Misplaced Pages

#420579

67-745: The name derives from the Apuani Ligures tribe that lived there in ancient times. The mountain range is known for its Carrara marble . Due to its extraction height environmental impact , the No Cav movement strongly opposes this activity. The chain formed out of sea sediments in the middle Triassic period, somewhat earlier than the rest of the Apennines , and on a rather different geological structure. Over time, these sediments hardened into limestone , dolomite , sandstone , and shale . Harsh pressure approximately 25 million years ago transformed

134-525: A garrison near some warm spring in its vicinity. Refounded by Caesar as a colonia latina , it was made a full colony known as Colonia Iulia Augusta Aquis Sextiis under Augustus (27 BC–14 AD). Another settlement was known as Glanon (Latin Glanum , near modern St-Rémy-de-Provence ). The name, meaning 'the clear/transparent one' in Gaulish , probably took its origin from a nearby river. Located on

201-702: A Celtic rendering of an original * Sḷwes , meaning 'the own ones'. In the Celtic context, the name is cognate with the Celtiberian Salluienses and Turma salluitana . It has also been compared with the Italic personal names Salluvius , Sallubius , Salluius , and Sallyius . The Salyes dwelled in the hinterland of Massalia , between the Massif de l'Étoile and the Durance river. Their homeland

268-600: A certain linguistic classification; it may be Pre-Indo-European or an Indo-European language . Because of the strong Celtic influences on their language and culture, they were also known in antiquity as Celto-Ligurians . The Ligures are referred to as Ligyes (Λιγυες) by the Greeks and Ligures (earlier Liguses ) by the Romans . According to Plutarch , the Ligurians called themselves Ambrones , which could indicate

335-671: A certain mastery in metallurgy. Apart from that, the Polada culture does not correspond to the Beaker culture nor to the previous Remedello culture . The Bronze tools and weapons show similarities with those of the Unetice Culture and other groups in north of Alps . According to Bernard Sergent , the origin of the Ligurian linguistic family (in his opinion distantly related to the Celtic and Italic ones) would have to be found in

402-505: A legend, Brescia and Barra ( Bergamo ) were founded by Cydno, forefather of the Ligurians. This myth seems to have a grain of truth, because recent archaeological excavations have unearthed remains of a settlement dating back to 1200 BC that scholars presume to have been built and inhabited by Ligures. Others scholars attribute the founding of Bergamo and Brescia to the Etruscans . The Canegrate culture (13th century BC) may represent

469-603: A new phase called the Golasecca culture , which is nowadays identified with the Lepontii and other Celto-Ligurian tribes. Within the Golasecca culture territory roughly corresponds with the territories occupied by those tribal groups whose names are reported by Latin and Greek historians and geographers: The Genoa area has been inhabited since the fifth or fourth millennium BC. According to excavations carried out in

536-862: A political entity dominated by the Salyes that likely emerged in the 2nd century BC, covered a much larger area stretching from the Rhône to the Loup river (just west of the Var ), and reaching the Mediterranean sea to the south, between the Arecomici , the Cavari and the later province of Alpes Maritimae . Their pre-Roman chief town was the oppidum of Entremont (3 km north of modern Aix-en-Provence ). It displays Greek influence in its sculpture, its defences, and

603-513: A proconsular army were sent against the Ligurians. The wars continued into the 150s BC, when victorious generals celebrated two triumphs over the Ligurians. Here too, the Romans drove many natives off their land and settled colonies in their stead ( e.g. , Luna and Luca in the 170s BC). During the same period, the Romans were at war with the Ligurian tribes of the northern Apennines. By the end of

670-488: A region of present-day north-western Italy , is named. In pre-Roman times, the Ligurians occupied the present-day Italian region of Liguria , Piedmont , northern Tuscany , western Lombardy , western Emilia-Romagna and northern Sardinia , reaching also Elba and Sicily . They inhabited also the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Corsica . However, it is generally believed that around 2000 BC ,

737-509: A relationship with the Ambrones of northern Europe. The geography of Strabo , from book 2, chapter 5, section 28 : The Alps are inhabited by numerous nations, but all Keltic with the exception of the Ligurians, and these, though of a different race, closely resemble them in their manner of life. They inhabit that portion of the Alps which is next the Apennines , and also a part of

