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73-748: Ali Sastroamidjojo ( EYD : Ali Sastroamijoyo ; 21 May 1903 – 13 March 1975) was an Indonesian politician and diplomat. He served in various political and diplomatic roles during the presidency of Sukarno , most notably as a cabinet minister , prime minister , chairman of the Indonesian National Party (PNI), and permanent representative to the United Nations . Ali was born in Grabag, Purworejo , Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia ), to an aristocratic family from Magelang and studied at Leiden University . During his studies, he

146-407: A dialect continuum from northern Banten in the extreme west of Java to Banyuwangi Regency in the eastern corner of the island. All Javanese dialects are more or less mutually intelligible . A table showing the number of native speakers in 1980, for the 22 Indonesian provinces (from the total of 27) in which more than 1% of the population spoke Javanese: According to the 1980 census, Javanese

219-633: A crime newscast). In later broadcasts, JTV offers programmes in the Central Javanese dialect (called by them basa kulonan , "the western language") and Madurese. The speakers of Suroboyoan dialect are well known for being proud of their distinctive dialect and consistently maintain it wherever they go. Javanese is spoken throughout Indonesia, neighboring Southeast Asian countries, the Netherlands, Suriname , New Caledonia , and other countries. The largest populations of speakers are found in

292-622: A member of the Yogyakarta Branch of the PNI. Around this time, his wife, Titi Roelia, became an activist in the independence and feminist movement. He and Sukarno feuded over the issue of clothing within the PNI organization, with Sukarno wanting all members to wear uniform clothing, while Ali wanted members to wear sarungs . Despite some differences, both men remained as good friends. In 1929, Sukarno and other key PNI leaders were arrested on 29 December, by Dutch colonial authorities in

365-670: A member of the delegation of the Republic of Indonesia in the negotiations of the Round Table Conference . After the Wilopo Cabinet 's fall, following the killing of five peasants near Medan while removing squatters from foreign-owned estate lands, in what became known as the “ Tanjung Morawa affair ,” Ali was chosen to lead the new cabinet , which was formed after over six weeks of bargaining and five different attempts at various party combinations. The cabinet

438-567: A new Javanese language magazine, appeared in 2005 is not published in the Javanese heartlands, but in Jakarta. Since 2003, an East Java local television station ( JTV ) has broadcast some of its programmes in the Surabayan ( Suroboyoan ) dialect, including Pojok Kampung  [ id ] ("Village Corner", main newscast), Kuis RT/RW ("RT/RW Quiz"), and Pojok Perkoro ("Case Corner",

511-573: A number of clearly distinct status styles. Its closest relatives are the neighboring languages such as Sundanese , Madurese , and Balinese . Most speakers of Javanese also speak Indonesian for official and commercial purposes as well as a means to communicate with non-Javanese-speaking Indonesians . There are speakers of Javanese in Malaysia (concentrated in the West Coast part of the states of Selangor and Johor ) and Singapore . Javanese

584-477: A series of raids throughout Java . This resulted in the dissolution of the PNI. However, several other new nationalist organizations popped up from the remnants of the PNI, mostly consisting of former PNI members. Ali joined one of these new organizations, which was then known as Partindo , which translates to "Indonesia Party." He also briefly joined the Indonesian People's Movement (Gerindo) following

657-473: A variety of other pronoun whose use varies depending on the dialect or level of speech. I You He, She, It panjenenganipun Modern Javanese usually employs SVO word order. However, Old Javanese sometimes had VSO and sometimes VOS word order. Even in Modern Javanese, archaic sentences using VSO structure can still be made. Examples: Both sentences mean: "He (S) comes (V) into (pp.)

