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77-597: Aptos ( Ohlone for "The People") is an unincorporated town in Santa Cruz County, California , United States. The town is made up of several small villages, which together form Aptos: Aptos Hills-Larkin Valley , Aptos Village, Cabrillo, Seacliff , Rio del Mar , and Seascape. Together, they have a combined population of 24,402. Aptos was traditionally inhabited by the Awaswas tribe of Ohlone people. The name

154-648: A Centennial Celebration of Soaring Flight , held in Aptos, California at the location of some of his early glider experiments. At this celebration, a marker was placed in Aptos in honor of the first manned high−altitude flights. On April 5, 2008, a celebration of the 125th anniversary of John Montgomery's first glide took place at the Hiller Aviation Museum in San Carlos, California . In May 2016,

231-518: A John J. Montgomery Award for aerospace excellence. Members of the X-15, Mercury, and Polaris programs received the award, including astronauts such as Neil Armstrong . On May 11, 1996, Montgomery's 1883 glider was recognized as an International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers . On March 19, 2005, John J. Montgomery was the focus of

308-434: A cambered airfoil based on the curve of the seagull wing. Pitch was controlled by an operable elevator and roll was controlled by pilot weight shift. Yaw was uncontrolled. This aircraft design served as the basis for three gliders over the period 1883–1886. In the spring of 1884, Montgomery made flights of up to 600 feet (180 m) from the rim of Otay Mesa. During experiments with this craft, Montgomery found that

385-504: A "circulation theory" or "lifting-line theory". Montgomery compiled his results into a 131-page manuscript titled Soaring Flight and attempted to have it published by Matthias N. Forney and the editors of Scientific American with the help of Octave Chanute. Chanute was reluctant to endorse it due to his disagreements with some of its theoretical content and suggested that it be edited to distinguish between experimental results and theoretical inferences. Scientific American rejected

462-624: A full-length movie based on John J. Montgomery's life and work. The film was directed by William A. Wellman , and starred Glenn Ford as Montgomery, Janet Blair as his wife Regina (née Cleary), whom he had married in 1910, and Charles Ruggles . The stunt pilots for the film were Paul Mantz , Paul Tuntland and Don Stevens. The film included several different historical reenactments of Montgomery's glider flights. Gallant Journey premiered in San Diego, California on September 2, 1946, and had its full national release September 24, 1946. As part of

539-464: A hot-air balloon at high altitude. The resulting glides were well-controlled, and flights lasted up to 13 minutes. News of these flights received attention in both the U.S. and Europe. After this success, Montgomery gave a press conference to provide for the first time a history of his efforts in aeronautics and announced a patent application for his aeroplane and methods of wing warping. On April 29, 1905, Montgomery, Maloney, and Hamilton provided

616-516: A hotel near the beach and a summer mansion and ranch with a racetrack for his horses. A large area was fenced and stocked with deer for hunting, and became known as "the Deer Park," home of today's Deer Park Center. From 1880 to 1920 redwood timber harvesting became the major industry, and Aptos became a boom town. The Loma Prieta Lumber Company logged all of what is now The Forest of Nisene Marks State Park . The Valencia Mill logged everything to

693-594: A linguist, contradicted himself on this point: First he said "Costanoans themselves were a set of tribelets [small tribes] who spoke a common language [...] distinguished from one another by slight differences in dialect"; however, after saying that, he concluded: "The eight branches of the Costanoan family were separate languages (not dialects) as different from one another as Spanish is from French". Randall Milliken stated in 1995 that there were eight dialects, citing missionary-linguist Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta to

770-466: A linguist, shifted his position in 2008 to follow Callaghan, referring to separate Costanoan languages rather than dialects. Golla (2011) states that all Costanoan languages in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay, with the exception of Karkin, were mutually intelligible . The Ohlone native people belonged to one or more tribes, bands or villages, and to one or more of the eight linguistic group regions (as assigned by ethnolinguists ). Native names listed in

847-831: A long period of time, under various administrators. Ethnohistorians Kroeber, Merriam, and others interviewed Ohlone speakers and were able to define some pronunciations on word lists. Ethnolinguists have used this to some advantage to create phonetic tables giving some semblance of languages, notably the Selected Costanoan Words by Merriam . A partial table of words comes from Indian Names for Plants and Animals Among California and other Western North American Tribes by Clinton Merriam. This published list covers 400 Ohlone words from interviews of native speakers. The Ohlone words listed are by "phonetic English" pronunciations. Language: John J. Montgomery John Joseph Montgomery (February 15, 1858 – October 31, 1911)

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924-532: A new engineering building was dedicated as the Montgomery Laboratories on the campus of Santa Clara University . This laboratory was located where Mayer Theatre is today. A celebration was held March 18, 1934 at Santa Clara University to mark the 50th anniversary of Montgomery's first glider flight. Also on the campus of Santa Clara University, an obelisk was dedicated by the citizens of Santa Clara, California to Montgomery on April 29, 1946, at

1001-619: A new glider. However, Baldwin abandoned their collaboration and instead constructed his own airship (the California Arrow ) at San Jose incorporating Montgomery's propeller design and a 7-horsepower motorcycle engine (the Hercules of G.H. Curtiss Mfg Co.). The California Arrow would be first in America to make repeated circuits under control. During a protracted period of acrimony between Montgomery and Baldwin, Baldwin entered

1078-606: A pre-school through eighth grade private school, closed in 2013. The Aptos Little League baseball team made it to the Little League World Series in 2002, and was the subject of a documentary film on PBS, Small Ball: A Little League Story . Ohlone languages Ohlone comprises eight attested varieties: Awaswas , Chalon , Chochenyo (also spelt as Chocheño), Karkin , Mutsun , Ramaytush , Rumsen , and Tamyen . Overall, divergence among these languages seems to have been roughly comparable to that among

