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21-414: Frederick I of Prussia wanted to create a uniform set of laws, but it was not started until the reign of Frederick II . Frederick's idea was not only to create a unified set of laws, but to make them clear and eliminate possible manipulations by different interpretation. A previous attempt, Project eines Corporis Juris Fridericiani (1749–51), by Samuel von Cocceji , proved unsuccessful. The first version

42-453: The League of Augsburg against France and in 1689 led military forces into the field as part of the allied coalition. That year an army under his command besieged and captured Bonn . Despite this opposition to France (a characteristic that was even more prominent in his son and heir) he was fond of French culture, and styled his court in imitation of that of Louis XIV. The Hohenzollern state

63-547: The Miller Arnold case , imprisoning judges who had disobeyed his orders. As a figure keen to maintain his prestige as an Enlightened Absolutist , codification of the laws was a desirable response to his un-Enlightened break of the 'rule of law'. The interpretations of the code's usage are contradictory; some interpret the laws as well known for being simple to read and interpret, without much abstract, being rather an every-day regulating laws, but others point out that while

84-718: The Nine Years' War when the forces of Brandenburg-Prussia and the Dutch Republic besieged and captured Bonn . It was part of the Rhineland campaign which Brandenburg was fighting as part of the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV of France . Following Louis' incursions into the Rhineland the previous year, a coalition of nations had formed to resist French hegemony. In Germany this involved an advance into

105-709: The Berlin Knights Academy in 1705, and as historian at the Higher Herald's Office in 1706. Frederick died in Berlin in 1713 and is entombed in the Berlin Cathedral . His grandson, Frederick the Great, referred to Frederick I as "the mercenary king", due to the fact that he greatly profited from the hiring of his Prussian troops to defend other territories, such as in northern Italy against

126-478: The French. "All in all," he wrote of his grandfather, "he was great in small matters, and small in great matters." Frederick was married three times: He also had an official mistress, Catharina von Wartenberg , between 1696 and 1711. However, he was never known to make use of her services, being deeply in love with his second wife. Siege of Bonn (1689) The siege of Bonn took place in 1689 during

147-537: The Great , was the first Prussian king formally to style himself "King of Prussia" (from 1772 onwards). Frederick was a patron of the arts and learning. The Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin was founded by Frederick in 1696, as was the Academy of Sciences in 1700, though the latter was closed down by his son as an economic measure; it was reopened in 1740 by his grandson, Frederick II. Frederick also appointed Jacob Paul von Gundling as Professor of History and Law at

168-657: The Holy Roman Emperor in Brandenburg. Legally, the Hohenzollern state was still a personal union between Brandenburg and Prussia. However, by the time Frederick crowned himself as king, the emperor's authority over Brandenburg (and the rest of the empire) was only nominal, and in practice it soon came to be treated as part of the Prussian kingdom rather than as a separate entity. His grandson, Frederick

189-669: The Holy Roman Empire, and he ruled over it with full sovereignty. Therefore, he said, there was no legal or political barrier to letting him rule it as a kingdom. Frederick was aided in the negotiations by Charles Ancillon . Frederick crowned himself on 18 January 1701 in Königsberg. Although he did so with the Emperor's consent, and also with formal acknowledgement from Augustus II the Strong , Elector of Saxony , who held

210-787: The Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the Kingdom of Bohemia which belonged to the Holy Roman Emperor . Frederick persuaded Emperor Leopold I to allow Prussia to be elevated to a kingdom by the Crown Treaty of 16 November 1700. This agreement was ostensibly given in exchange for an alliance against King Louis XIV in the War of the Spanish Succession and the provision of 8,000 Prussian troops to Leopold's service. Frederick argued that Prussia had never been part of

231-504: The War of the Spanish Succession, though he often withheld these until he received the ceremonial concessions he desired. His royalty was, in any case, limited to Prussia and did not reduce the rights of the Emperor in the portions of his domains that were still part of the Holy Roman Empire. In other words, while he was a king in Prussia, he was still only an elector under the suzerainty of