730-570: Is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family spoken primarily by the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java , Indonesia . There are also pockets of Javanese speakers on the northern coast of western Java. It is the native language of more than 68 million people. Javanese is the largest of the Austronesian languages in number of native speakers . It has several regional dialects and

803-538: Is a complex system of verb affixes to express differences of status in subject and object. However, in general the structure of Javanese sentences both Old and Modern can be described using the topic–comment model , without having to refer to conventional grammatical categories. The topic is the head of the sentence; the comment is the modifier. So the example sentence has a simpler description: Dhèwèké  = topic ; teka  = comment; ing karaton  = setting. Javanese has many loanwords supplementing those from

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876-525: Is also called kawi or 'of poets, poetical's, although this term could also be used to refer to the archaic elements of New Javanese literature. The writing system used to write Old Javanese is a descendant of the Pallava script from India. Almost half of the entire vocabularies found in Old Javanese literature are Sanskrit loanwords, although Old Javanese also borrowed terms from other languages in

949-669: Is also spoken by traditional immigrant communities of Javanese descent in Suriname , Sri Lanka and New Caledonia . Along with Indonesian , Javanese is an official language in the Special Region of Yogyakarta , Indonesia. Javanese is part of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family, although its precise relationship to other Malayo-Polynesian languages is hard to determine. Using

1022-636: Is also used for religious purposes. Modern Javanese emerged as the main literary form of the language in the 16th century. The change in the literary system happened as Islam started to gain influence in Java. In its early form, Modern Javanese literary form was based on the variety spoken in the north coast of Java , where Islam had already gained foothold among the local people. Many of the written works in this variety were Islamic in nature, and several of them were translation from works in Malay. The Arabic abjad

1095-614: Is also used in some placenames in Indonesia, derived from the local languages, e.g. Siluq Ngurai  [ id ] and Sekolaq Darat  [ id ] districts in West Kutai Regency , East Kalimantan . The writing of di- and ke- (affixes) can be distinguished from di and ke (prepositions), where di- and ke- are written together with the words that follow it, for example diambil , kehendak (taken, desire), while di and ke are written separately with

1168-529: Is interred at the Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery . He is the uncle of Finance Minister Ali Wardhana . Ali Sastroamidjojo has been called 'the greatest statesman' of Indonesia and it was said of him that 'the current statesmen of Indonesia will never be as great as Sastroamidjojo in his role as the prime minister who also had great literary talent'. The current Embassy of Indonesia in Washington, D.C. ,

1241-629: Is spoken among descendants of plantation migrants brought by the Dutch during the 19th century. In Madura, Bali, Lombok, and the Sunda region of West Java, it is also used as a literary language . It was the court language in Palembang , South Sumatra , until the palace was sacked by the Dutch in the late 18th century. Javanese is written with the Latin script , Javanese script , and Arabic script . In

1314-484: Is the only language of Western Indonesia to possess a distinction between dental and retroflex phonemes. The latter sounds are transcribed as "th" and "dh" in the modern Roman script, but previously by the use of an underdot : "ṭ" and "ḍ". Javanese, like many other Austronesian languages, is an agglutinative language, where base words are modified through extensive use of affixes . Javanese has no specific personal pronoun to express plural except for kita which

1387-407: Is used in media, ranging from books to TV programs, and the language is also taught at schools in primarily Javanese areas. Although Javanese is not a national language , it has recognized status as a regional language in the three Indonesian provinces with the biggest concentrations of Javanese people: Central Java , Yogyakarta, and East Java . Javanese is designated as the official language of

1460-673: The Greater North Borneo subgroup, which he proposes as an alternative to Malayo-Sumbawan grouping. However, Blust also expresses the possibility that Greater North Borneo languages are closely related to many other western Indonesian languages, including Javanese. Blust's suggestion has been further elaborated by Alexander Smith, who includes Javanese in the Western Indonesian grouping (which also includes GNB and several other subgroups), which Smith considers as one of Malayo-Polynesian's primary branches. In general,

1533-653: The Indonesian Spelling System General Guidelines ( Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia , PUEBI ), between 2015 and 2022. Letters that had previously been included in the Republican Spelling as foreign loan letters are officially used in the EYD Spelling. The letters Q and X are used in scientific subjects. Examples: The letter Q is also used as needed for Islamic subjects. Examples: This letter

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1606-608: The Maritime Southeast Asia . The form of Old Javanese found in several texts from 14th century onward (mostly written in Bali) is sometimes referred to as "Middle Javanese". Both Old and Middle Javanese written forms have not been widely used in Java since early 16th century. However, Old Javanese works and poetic tradition continue to be preserved in the Javanese-influenced Bali, and the variety

