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63-690: With headquarters in Indianapolis, Indiana , Allison Transmission has a presence in more than 150 countries and manufacturing facilities in Indianapolis, Chennai , India , and Szentgotthárd , Hungary . Allison began in 1909 when James A. Allison , along with three business partners, helped fund and build the Indianapolis Motor Speedway . In 1911, Allison's new track held the first Indianapolis 500 mile race. In addition to funding several race teams, James Allison founded

126-456: A DC-DC converter, a solid-state device that converts the high-voltage traction motor energy to 12/24V accessory power. As of 2008, there are more than 2,700 GM-Allison hybrid buses operating in 81 cities in the U.S., Canada and Europe. This includes: Allison introduced its second-generation eGen Flex diesel-electric hybrid drive unit in 2022, partnering with Gillig ; the first units will be delivered to IndyGo , serving Indianapolis. eGen Flex

189-448: A baggage compartment. A minibus is designed to transport 16 or more passengers (including the driver) and is typically built on a small truck chassis." Generally, a transit bus will be 35 to 40 feet (11 to 12 m) long, with seats and standing room. Usually there are 30 to 45 seats, depending on length and interior configuration. If more passenger capacity is needed on a route, an articulated bus, 54 to 60 feet (16 to 18 m) long, or

252-412: A bus in public transit service. "Bus means a rubber-tired automotive vehicle used for the provision of public transportation service by or for a recipient of FTA financial assistance." FTA also adds that automotive means that the bus does not rely on external power sources for its motion; its motor and fuel or battery are contained in the bus. It defines public transportation service as "the operation of

315-436: A continuously variable transmission controlled electronically; it integrates two motor-generators (MG-A and MG-B, on the input and output, respectively), three planetary gear sets (P1, P2, and P3), one rotating clutch (C2), and one stationary clutch (C1). From the engine, power is transferred to the input shaft through a torque damper instead of the conventional torque converter found in an automatic transmission. The input shaft

378-461: A conventional bus. To the operator, the hybrid system is automatic and requires no special training. Under normal in-motion operation, engine speed is controlled by the TCM, which commands a torque and speed point based on the needs of the hybrid system. During startup and shutdown, the TCM commands only a speed requirement. The E Drive Unit is installed in lieu of a conventional transmission and acts as

441-431: A double articulated bus, can hold more seats; the connecting portion(s) can bend to aid making turns. Features of transit buses include: Modern transit buses are also increasingly being equipped with passenger information systems , multimedia, WiFi , USB charging points, entertainment/advertising, and passenger comforts such as heating and air-conditioning (in the early 20th century, no bus had cooling beyond opening

504-987: A heavier-duty version, the HT-740, was introduced; the new MT and HT were both derived from the AT-540. As an option, the MT-6 nn and HT-7 nn series transmissions could be equipped with a lower fifth gear for severe off-road conditions. In 1970, GM combined the Allison and Detroit Diesel divisions as the Detroit Diesel Allison Division of GM . The 500-series transmissions (AT-540, etc.) were rated to accept input power of up to 235 hp (175 kW) and were intended for vehicles up to 30,000 lb (14,000 kg) gross vehicle weight (GVW). The medium-duty 600-series had increased ratings to 300 hp (220 kW) and 73,280 lb (33,240 kg) GVW, while

567-412: A line of motor-integrated electric axles, branded eGen Power . The first model, 100D, was designated for its gross axle weight rating (GAWR) of 10.4 t (23,000 lb) and (D)ual electric motors; 100D has a continuous and peak power output of 424 and 648 kW (569 and 869 hp), respectively, with a maximum torque of 46,800 N⋅m (34,500 lbf⋅ft). In 2021, Allison expanded the range with

630-415: A private car, recognising the chief competitor to the transit bus in many markets. As they are used in a public transport role, transit buses can be operated by publicly run transit authorities or municipal bus companies , as well as private transport companies on a public contract or fully independent basis. Due to the local authority use, transit buses are often built to a third-party specification put to

