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65-562: The organization was terminated in 1933 and replaced by a new Communist Party-sponsored group, the American League Against War and Fascism . In the early 1920s, many Communist Parties affiliated with the Communist International (Comintern) maintained "Anti-Imperialist Departments" dedicated to building broad coalitions in opposition to the economic and military intervention of capitalist powers in

130-430: A "Secretary", a lower position, responsible to a Minister. The official responsible for foreign policy is called Minister of Foreign Affairs (Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores) or "Chancellor" (Canciller). In Brazil , a Secretary of State ( Portuguese : secretário de Estado or secretário estadual ) – commonly referred simply as "Secretary" ( Portuguese : secretário ) is one of the government members of each of

195-607: A Secretary of State ( Secrétaire d'État ) is a junior minister, responsible to a minister or the Prime Minister. It is not to be confused with the Minister of State title given to a senior French cabinet minister of particular importance. Under the Ancien Régime , Secretaries of State were Crown officers whose responsibilities were similar to those of today's governmental ministers . The German Staatssekretär

260-461: A Secretary of State for External Affairs who acted as the country's Foreign Minister , but this position was abolished in 1993 and a new position of Minister of Foreign Affairs was created. From 1867 to 1993, there was also a Secretary of State for Canada who was a Cabinet minister whose duties varied over time but who was responsible for the Department of Secretary of State until the position

325-831: A base for activities against the United States." He pointedly noted the Mexican focus of operations of the All-American Anti-Imperialist League, publishing center of the international organization. In February 1927, Secretary of the American Section Charles Shipman other national leaders of the Anti-Imperialist League were made a delegate to an international convention in Brussels sponsored by

390-399: A civil servant. Nevertheless, Staatssekretäre function as the administrative heads of ministries. They depend on the full confidence of their respective ministers and can at any time be posted into provisional retirement with their pension paid in full. This happens usually when the government or the minister changes. De facto such a provisional retirement is lifelong. A special case is

455-463: A monthly broadsheet entitled FIGHT Against War and Fascism , published in New York City under the editorship of Liston M. Oak. Secretary of State The title secretary of state or state's secretary is commonly used for senior or mid-level posts in governments around the world. The role varies between countries, and in some cases there are multiple secretaries of state in

520-459: A secretary of State to be in charge of a secretariat of State ( Portuguese : secretaria de Estado ), a Government department with a status below that of a ministry. A secretariat of State could be organized as a division of a ministry or occasionally be directly subordinate to the Prime Minister. For example, from 1987 to 1995, a Secretariat of State for the Culture existed directly subordinate to

585-548: A suite occupied by the Communist-sponsored literary magazine, The New Masses . Membership in the American Section of the league was through payment of annual dues of $ 1 — although donations of $ 10 from those with the means to pay were actively solicited. On January 13, 1927, Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg garnered front page headlines across America when he presented an extensive statement to

650-476: Is a Beamter (civil servant) who ranks second only to the minister in a state or federal ministry, so the position is equivalent to that of Permanent secretary in the United Kingdom, not to that of a U.K. Secretary of State . While officially it is not a political office, often it is assigned by appointment based on political criteria such as party affiliation, rather than by career progression as

715-583: Is also, in protocol , the first Cabinet member in the order of precedence , immediately preceding any former presidents and former first ladies, who are followed by the rest of the Cabinet. In most of the individual states of the United States , the Secretary of State is an administrative officer responsible for certain governmental functions. The specific powers and duties of this office depend on

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780-677: Is responsible for the administration of United States embassies and their subsidiary units throughout the world. The U.S. secretary of state has the power to remove any foreign diplomat from U.S. soil for any reason. Six secretaries of state became presidents ( Thomas Jefferson , James Madison , James Monroe , John Quincy Adams , Martin Van Buren and James Buchanan ) and five won Nobel Peace Prizes ( Frank Kellogg , Cordell Hull , George Marshall , Elihu Root , and Henry Kissinger ). The now long-established terms "Department ..." and "Secretary of State" were preceded (for two months following

845-410: Is responsible to the minister. This is a new arrangement; during the introduction of this model, a secretary was called "political state secretary" ( poliittinen valtiosihteeri ). In contrast, previously only two ministries, Ministries of Finance and Foreign Affairs, used to have state secretaries, who were permanently appointed. One such example is Raimo Sailas  [ fi ] . In France ,

910-666: The government of the Brussels-Capital Region , one of whom has to be Flemish. The secretary of state ( Riigisekretär ) directs the Government Office . Its mission is to support the Government of Estonia and the Prime Minister of Estonia in policy drafting and implementation. It also supports any Ministers without portfolio and helps to ensure good governance. The first Secretary of State

