide, could never be George V, George VI, or any other George. Even my official friend understood this about the song. After all, even if his admiration for the crown was excessive, he was not lacking in simple common sense." Again in his letter of 19 March 1939, Tagore writes: "I should only insult myself if I cared to answer those who consider me capable of such unbounded stupidity as to sing in praise of George

5130-476: The finding of the High Court of the Punjab that the vast majority of Brahmo religionists are not Hindus and have their own religion unlike Sikhs. Debendranath Tagore was held to be the founder of the Brahmo religion. The Court distinguished Brahmo "religionists" from "followers" of the Brahmo Samaj who continue to retain their Hinduism. In 1916 the Indian Civil Services Ethnography Administration Surveyor R. V. Russell examines in detail and publishes that Brahmo Samaj

5225-619: The first and last lines of the National Anthem is also played on certain occasions. जन-गण-मन अधिनायक जय हे भारत भाग्य विधाता । जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे । Jana-gana-mana-adhin a yaka jaya h e Bh a rat-bh a gya vidh a t a . Jaya h e , jaya h e , jaya h e , jaya jaya jaya jaya h e . Jana-gaṇa-mana adhināyaka jaya hē Bhārat-bhāgya-vidhātā. Jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya jaya jaya jaya hē. [d͡ʒə.nə gə.ɳə mə.nə ə.d̪ʱi.nɑː.jə.kə d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː] [bʱɑː.ɾə.t̪ə bʱɑːg.jə ʋɪ.dʱɑː.t̪ɑː ǁ] [d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː | d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː | d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː |] [d͡ʒə.jə d͡ʒə.jə d͡ʒə.jə d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː ‖] "Jana Gana Mana"

5320-403: The first made us pick up our ears. The refrain to the second verse made us clear our throats. We asked for it again and again, and before long we were singing it with gusto: Jaya hai, Jaya hai, Jaya hai, Jaya JayaJayaJaya hai (Victory, victory, victory to thee). We had no idea who or what was to have the victory. The next day Rabindranath gave the swarams(notes) of "Jana gana" to Mrs.Cousins so that

5415-542: The former having publicly praised the latter's visit to Calcutta in several journals and the latter having taken inspiration from the former's activity in the social sphere. Another close associate of Debendranath Tagore, Lala Hardayal volunteered to promote the Adi Dharma cause in the Central Provinces and Punjab. He linked up with Sirdar Dayal Singh Majithia and the pure Adi Dharma message of One God without Caste or Priests took great root in this Province. Many low caste Sikhs, low caste Hindu converts to Christianity etc. joined

5510-432: The home and being exposed to external influence meant loss of caste for Brahmins (a social device to conserve meagre land holdings and priestly incomes). Mobile scholars of priestly Brahmin clans such as these in contact with (or in the service of) foreign rulers – like the Mughals or European companies or Indian princelings – were deliberately ostracised by their "fixed" priestly Hindu clan peers (relatives) ensconced within