693-488: A regional as well as operational basis; however, with the advent of global manufacturing, all of these types can be seen in the same location or country. Depending on local policies, transit buses will also usually have two, three or (for articulated) four doors to facilitate rapid boarding and alighting. In cases of low-demand routes, or to navigate small local streets, some models of minibus and small midibuses have also been used as transit type buses. The development of

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756-509: A second-generation lighter-duty automatic transmission, the four-speed AT-540, which Allison developed jointly with Hydramatic Division in the late 1960s; the AT-540 was targeted specifically for on-highway use and shared similarities with automobile transmissions to reduce the cost penalty to equip on-highway trucks with automatic transmissions. Later, the MT-25 itself was replaced by the MT-640 and

819-571: A selection of 'dual-purpose' fitted buses, that is standard transit buses fitted with coach-type seating, for longer-distance routes. Sometimes transit buses may also be used as express buses on a limited-stopping or non-stop service at peak times, but over the same distance as the regular route. Fare payment is done via: and is done upon: Depending on payment systems in different municipalities, there are widely different rules with regard to which door, front or rear, one must use when boarding/exiting. For rear doors, most buses have doors opened by

882-497: A specific family: GM-Allison introduced hybrid vehicle technology for transit buses in 2003. Allison hybrid transit bus products were initially branded as the Allison Electric Drives E System , which included the following components: Allison characterizes the system as the "Two-Mode Compound Split Parallel Hybrid Architecture" . As installed in buses, the E System has two operating modes or speed ranges, with

945-399: A storage capacity of 450 A and 624 VDC. Each sub-string uses two 312 V sub-packs in series, which are made of 40 7.8-volt modules. Six battery control information modules (BCIM) monitor temperature, one in each sub-pack. The DPIM and ESS have been improved since the initial introduction, and newer models generally can replace earlier units. In addition, newer installations include

1008-417: A vehicle that provides general or special service to the public on a regular and continuing basis consistent with 49 U.S.C. Chapter 53." Another US agency further distinguishes a transit bus from those used in intercity travel, and called motorcoaches. "A bus is a motor vehicle designed, constructed and/or used to transport passengers. A motorcoach is a bus designed with an elevated passenger deck located over

1071-497: Is a small group of staff and communicators. Usually very mobile, they exist to allow the commander to go forward in an operation, and command the key parts of it from a position where they can see the ground and influence their immediate subordinates. The main HQs (known as 'main') is less mobile and is involved in both the planning and execution of operations. There are a number of staff assembled here from various staff branches to advise

1134-434: Is available as multiple models, designated eGen Flex 40, 40 CertPlus, 40 Max, or 40 Max CertPlus (equivalent to the H 40 in physical size, input, and output capabilities); or the eGen Flex 50, 50 CertPlus, 50 Max, or 50 Max CertPlus (equivalent to the H 50). The "Max" models are capable of operating on electric power alone for up to 10 mi (16 km), depending on the axle ratio and duty cycle. In 2020, Allison introduced

1197-422: Is coupled to the main shaft and MG-A through the first planetary gearset (P1), and MG-A is coupled to MG-B through another planetary gearset (P2). MG-B is coupled to the output shaft through a third planetary gearset (P3) and the stationary (C1) and rotating (C2) clutches. Both motors are three-phase AC induction motors and automatically switch from motoring to generation when the mechanical rotation frequency exceeds

1260-481: Is in London . In Japanese budō martial arts such as karate , judo , aikido , kendo , etc., there is usually a headquarters for each organization or region. The Japanese word honbu (本部) is generally used for that, also outside Japan . Sometimes they refer to these headquarters as honbu dojo (本部道場) in which dojo (道場) is a facility provided for practicing discipline, the training ground. Sometimes honbu

1323-589: Is to carry out purposeful regulatory capacity. The term is also used regarding military organizations . A headquarters is the entity at the top of a corporation that takes full responsibility for the overall success of the corporation, and ensures corporate governance . The corporate headquarters is a key element of a corporate structure and covers different corporate functions including strategic planning , corporate communications , tax , legal operations , marketing , finance , human resources , information technology , and procurement . This entity includes