SECTION 10

#1732783419421

804-794: Is divided from Italy by the river Varus , and by the range of the Alps (...) Forum Julii Octavanorum, a colony, which is also called Pacensis and Classica, the river Argenteus , which flows through it, the district of the Oxubii and that of the Ligauni above whom are the Suetri, the Quariates and the Adunicates. On the coast we have Antipolis, a town with Latian rights, the district of the Deciates, and

871-713: The casus belli . Flaccus defeated the Salyes, along with the Vocontii and some other Ligurian tribes presumably part of the Salluvian confederation on the eastern borders of the Massaliote territory, then celebrated his triumph in Rome in 123 BC. Shortly after, another consul, Gaius Sextius Calvinus , sacked their chief town, Entremont , and established near its ruin a Roman garrison post, thereafter to be known as Aquae Sextiae (modern Aix-en-Provence ). Sextius also forced

938-464: The Anatilii , Libicii , Nearchi , Avatici , Dexivates , Segobrigii , Comani , Tricores , Tritolli , Camactulici , Suelteri , Oxybii , Ligauni , Deciates , and Reii . The ties uniting those various tribes were probably loose, and local oppida must have retained considerable autonomy, as evidenced by the short lapse of time during which the confederacy collapsed when the Romans destroyed

1005-960: The Apuani , allied with the Carthaginians, providing soldiers to Hannibal's troops when he arrived in Northern Italy, hoping that the Carthaginian general would free them from the neighbouring Romans. Others, like the Taurini, took sides in support of the Romans. The pro-Carthaginian Ligurians took part in the Battle of the Trebia , which the Carthaginians won. Other Ligurians enlisted in the army of Hasdrubal Barca , when he arrived in Cisalpine Gaul (207 BC), in an attempt to rejoin

1072-507: The Durance river and the Greek colony of Massalia during the Iron Age . Although earlier writers called them 'Ligurian', Strabo used the denomination 'Celto-ligurian' in the early 1st century AD. A Celtic influence is noticeable in their religion, which centred on the cult of the tête coupée ('severed head'), as well as in the names of their towns and leaders. During the 2nd century BC,

1139-641: The Insubres . The Taurini chief town of Taurasia (modern-day Turin ) was captured by Hannibal's forces after a three-day siege. In 205 BC, Genua (modern-day Genoa ) was attacked and razed to the ground by Mago. Near the end of the Second Punic War, Mago was among the Ingauni , trying to block the Roman advance. At the Battle of Insubria , he suffered a defeat, and later, died of wounds sustained in

1206-740: The Statielli (172 BC) and the Velleiates (158 BC). The last Apuani resistance was subdued in 155 BC by consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus . The subjugation of the coastal Ligures and the annexation of the Alpes Maritimae took place in 14 BC, closely following the occupation of the central Alps in 15 BC. The last Ligurian tribes (e.g. Vocontii and Salluvii ) still autonomous, who occupied Provence, were subdued in 124 BC. Salluvii The Salyes or Salluvii ( Greek : Σάλυες ) were an ancient Celto-Ligurian people dwelling between

1273-516: The battle of Clastidium was fought and allowed Rome to take the capital of the Insubres, Mediolanum (modern-day Milan ). To consolidate its dominion, Rome created the colonies of Placentia in the territory of the Boii and Cremona in that of the Insubres. With the outbreak of the second Punic war (218 BC) the Ligurian tribes had different attitudes. Some, like the tribes of the west Riviera and

1340-681: The Alps are the Salluvii , the Deciates , and the Oxubii (...) The coast of Liguria extends 211 miles, between the rivers Varus and Macra . Just like Strabo, Pliny the Elder situates Liguria between the rivers Varus and Magra . He also quotes the Ligurian peoples living on the other side of the banks of the Var and the Alps. He writes in his book "The Natural History" book III chapter 6 : Gaul

1407-574: The Apennines themselves. This zone corresponds to the current region of Liguria in Italy as well as to the former county of Nice which could be compared today to the Alpes Maritimes . The writer, naturalist and Roman philosopher Pliny the Elder writes in his book "The Natural History" book III chapter 7 on the Ligurians and Liguria: The more celebrated of the Ligurian tribes beyond

SECTION 20

#1732783419421

1474-534: The Iberian Peninsula (then under Carthaginian control ), and the territory of the Ligurians was on the road (they controlled the Ligurian coasts and the south-western Alps). Despite Roman efforts, only a few Ligurian tribes made alliance agreements with the Romans, notably the Genuates. The rest soon proved hostile. The hostilities were opened in 238 BC by a coalition of Ligurians and Boii Gauls, but