975-726: The Brazilian states , subordinate to the respective State Governor . At state level, the Brazilian secretaries of State have functions similar to those of the Ministers of the Federal Government . At federal level, the officer responsible for foreign affairs, a position equivalent to that of the United States Secretary of State, is the Minister of Foreign Affairs . The Canadian Cabinet used to have

1040-768: The Catholic Church , the cardinal secretary of state coordinates all the departments of the Roman Curia (and is in that respect equivalent to a prime minister ). The United States secretary of state is the foreign minister of the federal government of the United States while in most of the individual U.S. states the secretary of state is an administrative officer responsible for certain governmental functions, often including overseeing elections, tasks which would be exercised by interior ministers or secretaries in most other nations. The term secretary of state originated in early 17th century England . In

1105-649: The Orange Free State (1854–1902) the Secretary of State was the original title of the main administrative officer of the State, who worked closely with both the State President as head of state and head of government, and his cabinet, and with the Volksraad , the parliament of the Orange Free State . The title of State Secretary was replaced by that of Government Secretary soon after the formation of

1170-651: The Parliamentary State Secretary ( Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär ), who is a member of parliament who is appointed to a ministry as a Staatssekretär ; in the German Foreign Office and the German Chancellery the official title is Staatsminister ( Minister of State ). Critics claim that parliamentary secretaries of state are usually given little to no influence and responsibility within their ministry, all

1235-553: The Staatsminister office an " Unding " (absurdity). In 1998, chancellor Gerhard Schröder introduced the new office of Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media ( German : Beauftragter der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien ) at the formal rank of a Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär , hence the office is usually called Kulturstaatsminister ("State Minister of Culture") for short – although some of

1300-667: The State Financial Officer to implement the Sultan’s executive authority. Additionally, in legal matters involving government personnel, documents signed by the State Secretary, such as those certifying employment details, were accepted as conclusive evidence in court. In Indonesia , the Minister-Secretary of State ( Menteri Sekretaris Negara ) is a Government official of Ministerial rank who heads

1365-552: The president of the Republic . In the United States federal government, "Secretary of State" refers to the official responsible for executing the non-military and non-homeland security aspects of foreign policy, the analogue of the foreign secretary or foreign minister of a country that has one or the other. The U.S. secretary of state is head of the United States Department of State . The secretary of state

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1430-640: The (Raja of Perlis). The State Secretary is the head of the public service in his/her state. Following the Portuguese model , in the Government of Timor-Leste , a Secretary of State ( Sekretáriu Estadu in Tetum , Secretário de Estado in Portuguese ) is a junior minister, subordinate to a cabinet minister. Despite being members of the Government, the Secretaries of State usually do not participate in

1495-572: The 1416 seats at the national convention. African-Americans were also well represented in both the leadership and rank-and-file delegates. In 1937 the organization changed its name to the American League for Peace and Democracy. Helen Silvermaster was associated with this group. At its peak in 1939, the American League claimed over 20,000 dues paying members, and 1,023 affiliated organizations, bringing its combined membership to around 7 million members. The American League dissolved after

1560-654: The 1939 signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , a non-aggression treaty between Josef Stalin 's Soviet Union and Adolf Hitler 's Nazi Germany that ended the CPUSA's anti-Hitler activity until the 1941 Nazi invasion of the USSR, discouraged its non-communist members. Its communist elements then influenced the founding of the American Peace Mobilization front to lobby against American help for

1625-512: The 19th century, the title of "minister" started to be used, the official complete title of each of the ministers becoming "minister and secretary of State" of a given portfolio until the end of the Monarchy in 1910 . From them on, the title "minister" completely replaced that of "secretary of State" (with the exception of the brief presidential system that existed during 1918, in which the ministers were re-titled "secretaries of State"). In 1958,

1690-673: The Allies, particular the United Kingdom under Prime Minister Winston Churchill , in their struggle against Hitler in the opening years of World War II . Leaders included J. B. Matthews , and Rev. Harry F. Ward . Prominent members included Earl Browder , Roger Baldwin , Paul Reid, William Spofford, H. W. L. Dana, Israel Amter , A. J. Muste , Dorothy Detzer , William Pickens , Oscar Ameringer , William Z. Foster , Devere Allen , Robert, Minor , and Elizabeth Bentley (later Soviet spy, later FBI informant). The League produced

1755-589: The Commonwealth ", since these states as well as Kentucky are called " commonwealth " instead of "state". In Connecticut , this office is called the " Secretary of the State ". In three states ( Alaska , Hawaii and Utah ), there is no secretary of state. The State Secretary ( Setiausaha Kerajaan ) was established to support the Menteri Besar in overseeing Brunei's administrative functions. The position