1679-536: The Special Region of Yogyakarta under Yogyakarta Special Region Regulation Number 2 of 2021. Previously, Central Java promulgated a similar regulation—Regional Regulation 9/2012 —but this did not imply an official status for the language. Javanese is taught at schools and is used in some mass media , both electronically and in print. There is, however, no longer a daily newspaper in Javanese. Javanese-language magazines include Panjebar Semangat , Jaka Lodhang , Jaya Baya , Damar Jati , and Mekar Sari . Damar Jati ,

1752-751: The lexicostatistical method, Isidore Dyen classified Javanese as part of the "Javo-Sumatra Hesion", which also includes the Sundanese and "Malayic" languages. This grouping is also called "Malayo-Javanic" by linguist Berndt Nothofer, who was the first to attempt a reconstruction of it based on only four languages with the best attestation at the time (Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese , and Malay ). Malayo-Javanic has been criticized and rejected by various linguists. Alexander Adelaar does not include Javanese in his proposed Malayo-Sumbawan grouping (which also covers Malayic , Sundanese , and Madurese languages). Robert Blust also does not include Javanese in

1825-432: The (def. art.) palace (O)". In the Old Javanese sentence, the verb is placed at the beginning and is separated by the particle ta from the rest of the sentence. In Modern Javanese the definite article is lost, and definiteness is expressed by other means if necessary. Verbs are not inflected for person or number. There is no grammatical tense ; time is expressed by auxiliary words meaning "yesterday", "already", etc. There

1898-558: The 19th century, Madurese was also written in the Javanese script. The original inhabitants of Lampung , the Lampungese, make up only 15% of the provincial population. The rest are the so-called "transmigrants", settlers from other parts of Indonesia, many as a result of past government transmigration programs . Most of these transmigrants are Javanese who have settled there since the 19th century. In Suriname (the former Dutch colony of Surinam ), South America, approximately 15% of

1971-702: The Dutch East Indies, Ali managed to obtain a scholarship to study in the Netherlands , due in part to help from Hendriks Kraemer, a Bachelor of Eastern Literature and Eastern Culture and an acquaintance of his older brother. While in the Netherlands, he lived in Leiden to enter the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy of the University of Leiden but was rejected because his HBS diploma did not meet

2044-576: The PNI was dissolved by Dutch authorities, he moved to Gerindo (Indonesian People's Movement). Following the proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945, he continued his activities in politics and government, becoming deputy minister of education in the first Indonesian cabinet . He would go on to serve as Minister of Education in the Amir Syarifuddin Cabinet and the Hatta Cabinet . He then served as deputy chairman of

2117-632: The basic vocabulary, such as pikir ("to think", from the Arabic fikr ), badan ("body"), mripat ("eye", thought to be derived from the Arabic ma'rifah , meaning "knowledge" or "vision"). However, these Arabic words typically have native Austronesian or Sanskrit alternatives: pikir  = galih , idhep (Austronesian) and manah , cipta , or cita (from Sanskrit); badan  = awak (Austronesian) and slira , sarira , or angga (from Sanskrit); and mripat  = mata (Austronesian) and soca or nétra (from Sanskrit). Dutch loanwords usually have

2190-525: The conservative camp, which had continued to deepen, reached a breaking point. At the extraordinary congress in Bandung, from 21 to 27 April 1966, the left-wing Ali and Surachman camp was overthrown by the conservative camp, with Osa Maliki being elected chairman. It was said that General Ali Moertopo was directly involved in the Congress to purge the left wing from the PNI. Following his dethronement from

2263-493: The delegation of the Republic of Indonesia in negotiations with the Netherlands and became a member of the delegation of the Republic of Indonesia in the negotiations of the Round Table Conference . On 1 August 1953, Ali became Prime Minister of Indonesia , leading the First Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet . After the cabinet fell in 1955, Ali Sastroamidjojo again became Prime Minister of Indonesia for

