The Central Executive Committee of the USSR ( Russian : Центральный исполнительный комитет СССР , romanized : Tsentralʹnyĭ ispolnitelʹnyĭ komitet SSSR ), which may be abbreviated as the CEC ( Russian : ЦИК , romanized : TsIK ), was the supreme governing body of the USSR in between sessions of the All-Union Congress of Soviets from 1922 to 1938. The Central Executive Committee elected the Presidium, which, like its parent body, was the delegated governing authority when the other was not in session. The chairman of the Presidium, served as the ceremonial head of state of the USSR. The Central Executive Committee also elected the Council of People's Commissars which was its executive and administrative organ. The Central Executive Committee of the USSR was established in 1922 by the First All-Union Congress of Soviets , and was replaced by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in 1938.
29-710: Initially the committee had four co-chairs, after 1925 there were seven. The Kazakh and Kirghiz SSRs were created in 1936 and did not have co-chairs in the committee, as it dissolved just two years later. The Central Executive Committee was created with the adoption of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR in December 1922. The Central Executive Committee was elected by the Congress of Soviets to govern on its behalf whenever
58-678: A Central Asian territory which is now the independent state of Kyrgyzstan ) on 26 August 1920 and was an autonomous republic within the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic . Before the Russian Revolution , Kazakhs in Russia were known as "Kirghiz-Kazaks" or simply "Kirghiz" (and the Kyrgyzes as "Kara-Kirghiz"). This practice continued into the early Soviet period, and thus
87-951: A call for " Russification ". Beginning in 1937, the Soviet Government began a series of forced deportations of ethnic minorities, such as Soviet Koreans, the Volga Germans and various other minorities to the Kazakh SSR, a programme that ended only with Stalin's death in 1953. 48°N 68°E / 48°N 68°E / 48; 68 Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic The Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic ( Russian : Казахская Автономная Социалистическая Советская Республика ; Kazakh : Qazaq Aptanom Sotsijalijstik Soвettik Respuvвlijkasь ), abbreviated as Kazak ASSR ( Russian : Казакская АССР ; Kazakh : Qazaq ASSR ) and simply Kazakhstan ( Russian : Казахстан ; Kazakh : Qazaƣьstan ),
116-482: A sovereign state on 26 December 1991 and Kazakhstan became an internationally recognized independent state. On 28 January 1993, the new Constitution of Kazakhstan was officially adopted. According to the 1897 census, the earliest census taken in the region, Kazakhs constituted 81.7% of the total population (3,392,751 people) within the territory of contemporary Kazakhstan. The Russian population in Kazakhstan
145-618: The Communist Party of Kazakhstan by the last Soviet general secretary , Mikhail Gorbachev , riots broke out for four days between 16 and 19 December 1986 known as Jeltoqsan by student demonstrators in Brezhnev Square in the capital city, Alma-Ata . Approximately 168–200 civilians were killed in the uprising. The events then spilled over to Shymkent , Pavlodar , Karaganda and Taldykorgan . On 25 March 1990, Kazakhstan held its first elections with Nursultan Nazarbayev ,
174-673: The Kazakh famine of 1931–33 , while an additional one million people fled from the Republic, causing a labour shortage in that area, which Stalin sought to compensate for by deporting other ethnicities there. Over one million political prisoners from various parts of the Soviet Union passed through the Karaganda Corrective Labor Camp (KarLag) between 1931 and 1959, with an unknown number of deaths. During
203-499: The 1920s and 1930s famines . According to different estimates of the effects of the Kazakh famine of 1930–1933 , up to 40% of Kazakhs (indigenous ethnic group) either died of starvation or fled the territory. Official government census data report the contraction of Kazakh population from 3.6 million in 1926, to 2.3 million in 1939. Upon the start of the Second World War , many large factories were relocated to
232-623: The 1950s and 1960s, Soviet citizens were urged to settle in the Virgin Lands of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. The influx of immigrants , mostly Russians , skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. As a result, the use of the Kazakh language declined but has started to experience a revival since independence, both as a result of its resurging popularity in law and business and