1820-845: The Communist International, called the Congress Against Colonial Oppression and Imperialism. In 1933 the All-America Anti-Imperialist League was formally terminated and a new organization launched in its stead, the American League Against War and Fascism . The new organization focused instead on the developing political situation in Europe, attempting to build a Popular Front in opposition to fascist Germany and Italy . American League Against War and Fascism The American League Against War and Fascism

1885-611: The Council of Ministers, unless they are specially summoned for and, in this case, without right to vote. As in France , a secretary of state in Belgium is a junior minister who is responsible to a minister or to the prime minister. For example, Vincent Van Quickenborne was a secretary of state charged with the simplification of the administration, and in this role he was accountable to the prime minister . The title "secretary of state"

1950-707: The Foreign Affairs Committee of the United States Senate . Kellogg depicted the All-American Anti-Imperialist League as the bulwark of Soviet revolutionism in the Western Hemisphere. Kellogg told the assembled Senators: "The Bolshevik leaders have very definite ideas with respect to the role which Mexico and Latin America are to play in their general program of world revolution. Thus, Latin America and Mexico are conceived as

2015-886: The Government is the Malaysian secretary of state. However, every state in Malaysia have their own State Secretary, except federal territories. Secretary of State is the member of the State Executive Council, appointed by the Governor (in Malacca , Penang , Sabah and Sarawak ) or the Sultan (except in Negeri Sembilan , appointed by the Yang DiPertuan Besar ; and Perlis , appointed by

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2080-684: The Ministry of State Secretariat. The Minister-Secretary of State gives technical and administrative assistance to the President and Vice President in running State affairs. In the President's case, the Minister-Secretary of State also provides assistance for the President in his role as Commander-in-chief of Indonesian National Armed Forces . In addition, the State Secretary provides the President and Vice President with their reports, coordinates household matters and protocols, as well as assisting in

2145-483: The Prime Minister. Despite this type of department no longer officially existing in the organization of the Portuguese Government, it is still common usage for the portfolio of a secretary of State to be colloquially referred to as a "secretariat of State". Historically, since the 17th century, the title of "secretary of State" was used to designate the heads of the Government departments of Portugal. In

2210-474: The State, working closely with both the State President as head of state and head of government, and the parliament of the South African Republic . In Liberia , from 1847 until 1972, the Secretary of State was the head of the Department of State and the chief foreign policy officer of the republic, responsible for conducting diplomacy and implementing the nation's foreign affairs. The title

2275-595: The US Congress Against War, a gathering of activists arranged by the CPUSA in 1933. The American League Against War and Fascism, attempted to attract as broad a following as possible and included members of the Roosevelt administration . By 1937, its Communist Party members boasted that 30 percent of the entire organized labor movement was represented in the League, and labor delegates occupied 413 of

2340-604: The United States, but rather to the fact that the organization included sections from throughout the Americas. Although itself an international group, the All-American Anti-Imperialist League was in turn attached to another Comintern-sponsored international organization, the League Against Imperialism . This federation included other similar regional organizations to the All-American Anti-Imperialist League, groups engaged in parallel activity in other parts of

2405-540: The activities of the other dicasteries. The secretariat is also responsible for the Holy See 's foreign relations. During a sede vacante , the former Secretary of State (the appointment expires when the pope dies or resigns) assumes some of the functions of the head of state as a part of a temporary commission. Luxembourgian Secretaries of State ( French : secrétaire d'Etat , Luxembourgish : Staatssekretär(in) , German : Staatssekretär(in) ) are members of

2470-711: The affairs of smaller colonial nations. In the Western hemisphere this took the form of organizing against the expansion of American commercial influence in the developing nations of Central and South America as well as the Caribbean basin, including especially Mexico , the Dominican Republic , Cuba , and Nicaragua . In the United States itself, the Anti-Imperialist Department of the well-funded Workers (Communist) Party of America

2535-523: The cabinet, and are ranked below ministers. They are given specific briefs, covering the same briefs as the ministers, and help to assist their respective ministers to perform their functions. They often hold more than one brief or assist more than one minister. In the first Juncker-Asselborn cabinet , there was one Secretary of State, Octavie Modert , who is responsible for Relations with Parliament; Agriculture, Viticulture, and Rural Development; and Culture, Higher Education, and Research. There had been two in

2600-403: The constitution and laws of the particular state, but they often include responsibility for overseeing elections within the state. In the state of Oregon the secretary of state is an elected office that acts as the equivalent of a lieutenant governor in other states among many other duties. In three states ( Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , and Virginia ), the position is called " Secretary of