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1386-766: Is written as ho m bu , the way it is pronounced, but the Hepburn transcription is honbu in which the 'n' is a syllabic n . Transit bus A transit bus (also big bus , commuter bus , city bus , town bus , urban bus , stage bus , public bus , public transit bus , or simply bus ) is a type of bus used in public transport bus services . Several configurations are used, including low-floor buses , high-floor buses , double-decker buses , articulated buses and midibuses . These are distinct from all-seated coaches used for intercity travel and smaller minibuses , for more flexible services. The US Federal Transit Administration offers some definitions of terms for

1449-543: The Allison Engine Company , a major force in aviation. Plant 3 was built in 1939, a 360,000 sq ft (33,000 m) factory to build V1710 engines. Due to demand during World War II , Allison would add a second factory (Plant 5) and 23,000 new employees; by the end of the war, Allison had built 70,000 V1710 engines. Alongside the development and production of the V1710, engineers at GM began designing

1512-479: The Budd Rail Diesel Car , which first went into service in 1950. Pairing with a GM Series 110 "pancake" diesel engine mounted under the railcar floor enabled the entire power system to be kept outside the car body, making the full length of the car available for revenue. The torque converter enabled unprecedented rates of acceleration before locking into direct drive. At approximately the same time

1575-607: The Liberty airplane engine — the main power plant used in the U.S. war effort. After the war, Allison entered a car in the 1919 Indy 500 and won. It was the last race Allison's team ever entered as he turned his company's attention to aviation engineering, renaming it to Allison Engineering Company ; the aviation-focused company developed steel-backed bronze sleeve bearings for the crankshaft and connecting rods, and high-speed reduction gearing to turn propellers and Roots-type blowers . The company's reputation and expertise in aviation

1638-781: The Russian Orthodox Church is in Danilov Monastery , Moscow . The World Council of Churches , including Orthodox Churches, has its headquarters in Geneva , Switzerland . The headquarters of Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is located in Istanbul , Turkey . The headquarters of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is located in Salt Lake City , Utah . The Anglican Communion Office

1701-679: The Speedway Racing Team Company on September 14, 1915 and quickly gained a reputation for his work on race cars and automotive technology in general. Allison built a shop near the track and changed the team's name to the Allison Experimental Company ; the shop later became Plant No. 1. When World War I began, Allison suspended racing, and the Allison Experimental Company began machining parts, tools, and masters for

1764-481: The Wright StreetCar , often as part of bus rapid transit schemes. Fare collection is also seeing a shift to off-bus payment, with either the driver or an inspector verifying fare payments. A commuter or express bus service is a fixed-route bus characterized by service predominantly in one direction during peak periods, limited stops, use of multi-ride tickets and routes of extended length, usually between

1827-614: The chief executive officer (CEO) as a key person and their support staff such as the CEO office and other CEO-related functions; the "corporate policy making" functions, including all corporate functions necessary to steer the firm by defining and establishing corporate policies; the corporate services encompassing activities that combine or consolidate certain enterprise-wide needed support services, provided based upon specialized knowledge, best practices, and technology to serve internal (and sometimes external) customers and business partners; and

1890-675: The midibus has also given many operators a low-cost way of operating a transit bus service, with some midibuses such as the Plaxton SPD Super Pointer Dart resembling full size transit type vehicles. Due to their public transport role, transit buses were the first type of bus to benefit from low-floor technology, in response to a demand for equal access public service provision. Transit buses are also now subject to various disability discrimination acts in several jurisdictions which dictate various design features also applied to other vehicles in some cases. Due to

1953-468: The 1000/2000 Series transmission family; transmissions within a family share the same basic dimensions, power input capabilities, and weight. Allison transmission families include the 1000/2000 Series, 3000 Series, 4000 Series, 5000 Series, 6000 Series, 8000 Series, 9000 Series, and Tractor Series. Each transmission family is given a generational designation based on the electronic control system; parts generally are not interchangeable between generations within