1541-552: The Ligures for a long time—because the latter had barred all the passes leading to Iberia that ran through the seaboard. And, in fact, they kept making raids both by land and sea, and were so powerful that the road was scarcely practicable even for great armies. And it was not until the eightieth year of the war that the Romans succeeded, though only with difficulty, in opening up the road for a breadth of only twelve stadia to those travelling on public business. Conflicts between Rome and

1608-577: The Ligures having expelled the Sicanians , an Iberian tribe, from the banks of the river Sicanus , in Iberia. Ligurian sepulchres of the Italian Riviera and of Provence, holding cremations, exhibit Etruscan and Celtic influences. In the third century BC, the Romans were in direct contact with the Ligurians. However, Roman expansionism was directed towards the rich territories of Gaul and

1675-500: The Ligurians occupied a much larger area, extending as far as what is today Catalonia (in the north-eastern corner of the Iberian Peninsula ). The origins of the ancient Ligurians are unclear, and an autochthonous origin is increasingly probable. What little is known today about the ancient Ligurian language is based on placenames and inscriptions on steles representing warriors. The lack of evidence does not allow

1742-769: The Massilians. But though the early writers of the Greeks call the Sallyes "Ligures", and the country which the Massiliotes hold, "Ligustica," later writers name them "Celtoligures," and attach to their territory all the level country as far as Luerio and the Rhodanus , Copper begins to be mined from the middle of the 4th millennium BC in Liguria with the Libiola and Monte Loreto mines dated to 3700 BC. These are

1809-607: The Placentia area by subduing the Celelates, Cerdicates, Ilvati and the Boii Gauls and occupying the oppidum of Clastidium. Genua was rebuilt by the proconsul Spurius Lucretius in the same year. Having defeated Carthage, Rome sought to expand northwards, and used Genua as a support base for raids, between 191 and 154 BC, against the Ligurian tribes of the hinterland, allied for decades with Carthage. A second phase of

1876-660: The Po Valley of the facies of the pile dwellings and of the dammed settlements , a society that followed the Polada culture , and is well suited in middle and late Bronze Age . The ancient name of the Po river (Padus in Latin) derived from the Ligurian name of the river: Bod-encus or Bod-incus. This word appears in the placename Bodincomagus , a Ligurian town on the right bank of the Po downstream near today's Turin. According to

1943-463: The Polada culture and Rhone culture , southern branches of the Unetice culture . It is said that the ligurians inhabited the Po valley around the 2,000 B.C., they not only appear in the legends of the Po valley, but would have left traces (linguistic and craft) found in the archaeological also in the area near the northern Adriatic coast. The Ligurians are credited with forming the first villages in

2010-405: The Roman conqueror at the end of the 2nd century BC. This geo-cultural frontier was probably used by the Romans when tracing the administrative border between the civitates of Arelate and Aquae Sextiae in the 1st century BC. The Celtic names of Salluvian rulers ( Toutomotulos ) and towns ( Glanon ) may suggest that Celtic speakers formed the ruling class of the confederation. As seen during

2077-475: The Roman conquerors were crushed in 90 and 83 BC. They are mentioned as Sallyas by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), Salluvii and Saluum ( var. Saluium , Salluuiorum ) by Livy (late 1st c. BC), Sálluas (Σάλλυας), Sállues ( Σάλλυες) and Salúōn (Σαλύων) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), Sallui and Salluuiorum by Pliny (1st c. AD), Sálues (Σάλυες; var. Σάλικες) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as Salyes by Avienius (4th c. AD). The origin of

Apuan Alps - Misplaced Pages Continue

2144-494: The Roman conquest of the region, the local aristrocracy developed links with neighbouring Gallic tribes such as the Allobroges, although literary sources point towards a more complex reality, with significant Greek and Ligurian influences. The religion of the Salyes centred on the cult of the tête coupée ('severed head'), with important shrines located as Roquepertuse and Entremont . The cult persisted at Entremont until

2211-414: The Romans ca. 122 BC. Major construction programs were launched between ca. 120 and 90 BC, including sanctuaries, public squares and administrative buildings, presumably for Glanon to assert itself as the dominant settlement of the area and display its new status to its neighbours. Glanon was abandoned ca. 270 AD after suffering from raids by Germanic tribes, and a new walled town was built in its vicinity at