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2336-418: The fall of the PNI. After World War II ended, he continued his activities in politics and government, becoming deputy minister of education in the first Indonesian cabinet . He would go on to serve as Minister of Education in the Amir Syarifuddin Cabinet and the Hatta Cabinet . He then served as deputy chairman of the delegation of the Republic of Indonesia in negotiations with the Netherlands and became

2409-455: The following form : CSVC, where C = consonant , S = sonorant ( /j/, /r/, /l/, /w/ , or any nasal consonant ), and V = vowel . As with other Austronesian languages, native Javanese roots consist of two syllables; words consisting of more than three syllables are broken up into groups of disyllabic words for pronunciation. In Modern Javanese, a disyllabic root is of the following type: nCsvVnCsvVC. Apart from Madurese , Javanese

2482-859: The forerunner to the General Elections Commission . The Committee was to replace the previous cabinet's short-lived Assaat committee. The committee included all of the parties represented in the government, which included the Nahdatul Ulama (NU), the Indonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII), the Indonesian People's Party (PRI), the National People's Party (PRN), the Labor Party , and the Peasants Front of Indonesia (BTI), as well as

2555-584: The government-supporting Islamic Education Movement (Perti) and the Indonesian Christian Party (Parkindo). Under the cabinet, the bureaucracy was expanded with more PNI officials, and the economy was under a period of Indonesianization, with the government encouraging indigenous businessmen to open new firms. In practice, however, many new firms were bogus fronts for arrangements between government supporters and Chinese, which became known as " Ali Baba firms," in which an Indonesian (‘Ali’)

2628-486: The history of the Javanese language can be divided into two distinct phases: 1) Old Javanese and 2) New Javanese. The earliest attested form of Old Javanese can be found on the Sukabumi inscription at Kediri regency, East Java which dates from 804 CE. Between the 8th and the 15th century, this form of Javanese flourished in the island of Java. Old Javanese is commonly written in the form of verses. This language variety

2701-483: The issue of division began to take root within the PNI, between the more left-wing camp under Ali and Surachman and the camp of the conservatives under Osa Maliki , Sabilal Rasjad, Hardi, Hadisubeno Sosrowerdojo and Mohammad Isnaeni . Following the failed 30 September Movement coup, led by the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), the political winds began to shift. The division between the left-wing camp and

2774-529: The local town, playing with his friends from peasant families. In hoping to find a proper environment for the development of their children, the Sastroamidjojo family moved to the city, where he was sent to receive a European education. Though he also regularly studied the Javanese language. The Sastroamidjojo family was devoted to advocating the importance of Western education. He officially began his education when he took Dutch lessons to be accepted in

2847-471: The middle. Under his leadership, the PNI carried out organizational reforms to restore the authority of the central leadership, with increased coordination of party activities with mass organizations. These reforms resulted in the increasing membership of the party, with only 198,554 names being registered in April 1961, and rising dramatically to 1,858,119 names by the time of the 10th Party Congress. A new rule

2920-400: The native Austronesian base. Sanskrit has had a deep and lasting influence. The Old Javanese–English Dictionary contains approximately 25,500 entries, over 12,600 of which are borrowings from Sanskrit. Such a high number is no measure of usage, but it does suggest the extent to which the language adopted Sanskrit words for formal purposes. In a typical Old Javanese literary work about 25% of

2993-879: The orthographic rules (see Indonesian names ). The common spelling variations include doubled letters, silent h following consonants, use of Dutch digraphs (which stems from Van Ophuijsen spelling ) and other eccentric letters. However, a few may also come from other parts of speech, such as Indonesian mag 'gastritis' is actually pronounced as [max] or even [mah] , deriving from Dutch maag ; and bus pronounced as [bəs] or [bɪs] also from Dutch bus . Various minor changes were announced after 1975: Javanese language Javanese ( / ˌ dʒ ɑː v ə ˈ n iː z / JAH -və- NEEZ , / dʒ æ v ə -/ JAV -ə- , /- ˈ n iː s / -⁠ NEESS ; basa Jawa , Javanese script : ꦧꦱꦗꦮ , Pegon : باسا جاوا ‎ , IPA: [bɔsɔ d͡ʒɔwɔ] )