5605-1829: The information sheet issued by the government of India for general information and guidance. The approximate duration of the full version of the National Anthem of India is 52 seconds; the shorter version is approximately 20 seconds. The poem was composed in a literary register of the Bengali language called Sadhu Bhasha , which is heavily Sanskritised. জনগণমন-অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা! পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গ বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ তব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিষ মাগে, গাহে তব জয়গাথা। জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা! জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥ Jana-gaṇa-mana-adhināẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā ! Pañjāba Sindhu Gujarāṭa Marāṭhā Drābiṛa Utkala Baṅga Bindhya Himācala Yamunā Gaṅgā Ucchala-jaladhi-taraṅga Taba śubha nāmē jāgē, taba śubha āśiṣa māgē, gāhē taba jaẏagāthā. Jana-gaṇa-maṅgala-dāẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā ! Jaẏa hē, jaẏa hē, jaẏa hē, jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa hē. [d͡ʒɔ.no ɡɔ.no mɔ.no o.d̪ʱi.nae̯.ɔ.ko d͡ʒɔe̯.o ɦe |] [bʱa.ro.t̪o bʱaɡ.ɡo bi.d̪ʱa.t̪a ǁ] [pɔn.d͡ʒa.bo ʃin.d̪ʱu ɡud͡ʒ.ra.ʈo ma.ra.ʈʰa |] [d̪ra.bi.ɽo ut̪.kɔ.lo bɔŋ.ɡo ‖] [bin.d̪ʱo ɦi.ma.t͡ʃɔ.lo d͡ʒo.mu.na ɡɔŋ.ɡa |] [ut.t͡ʃʰɔ.lo d͡ʒɔ.lo.d̪ʱi.to.rɔŋ.ɡo ‖] [t̪ɔ.bo ʃu.bʱo na.me d͡ʒa.ɡe] [t̪ɔ.bo ʃu.bʱo a.ʃi.ʃo ma.ɡe] [ga.ɦe t̪ɔ.bo d͡ʒɔe̯.o ɡa.t̪ʰa ‖] [d͡ʒɔ.no ɡɔ.no moŋ.ɡɔ.lo d̪ae̯.ɔ.ko d͡ʒɔe̯.o ɦe |] [bʱa.ro.t̪o bʱaɡ.ɡo bi.d̪ʱa.t̪a ‖] [d͡ʒɔe̯.o ɦe | d͡ʒɔe̯.o ɦe | d͡ʒɔe̯.o ɦe |] [d͡ʒɔe̯.o d͡ʒɔe̯.o d͡ʒɔe̯.o d͡ʒɔe̯.o ɦe ‖] जनगणमन-अधिनायक जय हे भारतभाग्यविधाता! पंजाब सिन्धु गुजरात मराठा द्राविड़ उत्कल बंग विन्ध्य हिमाचल यमुना गंगा उच्छलजलधितरंग तव शुभ नामे जागे, तव शुभ आशिष मागे गाहे तव जयगाथा। जनगणमंगलदायक जय हे भारतभाग्यविधाता! जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे।। Jana-gana-mana-adhin

5700-409: The intent of the order, arguing that citizens "don't have to wear patriotism on our sleeve", and that it should not be assumed that people who do not stand for the anthem were any less patriotic than those who did. In January 2018, the order was lifted, pending further government discussion. In October 2019, a video of a Bengaluru couple being bullied for not standing up during the national anthem in

5795-479: The long pending Marriage Validity law for converted low caste Arya Samajis be enacted, which was speedily done in 1939 by an obliging British Government, enabling the loving couple to be wed in early 1942 by secret pre-Vedic Adi Dharm reformed Brahmic rites taught to Nehru's priest by Adi Dharma elders at Allahabad in the presence of Brahmos like Sarojini Naidu with the groom wearing a sacred Brahmic thread in secret. Ever since, these Adi Dharma rites have been used by

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5890-674: The lowest Shudra caste by birth) as Adi Dharma's first preacher to Krishnagar instead of a Brahmin preacher well versed in Sankskrit literature was, however, not too well appreciated and gave great offence to the Nadia royal family. In 1856, Christian preachers attempting to convert Adi Dharma adherents were banned entry into Brahmo premises by Debendranath Tagore. In 1861 the famous Adi Brahmo preacher Pundit Navin Chandra Rai ("Roy") went to Punjab and spread this new faith and opened many Adi Brahmo houses of worship all over Punjab (West and East) at Jullundur, Lyallpur, Lahore, Amritsar etc. People of all faiths and castes without distinction flocked to

5985-456: The melody should have accurate permanent record. He also made the translation of the song into English as 'The Morning Song of India'. Thus, Margaret Cousins became probably the first person to transcribe and preserve Tagore's composition in Western sheet music notation at Madanapalle based on the notes provided by Tagore himself. And soon it took its place in the "daily deciation" of the combined school and college of Besant Hall in Madanapalle and

6080-414: The militant ideology of Adi Dharma's new stridently nationalistic adherents in the region. In 1862 and again in 1864 the Adi Dharma stalwarts from Calcutta visited Bombay, Madras Presidencies. They also visited Hyderabad (Deccan). As a result, many anti-caste, One Formless God Adi Dharma affiliates were started including the Prarthana Samaj in Mumbai. The Veda Samaj in Madras, and the Brahma Samaj in what