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2016-511: The 100S (a single-motor variant of the 100D, with continuous and peak power output of 212 and 324 kW (284 and 434 hp), respectively and a maximum 23,500 N⋅m (17,300 lbf⋅ft) of torque) and the 130D (a variant of the 100D with a higher 13 t (29,000 lb) GAWR for the European and Asia Pacific markets). The Allison eGen Power integrated axle also includes a multi-speed gearbox to optimize both launch and cruising speeds; it

2079-539: The 3000 and 4000 Series, respectively. As of 1998 in the United States, Allison had built 92% of the transmissions in school buses; 75% of transit bus transmissions, 65% of heavy-duty garbage truck transmissions, and 32% of all medium-duty truck transmissions. Allison followed the WT (3000 and 4000 Series) line with the 1000 and 2000 Series starting in 1999. The 1000 Series transmission incorporated many features from

2142-399: The Allison hybrid system is in recapturing kinetic energy during regenerative braking and storing it as electrical energy, which can later be converted back to kinetic energy through an output motor, which assists in accelerating the vehicle, reducing demand on the engine and consequently fuel consumption. Fuel economy is improved by up to 60%, and acceleration can also be improved compared to

2205-593: The CD-850 cross-drive steering transmission for tracked military vehicles in 1941; the design was completed in 1944 and Allison was awarded the contract to manufacture the prototypes. In February 1945, General Motors formed the Allison Transmission Engineering Section , dividing the subsidiary into Aircraft Operations and Transmission Operations in 1946. The CD-850 combined range change, steering and braking. Allison stopped producing

2268-493: The CD-850 in 1986, but a licensed version was produced in Spain for more than a decade afterward. General Motors began developing automatic transmissions with a hydraulic torque converter in the 1930s under its Product Study Group, offering it as an option for Oldsmobile for the first time in 1940. After World War II, Allison Transmission turned its attention to civilian transportation. Allison designed, developed and manufactured

2331-521: The CD-850 was going into production, GMC Truck and Coach Division requested that GM develop a V-Drive transmission with a torque converter in 1945 for transit bus use, replacing the Spicer manual transmission then offered. These buses had rear-mounted engines and to maximize passenger space, the engine compartment was minimized; the V-Drive transmission was named for the 63° angle of intersection between

2394-562: The MT-25, which designated the intended application ("M"edium "T"rucks) and maximum input power, 250 hp (190 kW). The MT-25 was a 6-speed automatic, using a two-speed high/low splitter and three-speed double planetary gear train. The splitter was equipped with a hydraulic retarder . Because of the additional cost of the automatic transmission, sales were initially slow until Allison began targeting specific markets that required both on- and off-road driving as well as frequent stops and starts, such as concrete mixing and garbage trucks in

2457-460: The TT ;2220 was a twin-turbine 2000 series automatic transmission with two forward speeds and a maximum input torque capacity of 250 lb⋅ft (340 N⋅m). 39°46′46.92″N 86°14′12.39″W  /  39.7797000°N 86.2367750°W  / 39.7797000; -86.2367750 Headquarters Headquarters (commonly referred to as HQ ) denotes the location where most or all of

2520-494: The WT line for light-duty trucks, including the electronic control system, and was initially available as an option with the 6.6L GM/Isuzu Duramax diesel engine and the 8.1L Vortec gasoline engine for the trucks based on the GMT800 platform. In 2007, GM sold Allison Transmission to private equity firms Carlyle Group and Onex Corporation for US$ 5.6 billion. Allison markets its transmissions by vocational series according to

2583-425: The bidirectional interface between corporate headquarters and business units. A headquarters normally includes the leader of a business unit and their staff, as well as all functions to manage the business unit and operational activities. The head of the business unit is responsible for overall result of the business unit. A headquarters sometimes functions at the top of a regional unit, including all activities of

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2646-445: The changeover generally occurring between 15 and 25 mph (24 and 40 km/h). Under full-throttle, the vehicle's initial launch in the low-speed mode is boosted by the output motor. As vehicle speed increases, the input motor begins to dominate, resulting in nearly total mechanical output only. Through 2011, GM intended to introduce 16 passenger car and truck hybrid models based on the Allison split-mode system. The primary benefit of