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3066-486: The population of Jakarta are of Javanese descent, so they speak Javanese or have knowledge of it. In the province of West Java , many people speak Javanese, especially those living in the areas bordering Central Java , the cultural homeland of the Javanese. Almost a quarter of the population of East Java province are Madurese (mostly on the Isle of Madura ); many Madurese have some knowledge of colloquial Javanese. Since

3139-551: The population of some 500,000 are of Javanese descent, among whom 75,000 speak Javanese. A local variant evolved: the Tyoro Jowo-Suriname or Suriname Javanese . The phonemes of Modern Standard Javanese as shown below. In closed syllables the vowels /i u e o/ are pronounced [ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ] respectively. In open syllables, /e o/ are also [ɛ ɔ] when the following vowel is /i u/ in an open syllable; otherwise they are /ə/ , or identical ( /e...e/, /o...o/ ). In

3212-536: The position of chairman of the PNI, Ali remained as a committed nationalist, Marhaenist, and follower of Sukarno . After Sukarno's ousting in 1967, by General Suharto , who became president shortly thereafter, Ali was arrested by the military, in a general roundup of Sukarno's former associates. He would be released and never brought to trial. He would spend the rest of his life in relative peace, using this time to write. He died in Jakarta , on 13 March 1975, his body

3285-592: The preexisting Republican Spelling System ( RSS , also called the Soewandi Spelling System, SSS ). A joint initiative of Indonesia and neighboring country Malaysia (which also introduced the similar Joint Rumi Spelling system), the aim of the change in 1972 was to introduce greater harmonization of the Indonesian and Malay-language orthographies . The new EYD system, adopted on the 27th anniversary of Indonesia's independence on 17 August 1972,

3358-568: The present day, the Latin script dominates writings, although the Javanese script is still taught as part of the compulsory Javanese language subject in elementary up to high school levels in Yogyakarta, Central and East Java. Javanese is the twenty-second largest language by native speakers and the seventh largest language without official status at the national level. It is spoken or understood by approximately 100 million people. At least 45% of

3431-511: The program of struggle based on scientific socialism are further based on Marxist socialism , for it was only after Marx that scientific socialism was developed." The working committee of the PNI Congress also agreed that Marhaenism is a form of Marxism "which is applied by the conditions and situation of Indonesia." The PNI also reiterated its ideals as a party for the marhens to fight imperialism, neo-colonialism, and capitalism. However,

3504-529: The requirements. He was advised to study again, but only obtained a diploma in Latin and Greek literature , before switching to studying Law. He graduated with a Meester in de Rechten ( Bachelor of Law ) degree in 1927. During his time there, he was active in several youth organizations, including the Jong Java and the Perhimpoenan Indonesia associations. Because of his activities, he

3577-554: The same form and meaning as in Indonesian, with a few exceptions such as: The word sepur also exists in Indonesian, but there it has preserved the literal Dutch meaning of "railway tracks", while the Javanese word follows Dutch figurative use, and "spoor" (lit. "rail") is used as metonymy for "trein" (lit. "train"). (Compare a similar metonymic use in English: "to travel by rail" may be used for "to travel by train".) Malay

3650-912: The second class of the Europeesche Lagere School (ELS), but he only lasted a year there due to bullying. His father then transferred Ali to another class, but was rejected, because he couldn't speak Dutch very well. He was eventually accepted after some convincing by his father. In 1918, he continued his education at the Hogere Burgerschool (HBS). There, he became acquainted with Western culture, especially Dutch culture . During this time, he also studied French , German , and English literature . Including writers such as Bernard Shaw , William Shakespeare , and Willem Kloos . In 1922, Ali completed his education at HBS, and after graduating, he met Titi Roelia who would later become his wife. Like several other young men of nobility in

3723-562: The second time on March 26, 1956.  He again led his cabinet , though it lasted less than a year. He was also a key figure in the negotiations of the Sino-Indonesian Dual Nationality Treaty . After the recognition of the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia, he was appointed the first Indonesian Ambassador to the United States , Canada , and Mexico , from 1950 until 1955. In addition, he