2278-405: The Romans celebrated fifteen triumphs and suffered at least one serious defeat. Historically, the beginning of the campaign dates back to 193 BC on the initiative of the Ligurian conciliabula (federations), who organized a major raid going as far as the right bank of the river Arno. Roman campaigns followed (191, 188 and 187 BC); these were victorious, but not decisive. In the campaign of 186 BC,

2345-527: The Romans wanted to permanently pacify Liguria to facilitate further conquests in Gaul. To that end, they prepared a large army of almost 36,000 soldiers, under the command of proconsuls Publius Cornelius Cethegus and Marcus Baebius Tamphilus , with the aim of putting an end to Ligurian independence. In 180 BC, the Romans inflicted a serious defeat on the Apuani Ligures, and deported 40,000 of them to

2412-506: The Romans were beaten by the Ligurians in the Magra valley. In this battle, which took place in a narrow and precipitous place, the Romans lost about 4000 soldiers, three eagle insignia of the second legion and eleven banners of the Latin allies. In addition, the consul Quintus Martius was also killed in the battle. It is thought that the place of the battle and the death of the consul gave rise to

2479-520: The Salluvian leader of the pro-Graeco-Roman faction, was granted 900 of his fellow citizens from slavery. Between 120 and 117, the territory of the Salyes was incorporated into the Roman province of Gallia Transalpina . During the Cimbrian War (113–101 BC), the Battle of Aquae Sextiae took place in their territory in 102 BC. In 90 BC, the consul Gaius Coelius Caldus suppressed a revolt of

2546-437: The Salyes lasted during nearly eighty years from the end of the Second Punic War (201 BC), during which the eastern part of Iberia came under Roman control and Massalia remained a faithful ally of Rome, up until the rendition of the Salluvian chief town Entremont ca. 122 BC. Involved in piracy and raids, the Ligurians threatened throughout the 2nd century BC the Massaliotes colonies along the Mediterranean coast, and more generally

2613-407: The Salyes remained a small tribal group, although they controlled an important trade route that went through the valley of the Arc . By the time of the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), they also controlled areas as far south as the coastal mountains near Massalia. These were the first of the Transalpine Celti that the Romans conquered, though they did so only after carrying on war with both them and

2680-408: The Salyes to cede the areas they controlled near the Mediterranean coast; part of their territory was granted to the Massaliotes. During the conflict, the leaders of the Salyes, including their king Toutomotulos (or Teutomalius), fled with the rest of their armies to their allies the Allobroges , who refused to hand them over to Rome. A further and larger Roman force, including war elephants ,

2747-401: The Salyes were most likely at the head of a political and military confederation that united both Gallic and Ligurian tribes. During most of their early history, the Salyes were in conflict with the neighbouring Greek inhabitants of Massalia, and later on with their ally the Roman Republic , until the consul Gaius Sextius Calvinus sacked their hill-fort Entremont ca. 122 BC. Revolts against

Apuan Alps - Misplaced Pages Continue

2814-449: The Salyes. Another revolt was crushed in 83 BC. After the foundation of a colonia romana at Arelate ( Arles ) in 46 BC, a large area west of Aquae Sextiae , including much of the Salluvian lands that had been handed over to Massalia ca. 122 BC, became subject to Arelate (modern Arles ). Writing in the early 1st century AD, Greek geographer Strabo implies that the 'Ligurian' (Λίγυας) Salyes mentioned by earlier writers occupied

2881-442: The Second Punic War, however, hostilities were not over yet. Ligurian tribes and Carthaginian holdouts operating from the mountain territories continued to fight with guerrilla tactics. Thus, the Romans were forced into continuous military operations in northern Italy. In 201 BC, the Ingauni signed a peace treaty with Rome. It was only in 197 BC that the Romans, under the leadership of Minucius Rufus, succeeded in regaining control of

2948-463: The battle. Genua was rebuilt in the same year. Ligurian troops were present at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC, which marked the final end of Carthage as a great power. In 200 BC, the Ligures and Boii sacked and destroyed the Roman colony of Placentia , effectively controlling the most important ford of the Po Valley. During the same period, the Romans were at war with the Apuani. Serious Roman efforts began in 182 BC, when both consular armies and