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252-724: The code was written in German, it used an incredibly casuistic and imprecise language, making it hard to properly understand and use in practice. After the second partition of Poland , it was promulgated on the annexed territories as subsidiary law, intended to accelerate the process of their integration with Prussia . The Landrecht was a typical example of a law of the transition period between feudalism and capitalism , where old institutions of feudal law (ordinations, separate property, class divisions, nobility privileges , subjection of peasants) existed alongside modern ones (definition of property). The Landrecht stopped functioning after

273-528: The first King in Prussia (1701–1713). From 1707 he was in personal union the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel . Born in Königsberg , Frederick was the third son of Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg by his father's first marriage to Louise Henriette of Orange-Nassau , eldest daughter of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange and Amalia of Solms-Braunfels . His maternal cousin

294-531: The only major settlement in Cologne not in Allied hands. Bonn was already under threat and a blockade had been imposed on it. On 11 July the Allied commanders Hans Adam von Schöning and Adriaan van Flodroff captured a key fort close to Bonn, and eleven days later the main Allied field army arrived outside Bonn. Batteries opened fire on 24 July, but a formal siege did not begin until 16 September. On 12 October

315-682: The region's historic ties to the Polish crown, Frederick made the symbolic concession of calling himself " King in Prussia " instead of "King of Prussia". Frederick leveraged the recognizance of other nations to attempt to construct the legitimacy of his assumed royal title. In this, the English were his most willing diplomatic allies. They first sent an envoy to Berlin, who conformed to the new royal protocol. Thereafter, they sent an ambassador to Berlin, who ceremonially recognised Frederick as king. In exchange, Frederick provided England with troops during

336-480: The system was reformed ( Stein–Hardenberg reforms ) and the feudal remnants were removed. Frederick I of Prussia Frederick I ( German : Friedrich I. ; 11 July 1657 – 25 February 1713), of the Hohenzollern dynasty, was (as Frederick III ) Elector of Brandenburg (1688–1713) and Duke of Prussia in personal union ( Brandenburg-Prussia ). The latter function he upgraded to royalty, becoming

357-522: The territory of France's ally the Electorate of Cologne , while to the west the large field armies of Waldeck and Humières were manoeuvring against each other. Waldeck, the overall commander of the Allied forces, was wary of taking any offensive action against the French until he received reinforcements from Rhineland, but the Brandenburg forces concentrated on their own operations in Cologne. In June 1689 Brandenburg took Kaiserswerth , leaving Bonn as

378-723: The title of King of Poland, the Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth raised objections, and viewed the coronation as illegal. In fact, according to the terms of the Treaty of Wehlau and Bromberg , the House of Hohenzollern's sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia was not absolute but contingent on the continuation of the male line (in the absence of which the duchy would revert to the Polish crown). Therefore, out of deference to

399-532: Was King William III of England . Upon the death of his father on 29 April 1688, Frederick became Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia . Right after ascending the throne Frederick founded a new city southerly adjacent to Dorotheenstadt and named it after himself, the Friedrichstadt . Frederick was noted for his opposition to France , in contrast to his father who had sought an alliance with Louis XIV . Frederick took Brandenburg into

420-464: Was called the General Code for the Prussian states ( German : Allgemeines Gesetzbuch für die Preußischen Staaten , AGB, 1792). Svarez and Klein, who were under the orders of Frederick the Great , presented a project in 1785, but the general state laws for the Prussian states were finally codified in 1794. Frederick had recently overruled his judiciary who had ruled against the millers Arnold in

441-783: Was then known as Brandenburg-Prussia . The family's main possessions were the Margraviate of Brandenburg within the Holy Roman Empire and the Duchy of Prussia outside of the Empire, ruled as a personal union . Although he was the Margrave and Prince-elector of Brandenburg and the Duke of Prussia , Frederick desired the more prestigious title of king. However, according to Germanic law at that time, no kingdoms could exist within

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