6175-562: The national language of India and wanted it to be the foundation for the edifice of Indian nationality. He was the founder of Oriental College Lahore and also its principal. He was the first Assistant Registrar of Punjab University, and one of its Fellows. He was Secretary of the Stri Siksha Sabha fighting against heavy odds to establish girls schools. He was one of the most active members of the Anjumani Punjab, afterwards becoming its Secretary and renamed it as Jnan Vistarini Sabha engaging 8 Pundits to translate various works. To spread reform among

6270-406: The new creed, and over 580 Pandit families were enrolled till 1870. Subsequently, the Oriental College was established at Lahore by Pundit N. C. Rai. In 1861 another Adi Brahmo preacher Atmuri Lakshminarasimham returned to Madras Presidency and devoted much time in the Telugu speaking areas. Many publications of Adi Samaj in Bengali were translated into Telugu language and published by him from

6365-542: The new religion. This announcement resolving certain aspects of Hinduism in Rammohun's doctrine also served to effectively separate Brahmoism from Hinduism. Krishnanagar in Nadia district of West Bengal has always had special place in Brahmoism. Many old Brahmo families came from here including that of Ramtanu Lahiri who was the first Adi Dharmi to renounce his Brahmanical caste thread in 1851 (even before Debendra Nath who removed his in 1862). The gesture by Debendranath of sending Lala Hazarilal of Indore (an untouchable from

6460-421: The numerous temples of Bengal and denied their shares of ancestral undivided properties and incomes. As a consequence ghastly social evils like Sati (or the burning alive of Hindu widows) were encouraged, primarily by the fixed priestly class. The mobile clan members banded into associations ( Sabhas ) to oppose these un-Brahmic practices colliding head on with orthodox Hindu society in Bengal. The 'Raja' Ram Mohan

6555-505: The policy were also reported. A cinema club in Kerala (whose film festival was required to comply with the order, leading to several arrests) challenged the order as an infringement of their fundamental rights, arguing that cinemas were "singularly unsuited for the gravitas and sobriety that must accompany the playing of the national anthem", and that the films screened would often "be at odds with sentiments of national respect". In October 2017, Justice Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud questioned

6650-423: The printing presses of Madras. In 1862, he came in contact with and converted Kandukuri Viresalingam who was to become father of Telugu language and notable Brahmo nationalist of the era. Later the two fell out over religious differences In 1865/1866 there was a dispute in the Brahmo Samaj over caste distinctions, and many younger members of the Samaj who were influenced by Christian missionaries were expelled from

6745-436: The readers of the Adi Brahmo Samaj journal, Tattwabodhini Patrika . The poem was published in January 1912, under the title Bharat Bhagya Bidhata in the Tatwabodhini Patrika, which was the official publication of the Brahmo Samaj with Tagore then the Editor. In 1917, the song was again performed at the Congress conference and this time in aid of instrumental music by the Mahraja Bahadur of Nattore. Outside of Calcutta,

6840-627: The region shifted from Lahore to New Delhi to Adi Brahmo Brahmin descendants of Babu Raj Chandra Chaudhuri's (who married daughter of Babu N. C. Rai) family settled here. In 1949–1950 B. R. Ambedkar approached the Adi Dharm leaders at Delhi to get absorbed his followers into Adi Dharma. Due to bitter debates in the Constituent Assembly with Brahmo members and over the Hindu Validity Marriages Validity Act 1949, he could not be accommodated within

6935-759: The ruler of the minds of all people, dispenser of India's destiny. Thy name rouses the hearts of the Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat and Maratha. of the Dravida, Orissa and Bengal. It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas, mingles in the music of the Yamuna and Ganges and is chanted by the waves of the Indian Ocean. They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise. The saving of all people waits in thy hand, thou dispenser of India's destiny. Victory, Victory, Victory to thee. A short version consisting of

7030-552: The scope of these laws which, however, now become applicable to Hindus who are also followers of the Brahmo Samaj . In 2002, Bangladesh enacted a law recognising Brahmo religionists and Brahmo marriages to Hindus, Jains, Sikhs and Buddhists. On 5 May 2004 the Supreme Court of India by order of the Chief Justice dismissed the Government of West Bengal's 30-year litigation to get Brahmos classified as Hindus. The matter had previously been heard by an 11 Judge Constitution Bench of

7125-575: The song Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the National Anthem on 24 January 1950. A formal rendition of the national anthem takes approximately 52 seconds. A shortened version consisting of the first and last lines (and taking about 20 seconds to play) is also staged occasionally. It was first publicly sung on 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta (present-day Kolkata ) Session of