2709-449: The commander, and to control the various aspects of planning and the conduct of discrete operations. A main HQ for a large formation will have a chief of staff (CoS) who coordinates the staff effort; in a smaller HQ this may be done by the second-in-command . The rear or logistic headquarters is some distance from the battle or front line in conventional operations. Its function is to ensure

2772-510: The door steps to not trip and fall. Unlocked or open doors, will trigger a brake locking mechanism on the bus to prevent it from moving while someone could possibly be entering or exiting the bus, when the door is closed, the lock will release, this is mostly implemented on rear doors, not really on front doors, since the driver will be paying attention to the front door. Transit buses can be single-decker , double-decker , rigid or articulated . Selection of type has traditionally been made on

2835-470: The driver controls or patron (with touch-to-open, motion sensor or push bars). Most doors on buses use air-assist technology, the driver controlled doors, use air pressure to force them open, patron-operated doors, can push them open, however, the doors are heavy, so the touch-to-open or push bar mechanism, sends pressurized air to open the doors. Most doors will signify that they are unlocked and open with lights, this gives guide to those who are going up or down

2898-476: The early 1960s. The MT-25 was fitted first as an option branded Powermatic by Powermatic, exclusive to that brand for the first year, but was soon offered by other truck manufacturers including Ford (1957), Reo (1958), Dodge (1958), Diamond T (1959), White (1961), and International Harvester (1961); production of the MT-25 continued into the early 1970s. The MT-25 was supplemented in September 1970 by

2961-525: The first major contract being for 900 buses in 1948, for New York City . The VS-2 was introduced in 1955, which added a two-speed input splitter; a version with both hydraulic and direct clutches was introduced in 1958 (VH), and production of the original V-Drive transmissions was concluded in July 1976, with 65,389 produced. In addition to the transit bus market, Allison began developing automatic transmissions for commercial trucks in 1953. This effort resulted in

3024-456: The first-ever automatic transmissions for heavy-duty vehicles including delivery trucks, city buses, and railcars, starting from 1948. In addition, Allison marketed transmissions for off-highway heavy-duty vehicles under the brand Powershift TORQMATIC, with the first TG series transmissions being produced in July 1948. The Allison 850-series torque converter was a crucial component in the post-war development of self-propelled railcars, most notably

3087-451: The heavy-duty 700-series were rated to 445 hp (332 kW) and 80,000 lb (36,000 kg) GVW. In 1976, a 700-series V-Drive transmission was introduced for buses, the V730 . The AT/MT/HT were still being produced in 1998. Allison also produced off-highway transmissions in the 1960s, starting with the "Dual Path Powershift" DP 8000 series. The first electronic controls were fitted to

3150-478: The high number of high-profile urban operations, transit buses are at the forefront of bus electrification, with hybrid electric bus , all-electric bus and fuel cell bus development and testing aimed at reducing fuel usage, shift to green electricity and decreasing environmental impact . Developments of the transit bus towards higher capacity bus transport include tram-like vehicles such as guided buses , longer bi-articulated buses and tram-like buses such as

3213-532: The important functions of an organization are coordinated. In the United States , the corporate headquarters represents the entity at the center or the top of a corporation taking full responsibility for managing all business activities. In the United Kingdom , the term head office (or HO) is most commonly used for the headquarters of large corporations. The intended benefit of headquarters

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3276-740: The intended use; for example, the Tractor Series is sold for and installed in Class 8 tractors , while the Motorhome Series is marketed to manufacturers of recreational vehicles . A transmission is given a designation specific to the vocational series, but is otherwise identical mechanically to other transmissions sold for other vocational series; for example, the Bus Series B210 / B220 / B295 transmissions are also sold with identical gearing as: Collectively, these are grouped into

3339-575: The logistical support to front line troops, which it does by organizing the delivery of combat supplies, materiel and equipment to where they are needed, and by organizing services such as combat medicine, equipment recovery, and repair. The headquarters of the Catholic Church is Vatican City . The World Headquarters of Jehovah's Witnesses is relocated in Warwick, New York , from its former location, Brooklyn , New York. The headquarters of