3015-435: The beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (16th-15th century BC), when north-western Italy appears closely linked regarding the production of bronze artifacts, including ornaments, to the western groups of the Tumulus culture ( Central Europe , 1600 BC - 1200 BC). The bearers of the Canegrate culture maintained its homogeneity for only a century, after which it melded with the Ligurian populations and with this union gave rise to

3082-403: The city between 1898 and 1910, the Ligurian population that lived in Genoa maintained trade relations with the Etruscans and the Greeks, since several objects from these populations were found. In the 5th century BC the first town, or oppidum , was founded at the top of the hill today called Castello (Castle), which is now inside the medieval old town. Thucydides (5th century BC) speaks of

3149-405: The conflict followed (197-155 BC), characterized by the fact that the Apuani Ligurians entrenched themselves on the Apennines, from where they periodically descended to plunder the surrounding territories. The Romans, for their part, organized continuous expeditions to the mountains, hoping to surround and defeat the Ligurians (taking care not to be destroyed by ambushes). In the course of these wars,

3216-418: The country from which the inhabitants, divided into ten parts, used to send forth an army, not only of infantry, but of cavalry as well. In fact, the area surrounding the Salluvian chief-town of Entremont (near modern Aix-en-Provence ) represented the frontier between the Ligurian tribes dwelling along the Mediterranean coast and the Celtic tribes of the lower Rhône Valley, who displayed a common force against

3283-412: The first half of 2nd millennium BC perhaps for the arrival of new people from the transalpine regions of Switzerland and Southern Germany . Its influences are also found in the cultures of the Early Bronze Age of Liguria , Romagna , Corsica , Sardinia ( Bonnanaro culture ) and Rhone Valley. There are some commonalities with the previous Bell Beaker Culture including the usage of the bow and

3350-413: The first migratory wave of the proto-Celtic population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the Alpine passes , penetrated and settled in the western Po valley between Lake Maggiore and Lake Como ( Scamozzina culture ). They brought a new funerary practice— cremation —which supplanted inhumation . It has also been proposed that a more ancient proto-Celtic presence can be traced back to

3417-405: The great trade route connecting the Iberian Peninsula to Italy and occupied from the 6th–5th centuries BC onward, Glanon came under Greek influence from the mid-2nd century BC, which has been interpreted either as a takeover by the Massaliotes, or else as a Greek cultural imprint on the local Salluvian aristocracy. Glanon may have become the chief town of the Salyes after the sack of Entremont by

SECTION 50

#1732783419421

3484-403: The hinterland of Massalia, whereas the later 'Celto-Ligurian' (Κελτολίγυας) Salyes also controlled the area between the Rhône and the Luberon . ... though the early writers of the Greeks call the Sallyes 'Ligues', and the country which the Massiliotes hold, 'Ligustica', later writers name them 'Celtoligues', and attach to their territory all the level country as far as Luerio and the Rhodanus,

3551-423: The layout of its streets. However, the religious monuments and iconography were overwhelmingly native. The settlement saw a relatively late development during the 3rd–2nd centuries BC. It was able to control the east-west routes connecting the Rhône to the Alps, as well as the north-south routes between Massalia and the Durance. Entremont was seized ca. 122 BC by the Roman consul Gaius Sextius Calvinus , who founded

3618-527: The limestone in many places into the Carrara marble (named for the nearby city of Carrara ) for which the range is renowned. Erosion carved much of the remaining sedimentary rocks into a jagged karst topography . The No Cav environmental movement is fighting for the closure of the marble quarries in the Apuan Alps due to their environmental impact . [REDACTED] Media related to Apuan Alps at Wikimedia Commons Ligures The Ligures or Ligurians were an ancient people after whom Liguria ,

3685-402: The name remains obscure. The original form was most likely Salyes ≈ Salues (pronounced /Salwes/), later latinized as Salluvii (/Salluwii/). It is the form used by Caesar under the variant Sallyas in the oldest surviving attestation of the name, while Pliny wrote Salluvii some decades later in the late 1st century BC. According to linguist Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel , Salues may be

3752-411: The oldest copper mines in the western Mediterranean basin. It was during this period of the Copper Age in Italy that we find throughout Liguria a large number of anthropomorphic stelae in addition to rock engravings. The Polada Culture (a location near Brescia , Lombardy , Italy) was a cultural horizon extended in the Po valley from eastern Lombardy and Veneto to Emilia and Romagna , formed in