2665-405: The council of ministers. In Mozambique, the role of vice-minister ( Portuguese : vice-ministro ) exists as an intermediate government rank between those of minister and Secretary of State. The role of vice-minister also exists in the Government of Angola, but it is junior to that of Secretary of State. In the South African Republic the Secretary of State was the main administrative officer of

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2730-413: The country's system of governing the country. In many countries, a secretary of state is a senior or mid-level post. It is usually a politically appointed position, although in some countries, such as Germany and Sweden , it can be filled by a member of the executive bureaucracy (civil service) as a political appointment (equivalent to permanent secretary ). In the Holy See , the administrative body of

2795-530: The drafting of bills and/or Governmental regulations. The Kuwaiti Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Sheikh Muhammad Al-Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah , is in charge of international relations of Kuwait, and all Kuwaiti representatives abroad. Al-Sabah is a member of the cabinet of ministers, and reports directly to Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah , The Emir of Kuwait. He is also in charge of all the diplomatic representatives in Kuwait . In Malaysia , Chief Secretary to

2860-547: The effective date of the Constitution ) by the narrower title Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the corresponding departmental name; the change reflected the addition of some miscellaneous domestic responsibilities. The position is widely regarded as the most senior in the Cabinet . In the presidential line of succession the secretary of state falls first among Cabinet officers, and fourth overall. The secretary of state

2925-512: The incumbents did not hold a seat in parliament. The German Parliamentary Commission for Culture and the Media  [ de ] ( German : Ausschuss für Kultur und Medien ) serves in place of a proper ministry for this department. Since 1998, the office of Kulturstaatsminister has been held by Michael Naumann (1998–2001), Julian Nida-Rümelin (2001–2002), Christina Weiss (2002–2005), Bernd Neumann (2005–2013), Monika Grütters (2013–2021) and Claudia Roth (since 2021). In Greece,

2990-710: The labor press, however, with the Communist-controlled Federated Press news service providing substantial coverage of the organizing effort. The organizing effort benefited from a sizable donation by wealthy Chicago liberal William H. Holly, and a number of prominent public figures allowed their names to be used on the group's letterhead to bolster fundraising, including NAACP executive William Pickens , civil liberties activist Roger Baldwin , literary critic Lewis Gannett , and public intellectuals Robert Morss Lovett and Arthur Garfield Hays . These friendly non-communist figures were joined in

3055-436: The only minister is constitutionally responsible for all the statssekretær' s decisions in office. In Portugal , a secretary of State ( Portuguese : secretário de Estado , masculine; secretária de Estado , feminine; secretários de Estado , plural) is a junior minister, of intermediate rank between that of cabinet minister and that of under-secretary of State. Although having the Constitutional status of Government members ,

3120-412: The previous cabinet, and three between 1984 and 1989. As in France and Belgium, a State Secretary in the Netherlands is a junior minister who is responsible to a Cabinet Minister or the Prime Minister. Some of them may, in specific circumstances, call themselves Minister when visiting a foreign country. Each State Secretary has a certain portfolio, which is different to their Cabinet Minister to split up

3185-402: The public spotlight by a number of well-known public figures who maintained Workers Party membership, including writer Scott Nearing and trade union official William Z. Foster . In later years the All-America Anti-Imperialist League was known simply as the "Anti-Imperialist League." The organization maintained its headquarters in a single room located at 32 Union Square, New York City, part of

3250-422: The responsibilities and relieve the workload. The top civil servant in a government department is called Secretary-General (secretaris-generaal) . A statssekretær in Norway plays more or less the same role as the French or Swedish equivalent . Secretaries of State are connected to specific ministry , and serve as a de facto vice minister. However, the State Secretary cannot attend a Council of State and

3315-406: The secretaries of State do not usually participate in the Council of Ministers , unless summoned for certain meetings and, in those cases, without right to vote. They act merely as deputies of ministers, having only the powers delegated to them by their ministers or directly by the prime minister . Until the reorganization of the Portuguese Public Administration structure in 2004, it was common for

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3380-431: The state apparatus and was thereafter never used again. The organization of the governments of Angola , Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique and São Tome and Príncipe closely mirrors the Portuguese government model . Thus, in these countries, a Secretary of State ( Portuguese : secretário de Estado ) is a junior minister, subordinate to a cabinet minister. Usually, the secretaries of State do not participate in