3402-853: The manufacturer by the authority. Early examples of such specification include the Greater Manchester Leyland Atlantean , and DMS-class London Daimler Fleetline . New transit buses may be purchased each time a route/area is contracted, such as in the London Buses tendering system. The operating area of a transit bus may also be defined as a geographic metropolitan area, with the buses used outside of this area being more varied with buses purchased with other factors in mind. Some regional-size operators for capital cost reasons may use transit buses interchangeably on short urban routes as well as longer rural routes, sometimes up to 2 or 3 hours. Often transit bus operators have

3465-447: The mid-1980s, prior to the sale of Detroit Diesel to Roger Penske in 1987. The WT used the WT electronic control (WTEC) system to control the internal clutches during shifting, equipped with a control unit that adapts to variations during use. The WT line was split into MD (medium duty), HD (heavy duty, introduced in 1993), and B (T-drive buses) lines; the MD and HD lines were later renamed to

3528-565: The off-highway DP 8000 series transmission in 1971. Electronic controls (branded the Allison Transmission Electronic Control or ATEC system) were added to the MT/HT/V730 in 1983, improving fuel economy by more precisely controlling shifts. The third-generation six-speed World Transmission (WT) was introduced in 1991, replacing the second-generation AT/MT/HT/V730 lines. Development of the WT had begun in

3591-407: The respective H50 input limits are 330 hp (250 kW) and 1,050 lb⋅ft (1,420 N⋅m). The DPIM includes an inverter for each motor; the continuous and peak output are 160 and 300 kW, respectively. The ESS uses nickel-metal hydride batteries, air-cooled using internal fans, and weighs approximately 915 lb (415 kg). The ESS is made of three sub-strings wired in parallel with

3654-544: The stator field frequency. There are two drive units available (EP40 or H 40 EP; and EP50 or H 50 EP). The H40 is intended for regular transit bus use, while the H50 is for articulated and suburban coaches, similar in size and application to the B400 and B500 Bus Series transmissions, respectively. The H40 has a continuous input capacity of 280 hp (210 kW) and 910 lb⋅ft (1,230 N⋅m) of torque, while

3717-748: The transmission shaft input (from the engine) and output (to the rear axle). Development of the V-Drive transmission was led by Bob Schaefer, an emigrant from Germany who had joined GM in 1942 after helping to lead the Twin Disc Company, which was one of the licensees of the Ljungstroms hydraulic torque converter. Schaefer was reassigned from the Detroit Transmission Division to Allison in 1946. The first production V-Drive transmissions were delivered in October 1947, with

3780-541: The various business units, taking full responsibility for overall profitability and success of this regional unit. Military headquarters take many forms, depending on the size and nature of the unit or formation they command. Typically, they are split into the forward, main and rear components, both within NATO nations, and those following the organization and doctrine of the former Soviet Union (see Isby, 1988). The forward or tactical headquarters, known as "tac" for short,

3843-523: The windows). In the US, the Americans with Disabilities Act requires space for passengers using a wheelchair, and requires easy access of the wheelchair onto the bus. The passenger information systems inside the bus came about both because of digital technology and to meet accessibility requirements. Some industry members and commentators promote the idea of making the interior of a transit bus as inviting as

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3906-485: Was designed to be a drop-in replacement for existing axles for medium- and heavy-duty trucks and buses, allowing more flexibility in battery placement. The model designations for off-highway transmissions marketed under the Powershift TORQMATIC brand were in the format AAAA   1234 , where: Series indicates relative size and weight, with higher numbers assigned to larger transmissions. For example,

3969-584: Was the major factor in General Motors decision to buy the company following James Allison's death in 1928. Shortly after the sale to General Motors on April 1, 1929, Allison engineers began work on a 12-cylinder engine to replace the aging Liberty engines. The result was the V1710 12-cylinder aircraft engine and it made the company, renamed to the Allison Division of GM in 1934, also known as

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