7220-467: The song before the first public performance was set on 11 December 1911. The song was first publicly sung on the second day of the annual session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta (Kolkata) on 27 December 1911 by Rabindranath Tagore's niece in her school assembly. Then, it was followed in January 1912 at the annual event of the Adi Brahmo Samaj , However, it was largely unknown except to

7315-606: The song was first sung by the bard himself at a session in Besant Theosophical College in Madanapalle , Andhra Pradesh on 28 February 1919 when Tagore visited the college and sang the song. The song enthralled the college students and Margaret Cousins, then vice-principal of the college (also an expert in European music and wife of Irish poet James Cousins). Based on the notes provided by Tagore himself,

7410-486: The song was preserved in 1919 in Western notation at Madanapalle of Andhra Pradesh by Margaret Cousins and her students. The whole episode was recorded by James Cousins in his autobiography "We Two Together": In a voice surprisingly light for so large a man, he sang something like a piece of geography giving a list of countries, mountains and rivers; and in the second verse, a list of the religions in India. The refrain to

7505-450: The spirit of pluralism or in a more popular term the concept of 'unity in diversity', which lies at the core of India's cultural heritage . The lyrics of the song first appeared in 5 stanzas in Bengali magazine in an issue of Tatwabodhini Patrika . The melody of the song, in raga Alhaiya Bilaval , was composed as a Brahmo Hymn by Tagore himself with possibly some help from his musician grand-nephew Dinendranath Tagore. The final form of

7600-676: The tivra Madhyama svara. Thaat : Bilaval Arohana : S R G P D N S' Avarohana : S' D n D P M G R S Pakad: G R G P m G m R G P m G m R S Vadi : Dhaivat Samavadi : Gandhar Komal Swar: N (Vakra) in Avarohana Varjit Swar: M in Arohana Alhaiya Bilaval is referred to as Bilaval, however, the Misplaced Pages page refers to Shuddha Bilaval as Bilaval. Bilaval , Shuddha Bilawal , Devgiri Bilawal , Shukla Bilawal , Kakubh Bilawal 1st Prahar of

7695-895: The unexplained suicide of his daughter-in-law Kadambari Devi (wife of his fifth son Jyotirindranath the then Secretary of the Adi Brahmo Samaj) in April were to have significant implications for Adi Dharm. In 1897 a landmark decision of the High Court of the Punjab in Sirdar Dayal Singh's case after his demise, upholds that Brahmoism is a separate religion from Hinduism (except for the Adi Brahmos – Adi Dharmis who remain within Hinduism), whereas simultaneously affirming such gems as "... Sikhs are Hindus and nothing but Hindus..." and "A Sikh (Sardar Dyal Singh) who follows Brahmoism without actually converting to it continues to remain

7790-524: The word "Sind" refers to the Indus River and Sindhi culture and that Sindhi people are a part of India's cultural fabric. The Supreme Court of India declined to change the national anthem and the wording remains unchanged. On 17 December 2013, MLA of Assam , Phani Bhushan Choudhury cited an article in The Times of India published on 26 January 1950, stating that originally the word "Kamarup"

7885-461: Was also adopted unanimously." ( Indian , 29 December 1911) Many historians aver that the newspaper reports cited above were misguided. The confusion arose in the Indian press since a different song, "Badshah Humara" written in Hindi by Rambhuj Chaudhary, was sung on the same occasion in praise of George V . The nationalist press in India stated this difference of events clearly: "The proceedings of

7980-482: Was also my friend, had requested that I write a song of felicitation towards the Emperor. The request simply amazed me. It caused a great stir in my heart. In response to that great mental turmoil, I pronounced the victory in Jana Gana Mana of that Bhagya Bidhata [ed. God of Destiny] of India who has from age after age held steadfast the reins of India's chariot through rise and fall, through the straight path and

8075-751: Was also seconded by the Indian National Congress which was then closely associated with Adi Dharm. In 1906 another preacher from Assam by name Kalicharan Brahma was initiated into Brahmoism. His reform work among the Bodo people established the Bodo Brahma Dharma among the Bathow religionists of Assam and reformed that religion of Adivasi Tribal people considerably. The followers of Adi Dharam in that region are known as Brahmas . From 1922 onwards, dissension in Arya Samaj factions of Punjab between