261-681: The Central Executive Committee consisted of 21 members and included the Presidia of the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities . A representative of each constituent republic (initially four) was elected one of the directors of the presidium. As more entities (usually previously Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics ) were promoted to the status of constituent republics of the USSR, they received representation among
290-651: The Congress of Soviets was not in session. The Central Executive Committee was convened by the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee, which was elected by the Central Executive Committee to govern on its behalf whenever it was not in session. The Central Executive Committee of the USSR should not be confused with the Central Executive Committees that operated in each of the Soviet Union's constituent republics. These were: The Presidium of
319-583: The Kazak ASSR over the following decade. The administrative subdivisions of the ASSR changed several times in its history. In 1928 the guberniyas , administrative districts inherited from the Kirghiz ASSR were eliminated and replaced with 13 okrugs and raions . In 1932, the republic was divided into six new larger oblasts . These included: On 31 January 1935, yet another territorial division
SECTION 10
#1732793300501348-633: The Kazakh SSR was renamed to the Republic of Kazakhstan on 10 December 1991. It declared independence on 16 December (the fifth anniversary of Jeltoqsan ), becoming the last Soviet constituency to secede. Its capital was the site of the Alma-Ata Protocol on 21 December 1991 that dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the Commonwealth of Independent States in its place which Kazakhstan joined. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist as
377-481: The Kazakh SSR. The Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site and Baikonur Cosmodrome were also built here. After the war, the Virgin Lands Campaign was started in 1953. This was led by Nikita Khrushchev , with the goal of developing the vast lands of the republic and helping to boost Soviet agricultural yields. However it did not work as promised, the campaign was eventually abandoned in the 1960s. In
406-680: The Kazakhs. On 19 February 1925 Filipp Goloshchyokin was appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party in the newly created Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic. From 1925 to 1933 he ran the Kazakh ASSR with virtually no outside interference. He played a prominent part in the construction of the Turkestan-Siberia railway, which was constructed to open up Kazakhstan's mineral wealth. After Joseph Stalin ordered
435-586: The Kirghiz ASSR was a national republic for Kazakhs. However, on 15–19 June 1925 the Fifth Kazakh Council of Soviets decided to rename the republic the Kazak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic. The capital of the former Kirghiz ASSR, Ak-Mechet , was retained as the seat of the Kazak ASSR but was renamed Kzyl-Orda , from the Kazakh "red centre". In 1927 or 1929 the city of Alma-Ata was designated as
464-672: The Korean population from the Russian Far East to Kazakhstan. Over 170,000 people were forcibly relocated to the Kazakh and Uzbek SSRs . Kazakhstani Korean scholar German Kim assumes that one of the reasons for this deportation may have been Stalin's intent to oppress ethnic minorities that could have posed a threat to his socialist system or he may have intended to consolidate the border regions with China and Japan by using them as political bargaining chips. Additionally, historian Kim points out that 1.7 million people perished in
493-471: The Northern parts of the country. The proposed land reform began in 1921 and lasted until 1927,targeting Russian settlers, Ukrainians and Cossacks in the region and from 1920 to 1922, Kazakhstan's Russian population dropped from approximately 2.7 to 2.2 million. A further 15,000 Cossack settler colonists were deported between 1920 and 1921 as part of the process of returning control and sovereignty of land to
522-584: The Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR declared its sovereignty on its soil. QKP first secretary Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected president in April of that year – a role he remained in until 2019. The Kazakh SSR was renamed the Republic of Kazakhstan on 10 December 1991, which declared its independence six days later, as the last republic to secede from the USSR on 16 December 1991. The Soviet Union