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3796-540: The six provinces of Java itself, and in the neighboring Sumatran province of Lampung . The language is spoken in Yogyakarta , Central and East Java , as well as on the north coast of West Java and Banten . It is also spoken elsewhere by the Javanese people in other provinces of Indonesia, who are numerous due to the government-sanctioned transmigration program in the late 20th century, including Lampung , Jambi , and North Sumatra provinces. In Suriname, Javanese

3869-409: The standard dialect of Surakarta, /a/ is pronounced [ɔ] in word-final open syllables, and in any open penultimate syllable before such an [ɔ] . The Javanese "voiced" phonemes are not in fact voiced but voiceless, with breathy voice on the following vowel. The relevant distinction in phonation of the plosives is described as stiff voice versus slack voice . A Javanese syllable can have

3942-413: The stratification of Javanese into speech levels such as ngoko and krama , which were unknown in Old Javanese. Books in Javanese have been printed since 1830s, at first using the Javanese script , although the Latin alphabet started to be used later. Since mid-19th century, Javanese has been used in newspapers and travelogues, and later, also novels, short stories, as well as free verses. Today, it

4015-474: The total population of Indonesia are of Javanese descent or live in an area where Javanese is the dominant language. All seven Indonesian presidents since 1945 have been of Javanese descent. It is therefore not surprising that Javanese has had a deep influence on the development of Indonesian, the national language of Indonesia . There are three main dialects of the modern language: Central Javanese, Eastern Javanese, and Western Javanese. These three dialects form

4088-556: The vocabulary is from Sanskrit. Many Javanese personal names also have clearly recognisable Sanskrit roots. Sanskrit words are still very much in use. Modern speakers may describe Old Javanese and Sanskrit words as kawi (roughly meaning "literary"); but kawi words may also be from Arabic . Dutch and Malay are influential as well; but none of these rivals the position of Sanskrit. There are far fewer Arabic loanwords in Javanese than in Malay, and they are usually concerned with Islamic religion. Nevertheless, some words have entered

4161-536: The wide criticisms against the PNI under Suwiryo's leadership. In the 9th PNI Congress, held in Surakarta , Central Java , in July 1960, Ali was chosen to head the party, replacing the ineffective Suwiryo. As head of the PNI, Ali was described as "a consummate politician imbued with a healthy sense of self-preservation", but often disappointed his supporters from the young and left-wing camp by often positioning himself in

4234-597: The words that follow it, for example di rumah , ke pasar (at home, to the market). This is different from the former Republican Spelling, where both di- and di are written together with the words following it. Reduplication , mostly used in plural form of words, has to be fully written with letters, so the use of the superscripted number "2" as used in the Republican Spelling is no longer valid. The practice remains common in informal usage such as in text messaging. Exceptions mostly come from proper nouns. Many personal names, particularly of younger people, do not follow

4307-707: Was active in several youth organizations , including the Jong Java and the Perhimpoenan Indonesia associations. He was briefly arrested by the Dutch in 1927 but was released shortly thereafter. In 1928, he began practicing as a lawyer and began publishing the Djanget magazine in Surakarta . During this time, he became involved in the struggle for independence, joining the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI). However, when

4380-399: Was also adopted (as Pegon ) to write Javanese. The rise of Mataram in the 17th century shifted the main literary form of Javanese to be based on the inland variety. This written tradition was preserved by writers of Surakarta and Yogyakarta , and later became the basis of the modern written standard of the language. Another linguistic development associated with the rise of Mataram is

4453-535: Was also appointed chairman of the Asian-African Conference in Bandung . In July 1960, at the ninth annual congress of the PNI, Sastroamidjojo was elected party chairman. In 1967, following the fall of Sukarno , Sastroamidjojo was arrested but later released without having been tried. He died in Jakarta , on 13 March 1975, he is buried at the Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery . Raden Ali Sastroamidjojo

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4526-492: Was arrested by the Dutch in 1927 but was released shortly thereafter. Ali returned to the Dutch East Indies in 1928, and he opened a lawyer's office. He also published the Djanget magazine in Surakarta , together with fellow future prime minister Soekiman Wirjosandjojo . However, he left his job to join Sukarno 's Indonesian National Party (PNI). The PNI would eventually become a revolutionary organization, with Ali becoming