3445-413: The title "Secretary of State" ( Greek : Γραμματεύς της Επικρατείας ) was used only intermittently during the early years of the modern Greek state . It was first employed for the head of the cabinet under the governorship of Ioannis Kapodistrias , a post held successively by Spyridon Trikoupis (1828–29) and Nikolaos Spiliadis  [ el ] (1829–31). It was then abandoned, until used instead of

3510-450: The title of "Minister" (Υπουργός) for the cabinet members in the 1835–37 Cabinet of Josef Ludwig von Armansperg , with Armansperg being designated "Chief Secretary of State" (Αρχιγραμματεύς της Επικρατείας). The Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope , or Cardinal Secretary of State, presides over the Secretariat of State , which is the most important dicastery of the Roman Curia , as it organizes, makes appointments to, and directs

3575-735: The title of "secretary of State" was reintroduced to designate the then created role of a junior minister, subordinate to a cabinet minister. In the devolved governments of the Autonomous Regions (the Azores and Madeira ), cabinet members are called "Regional Secretary" of a given portfolio ( Portuguese : Secretário Regional ), and the head of the cabinet is titled "President of the Regional Government" ( Portuguese : Presidente do Governo Regional ). The position of State Secretary ( Russian : Статс-секретарь , romanized :  Stats-sekretar or Russian : Государственный секретар , romanized :  Gosudarstvennyj sekretar ) has existed at certain periods of time. Boris Yeltsin revived

3640-422: The while drawing very generous pay due to receiving two salaries, both as a secretary of state and as a member of parliament. For example, when interviewed in 2005 about his post as a parliamentary minister of state in the German Foreign Office (1998–2002) during an investigation into visa abuse , Ludger Volmer  [ de ] claimed that he had been cut off from the workflow within the ministry, and called

3705-416: The world. In the United States Charles Shipman was named as Secretary of the American Section of the All-American Anti-Imperialist League and given the task of formally organizing units of the new group. Speakers were sent to trade union locals in an effort to stir up interest but the effort was largely futile, with these representatives generally denied admission. The cause was more successfully promoted in

3770-443: Was Charles Shipman (1895-1989), a draft-resisting American expatriate to Mexico who as "Jesús Ramírez" had been a delegate representing that country at the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern . In addition to Latin American concerns, Shipman's department had also propagandized against American commercial and military involvement in other parts of the globe, including particularly the Philippines and China . In April 1925 Shipman

3835-408: Was Karl Terras . Before the Soviet re-occupation in 1944, the State Secretary went into exile until the position came back to Estonia in 1992. A state secretary ( Finnish : valtiosihteeri ), is the highest official below each minister. Ministers, who lead ministries (government departments), comprise the Finnish Government . Each state secretary is appointed for the term of the minister and

3900-413: Was abolished in 1972 and replaced with the new nomenclature, Minister of Foreign Affairs . Throughout most of Liberia's history, holders of that office usually went on to become president. The Secretary of State (Secretario de Estado) in Argentina (federal government) is a high official with the same rank of a Minister, who is responsible directly to the President. The position must be distinguished from

3965-419: Was abolished. Since 1993, some junior ministers have been styled Secretary of State , and assigned in specific policy areas to assist Cabinet ministers. However, these junior ministers are not themselves members of Cabinet. A similar role is played by Ministers of State , however Ministers are members of the cabinet. In Mexico a secretary of state is a member of the Mexican Executive Cabinet who responds to

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4030-399: Was an organization formed in 1933 by the Communist Party USA and pacifists united by their concern as Nazism and Fascism rose in Europe . In 1937 the name of the group was changed to the American League for Peace and Democracy . Rev. Dr. Harry F. Ward headed the organization. It was the US affiliate of the World Committee Against War and Fascism . The American League was formed at

4095-490: Was created because the constitution of Belgium explicitly limits the number of ministers to fifteen (seven French-speaking ministers and seven Dutch-speaking ministers, with the prime minister being officially "linguistically neutral"). Therefore, appointing people as secretaries of state allows the government to circumvent this constitutional limitation. See Current list of secretaries of states for Belgian Federal Government . There are also three secretaries of state in

4160-424: Was dispatched to Mexico as the representative of the Workers Party to the 3rd Congress of the Communist Party of Mexico . It was at this time that a new international organization was launched, the All-America Anti-Imperialist League — an organization which would eventually include national sections throughout Latin America. The term "All-America" in the organizational moniker was not intended to relate specifically to

4225-406: Was specifically reserved for Malay Muslims and required nomination by the Sultan. Under the 1959 Constitution, the State Secretary became the principal officer managing internal administrative affairs , ensuring departmental coordination and policy consultation. The State Secretary also held a seat in the Council of Ministers and worked alongside other key officials like the Attorney General and

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