551-525: The chairman of the Supreme Soviet elected as its first president . Later that year on 25 October, it then declared sovereignty. The republic participated in a referendum to preserve the union in a different entity with 94.1% voted in favour. It did not happen when hardline communists in Moscow took control of the government in August . Nazarbayev then condemned the failed coup. As a result of those events,
580-648: The directors of the Presidium: The 1924 Soviet Constitution defined the powers of the CEC as: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic , also known as Soviet Kazakhstan , the Kazakh SSR , KaSSR , or simply Kazakhstan , was one of the transcontinental constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991. Located in northern Central Asia , it
609-529: The early days of the Soviet Union, Kazakh culture was both developed and restrained, and later many Kazakh cultural figures were imprisoned, exiled, or killed in Joseph Stalin 's purges. However, after the Stalinist era , Nikita Khrushchev 's efforts to reinvigorate internationalism and furtherly weaken Kazakh culture were controversial in the Kazakh SSR. Kazakhs viewed his internationalist goals as
SECTION 20
#1732793300501638-400: The forced collectivization of agriculture throughout the Soviet Union, Goloshchyokin ordered that Kazakhstan's largely nomadic population was to be forced to settle in collective farms. This caused the deadly Kazakh famine of 1930–1933 in Kazakhstan which killed between 1 and 2 million people. In 1937 the first major deportation of an ethnic group in the Soviet Union began, the removal of
667-483: The growing proportion of Kazakhs. The other nationalities included Ukrainians , Germans , Jews , Belarusians , Koreans and others; Germans at the time of independence formed about 8% of the population, the largest concentration of Germans in the entire Soviet Union. Kazakh independence has caused many of these newcomers to emigrate. Following the dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev , the First Secretary of
696-846: The new capital of the ASSR. In February 1930, there was an anti-Soviet insurgency in the village of Sozak . On 5 December 1936, the ASSR was detached from the RSFSR and made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic , a full union republic of the Soviet Union. The Kazak ASSR that succeeded the recently expanded Kirghiz ASSR included all of the territory making up the present-day Republic of Kazakhstan plus parts of Uzbekistan (the Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast ), Turkmenistan (the north shore of Kara-Bogaz-Gol ) and Russia (parts of what would become Orenburg Oblast ). These territories were transferred from
725-400: Was 454,402, or 10.95% of total population; there were 79,573 Ukrainians (1.91%); 55,984 Tatars (1.34%); 55,815 Uyghurs (1.34%); 29,564 Uzbeks (0.7%); 11,911 Moldovans (0.28%); 4,888 Dungans (0.11%); 2,883 Turkmens ; 2,613 Germans ; 2,528 Bashkirs ; 1,651 Jews ; and 1,254 Poles . The most significant factors that shaped the ethnic composition of the population of Kazakhstan were
754-659: Was an autonomous republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) within the Soviet Union (from 1922) which existed from 1920 until 1936. The Kazakh ASSR was originally created as the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic ( Russian : Киргизская Автономная Социалистическая Советская Республика ; Kazakh : Қырғыз Автономиялық Социалистік Кеңес Республикасы ) (not to be confused with Kirghiz ASSR of 1926–1936,
783-555: Was created on 5 December 1936 from the Kazakh ASSR , an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR . At 2,717,300 square kilometres (1,049,200 sq mi) in area, it was the second-largest republic in the USSR, after the Russian SFSR . Its capital was Alma-Ata (today known as Almaty). During its existence as a Soviet Socialist Republic, it was ruled by the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR (QKP). On 25 October 1990,
812-508: Was initially called Kirghiz ASSR ( Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ) and was a part of the Russian SFSR . On 15–19 April 1925, it was renamed Kazak ASSR (subsequently Kazakh ASSR ) and on 5 December 1936 it was elevated to the status of a Union-level republic, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic . In September 1920, the Ninth Soviet Congress of Turkestan called for the deportation of illegal settler colonists in
841-540: Was officially dissolved on 26 December 1991 by the Soviet of the Republics . The Republic of Kazakhstan, the legal successor to the Kazakh SSR , was admitted to the United Nations on 2 March 1992. The republic was named after the Kazakh people, Turkic -speaking former nomads who sustained a powerful khanate in the region before Russian and later Soviet domination. Established on 26 August 1920, it
#500499