4599-648: Was born in Grabag , Central Java , Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia ). He came from an aristocratic family of the Magelang Regency , belonging to the Indonesian elite . He was the 11th child of 12 children. His father was R. Ng. Sastroamidjojo, who was a Wedana in Jetis, Temanggung , while his mother was named Kustiah, who was a relative of the Regent of Magelang . Both of his parents were persistent in defending Javanese customs. He spent his childhood years in

4672-639: Was decreed by President Suharto on the previous day. Government departments were instructed to begin using the EYD system on 1 January 1973. On 27 August 1975, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a decree which provided a detailed explanation of the changes in the new system and marked the official use of the EYD system. It was formerly known as the Indonesian Spelling System ( Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia , EBI ), often referred to as

4745-465: Was different from the previous cabinet, as its members were overwhelmingly new, with only four of its twenty members having participated in any of the preceding four cabinets. On 25 August 1953, the new prime minister, Ali Sastroamidjojo, announced a 16-month schedule for elections starting from January 1954. On 4 November 1953, Ali Sastroamidjojo and his cabinet announced the creation of the new Central Electoral Committee (" Panitia Pemilihan Indonesia "),

4818-442: Was elected party chairman. The Indonesian National Party (PNI), of which Ali was a part, had failed to confront Indonesia's political problems coherently. During the years of Suwiryo 's leadership, chaos pervaded the party's provincial organization. This resulted in a growing challenge from the young and left-wing camp, which eventually formed Partindo , a new left-wing party. Though the party didn't gain mass support, it reflected

4891-404: Was front man for a Chinese (‘Baba’) entrepreneur. After the recognition of the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia, he was appointed the first Indonesian Ambassador to the United States , Canada , and Mexico , from 1950 until 1955. In addition, he was also appointed chairman of the Asian-African Conference in Bandung . In July 1960, at the ninth annual congress of the PNI, Sastroamidjojo

4964-418: Was influenced by Indonesian’s first person plural inclusive pronoun. Pronoun pluralization can be ignored or expressed by using phrases such as aku kabèh 'we', awaké dhéwé 'us', dhèwèké kabèh 'them' and so on. Personal pronoun in Javanese, especially for the second and third person, are more often replaced by certain nouns or titles. In addition to the pronoun described in the table below, Javanese still has

5037-524: Was later issued in 1961, which regulated party-organizational relations, and specifies that the party is the " vanguard organization " in the Marhaen movement , and the party leadership serves as the "guide" of the mass organizations affiliated with it. After the 10th PNI Congress in Purwokerto , Ali Sastroamidjojo was re-elected as general chairman, with a new figure known as Surachman, a young figure who

5110-407: Was previously active in the Peasants and farmers wing of the party, was elected general secretary. Ali also moved the party further to the left. This was seen in his speech to commemorate the 36th PNI Anniversary, which took place on 7 July 1963, at the Gelora Bung Karno Stadium , then known as the Senayan main stadium, where Ali adhered to Sukarno 's limits, saying "…The doctrine ( Marhaenism ) and

5183-425: Was purchased by Ali Sastroamidjojo on 19 December 1951 for $ 335,000. In addition to being a political figure, he was also a noted author having published several books and publications in the field of international relations and foreign policy, including : Books and journals Websites Perfected Spelling System The Perfected Spelling system is a system of orthography released in 1972 to replace

5256-408: Was the lingua franca of the Indonesian archipelago before the proclamation of Indonesian independence in 1945; and Indonesian, which was based on Malay, is now the official language of Indonesia. As a consequence, there has been an influx of Malay and Indonesian vocabulary into Javanese. Many of these words are concerned with bureaucracy or politics. [Javanese Ngoko is on the left, and Javanese Krama

5329-551: Was used daily in approximately 43% of Indonesian households. By this reckoning there were well over 60 million Javanese speakers, from a national population of 147,490,298. In Banten, the descendants of the Central Javanese conquerors who founded the Islamic Sultanate there in the 16th century still speak an archaic form of Javanese. The rest of the population mainly speaks Sundanese and Indonesian, since this province borders directly on Jakarta. At least one third of

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