8170-424: Was amended. As a result, the lower castes of North India were effectively deprived from land ownership. At the same time the Government divided the electorate on communal lines, resulting in sharp polarisation between Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. To counter this the leadership of Adi Dharma (at its 1916 conference at Kanpur) resolved to propagate Adi Brahmoism as a distinct religion for the Punjab. In 1917 this resolution

8265-651: Was arraigning the East India Company forces against Titumir a Muslim extortionist of Zamindar's (landlords who perpetuated a system of feudalism with the support of the British), at Nadia in November 1831. By the 1830 Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha principles it was held that all men are equal and without distinction and there is no need for priests or formal places for worship etc. By the 1848 Adi Brahma Dharma published doctrine of Debendranath Tagore , it

8360-501: Was held that present Hinduism doctrine is corrupted, but that the original Vedas of pre-Aryan times (being relatively pure, though still fallible and not Scripture to be relied on) as reflected by 11 judiciously chosen Upanishads also speak of a single formless God who requires no temple or priest or idol for worship, only a rational and pure conscience of an intelligent mind. That there is no caste – high or low – all people are equal, in this World and before God. The doctrine of reincarnation

8455-403: Was included in the song, but was later changed to "Sindhu" and claimed that Kamarup should be re-included. To this, the then minister Rockybul Hussain replied that the state government would initiate steps in this regard after a response from the newspaper. The debate was further joined by the then minister Ardhendu Dey, mentioning "Sanchayita" (edited by Tagore himself) etc. where he said Kamarup

8550-470: Was never conceived as an "anti-caste" movement, but stood for repudiation of all "distinctions between people" and foundation of a modern educated Indian nation under the timeless and formless God, and its adherents as Adi Dharmis (or worshipers of the ancient formless indivisible One God called Brahma or the Parambrahma "The One without a Second" or EkAdavaitam ). Although the doctrine of Adi Dharma

8645-643: Was not mentioned. Adi Brahmo Samaj Adi Dharm refers to the religion of Adi Brahmo Samaj ( Bengali : আদি ব্রাহ্ম সমাজ , Adi Brahmô Shômaj ) the first development of Brahmoism and includes those Sadharan Brahmo Samajists who were reintegrated into Brahmoism after the second schism of 1878 at the instance of Devendranath Tagore . This was the first organised casteless movement in British India and reverberated from its heart of Bengal to Assam , Bombay State ( Maharashtra and Gujarat ), Punjab and Madras , Hyderabad , and Bangalore . It

8740-465: Was not prepared to accept these reconverts or marry with them. With a few deaths of such converts often from very rich families or landed gentry, property disputes began reaching the Courts and the existing laws proved inadequate. With neither side willing to budge, a Marriage Law for Arya Samajis was deferred for almost 25 years. Luckily, Krishna Hutheesing (a sister of Jawaharlal Nehru ) wanted to marry

8835-524: Was originally propounded by these Brahmins of Bengal who were excommunicated from Hindu faith for opposing social and priestly evils of the time (18th and 19th centuries). Previously the original ancestors (5 legendary Brahmin scholars of Kannauj Kanyakubja school deputed to the King of Bengal) of all these Bengali Brahmins had been excommunicated from Kannauj ( Uttar Pradesh ) in the 10th/11th century AD after their return from Bengal. "Mobility" i.e. leaving

8930-412: Was passed. A song paying a heartfelt homage to King George V was then sung by a group of boys and girls." ( The Bengalee , 28 December 1911) Even the report of the annual session of the Indian National Congress of December 1911 stated this difference: "On the first day of 28th annual session of the Congress, proceedings started after singing Vande Mataram . On the second day the work began after singing

9025-583: Was the first Indian to cross the seas to Britain in 1833, followed by 'Prince' Dwarkanath in 1842. Raja was so exhausted by work that he became seriously ill and died at Bristol. The Adi Dharma founders were regularly tainted and scandalised by orthodoxy as Pirali Brahmin and defamed as being officially banned from entering temples like Jaganath Temple (Puri) by Government regulations of 1807. Subsequently, their families also faced great difficulty in arranging marriages for some of their children such as India's poet-laureate Rabindranath Tagore who could only manage

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