3819-497: The place-name of Marciaso, or that of the Canal of March on Mount Caprione in the town of Lerici (near the ruins of the city of Luni ), which was later founded by the Romans. This mountain had a strategic importance because it controlled the valley of Magra and the sea. In 185 BC, the Ingauni and the Intimilii also rebelled and managed to resist the Roman legions for the next five years, before capitulating in 180 BC. The Apuani, and those of hinterland side still resisted. However,

3886-478: The regions of Samnium . This deportation was followed by another one of 7,000 Ligurians in the following year. These were one of the few cases in which the Romans deported defeated populations in such a high number. In 177 BC other groups of Apuani Ligures surrendered to the Roman forces, and were eventually assimilated into Roman culture during the 2nd century BC, while the military campaign continued further north. The Frinatiates surrendered in 175 BC, followed by

3953-404: The river Varus , which proceeds from Mount Cema, one of the Alps. Transalpine Ligures are said to have inhabited the South Eastern portion of modern France, between the Alps and the Rhone river , from where they constantly battled against the Greek colony of Massalia. The consul, Quintus Opimius, defeats the Transalpine Ligurians, who had plundered Antipolis and Nicaea, two towns belonging to

4020-442: The sack of the settlement by the Romans ca. 122 BC. A Celtic-Ligurian sanctuary dedicated to the god Glan and the Matres was found at Glanon near a mineral spring. As originally proposed by historian Guy Barruol in 1969, the Salyes were probably at the head of what he has called the "Salluvian confederation", a political entity dominated by the Salyes that likely emerged in the 2nd century BC. It may have included at its height

4087-408: The site of St-Rémy. The oppidum of Baou-Roux was located between Entremont and Massalia. The Salyes settled in the hinterland of Massalia at the latest in the 6th century BC. According to a legend recounted by Livy , they fought against the Phocaean settlers at the time of the foundation of Massalia ca. 600, but were defeated by the roving armies of Bellovesus . During the 5th century BC,

SECTION 60

#1732783419421

4154-461: The trade route between the Iberian Peninsula and Italy. This culminated in a Roman military intervention in 154 BC against the Deciates and Oxybii , two Ligurian tribes that were presumably part of the Salluvian confederation. In 125 BC, the Salyes waged war on Massalia, leading the Roman Senate to send the consul Marcus Fulvius Flaccus to Massalia's assistance. The establishment of a Greek colony at Glanum, on Salluvian territory, may have been

4221-502: The troops of his brother Hannibal. In the port of Savo (modern-day Savona ), then capital of the Ligures Sabazi, triremes of the Carthaginian fleet of Mago Barca , brother of Hannibal, which were intended to cut the Roman trade routes in the Tyrrhenian Sea, found shelter. In the early stages of the war, the pro-Roman Ligurians suffered. The Taurini were on the path of Hannibal 's march into Italy, and in 218 BC, they were attacked by him, as he had allied with their long-standing enemies,

4288-410: The two peoples soon found themselves in disagreement and the military campaign came to a halt with the dissolution of the alliance. Meanwhile, a Roman fleet commanded by Quintus Fabius Maximus routed Ligurian ships on the coast (234-233 BC), allowing the Romans to control the coastal route to and from Gaul and to counter the Carthaginian expansion in Iberia , given that the Pisa - Luni - Genoa sea route

4355-431: Was located north of the Avatici , Tricores and Segobrigii , south of the Dexivates , west of the Tritolli , and east of the Anatilii . As for the stretch of country which begins at Antipolis and extends as far as Massilia or a little farther, the tribe of the Sallyes inhabits the Alps that lie above the seaboard and also—promiscuously with the Greeks—certain parts of the same seaboard. The Salluvian confederation,

4422-424: Was now safe. In 222 BC the Insubres , during a war with Romans occupied the oppidum of Clastidium, that at that time, it was an important locality of the Anamari (or Marici ), a Ligurian tribe that, probably for fear of the nearby warlike Insubres, had already accepted the alliance with Rome the year before. For the first time, the Roman army marched beyond the Po, expanding into Gallia Transpadana. In 222 BC,

4489-452: Was sent under the command of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus , who defeated the Allobroges at the Battle of Vindalium in 121 BC. In August of the same year, the Roman army, strengthened by the troops of Quintus Fabius Maximus , inflicted a decisive defeat on a massive combined force of Allobroges, Arveni and the remaining Salyes at the Battle of the Isère River . Toutomotulus' followers were killed, enslaved, or driven into exile, while Crato,

#420579