1155-536: A public demonstration of the Montgomery Aeroplane , rechristened that day as The Santa Clara in honor of Santa Clara College. In view of hundreds of spectators and members of the press, Maloney released from the balloon at an approximate altitude of 4,000 feet above Santa Clara College. Maloney performed a series of pre-determined maneuvers and made a soft landing near the college grounds. This exhibition brought widespread recognition for Montgomery and

1232-528: A series of test flights pilot Daniel J. Maloney was able to demonstrate the control and flight of the Montgomery glider design. These flights, with starting altitudes over 3,000 feet above the ground, were the first high-altitude flights in the world. A marker was placed at this location in 2005 honoring the centennial of these accomplishments. After Spreckels' death, Seacliff Park and Rio Del Mar Country Club (today's Seacliff State Beach ) were developed in

1309-486: A series of three ornithopters but found that human strength was insufficient to generate the necessary lift. He abandoned flapping-wing flight, preferring instead to emulate soaring birds with fixed-wing craft. He reasoned that it would be possible to solve the physics of gliding and soaring flight and then add a motor. Montgomery first tested his concepts for the design, construction and control of gliders with small-scale, free flight models . His first glider in 1883-84 had

1386-502: A student in San Francisco, Montgomery must have mentioned his desire to build a flying machine, according to Fogel and Harwood. They include an observation in their book, made by Montgomery's contemporary, Rev. Fred Morrison, S.J.: “In those days anyone who even mentioned ‘man being able to fly’ was considered a little bit off. So, when John was in the vicinity, there was a general tapping of heads, which in our present day would be

1463-606: A talk to the Aeronautical Society of New York in 1910, and the contents were later published in several journals and books. From 1893 to 1895, while teaching at Mount St. Joseph's College in Rohnerville, California , Montgomery conducted further experiments into the physics of flow over a wing and lift generation using a smoke chamber and water table. From these experiments he developed a theory of lift based on vorticity, or what modern aerodynamicists refer to as

1540-429: A third glider. It had a cambered airfoil modeled after the wings of a vulture, though the leading and trailing edges were turned upward slightly. The wing, spanwise, was "gull" shaped . Controls allowed the pilot to vary the angle of incidence of the left and right wing either in unison or independently. Dihedral and an operable elevator were also included. Montgomery concluded that a better understanding of aerodynamics

1617-569: Is advisably offensive and incorrect, per the Ohlone people.) Many of the known tribal and village names were recorded in the California mission records of baptism , marriage , and death. Some names have come from Spanish and Mexican settlers, some from early Anglo-European travelers, and some from the memories of Native American informants . Speakers were natives still alive who could remember their group's native language and details. Some of

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1694-580: Is based primarily on Callaghan (2001). Other classifications list Northern Costanoan, Southern Costanoan, and Karkin as single languages, with the following subgroups of each considered as dialects: More recently, Callaghan (2014) groups Awaswas together with Mutsun as part of a South Central Costanoan subgroup with the Southern Costanoan branch. Regarding the eight Ohlone branches, sources differ on if they were eight language dialects , or eight separate languages . Richard Levy, himself

1771-642: Is named the "John J. Montgomery Memorial Cadet Squadron 36" in his honor. Their motto is "Exceed the Challenge." Experimental Aircraft Association Chapter 338 in San Jose, California is also named in honor of Montgomery. John J. Montgomery was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1964, U.S. Soaring Hall of Fame in 2001, California Aviation Hall of Fame in 2015., and International Aerospace Hall of Fame in 2017. In 1924,

1848-668: Is now. In 1853 a leather tannery was built, and the main building is a bed & breakfast inn . In 1875, Frederick A. Hihn and Claus Spreckels partnered to build the Santa Cruz Railroad , and routed it through Aptos where they both had development interests - Hihn with the Loma Prieta Lumber Company, and Spreckels with his Aptos Hotel resort. The railroad tracks ran directly adjacent to the Santa Cruz Watsonville road, whose route

1925-553: Is on loan from the San Diego Air and Space Museum . Also in 2023, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers established a new annual "John J. Montgomery Award for Distinguished Innovation in Aerospace" designed to "recognize the outstanding contribution of an individual engineer residing in the international community who has researched, designed or developed (or any combination thereof) new technologies or equipment for

2002-622: Is one of only three native words that have survived (in Hispanicized form) as place names in Santa Cruz County (the others are Soquel and Zayante ). The first European land exploration of Alta California , the Spanish Portolá expedition , passed through the area on its way north, camping at one of the creeks on October 16, 1769. The expedition diaries don't provide enough information to be sure which creek it was, but

2079-580: The 30th Assembly District , represented by Democrat Dawn Addis . In the United States House of Representatives , Aptos is in California's 19th congressional district , represented by Democrat Jimmy Panetta . Aptos is home to both the Forest of Nisene Marks State Park and Seacliff State Beach California state parks. Hidden Beach has a playground and a path that leads to

2156-467: The Bancroft Library , and more material continues to be published by local historical societies and associations. Many of the original sounds were first heard and copied down by Spanish missionaries using Spanish as a reference language, subject to human error, later translated into English and Anglicized over time. Spelling errors crept in as different missionaries kept separate records over

2233-590: The California Arrow in the aeronautic competition at the St. Louis World's Fair in November, 1904 and took first place. In the fall of 1904 Montgomery conducted tests of his tandem-wing glider, the Montgomery Aeroplane , with associates Frank Hamilton and Daniel J. Maloney . On March 16, 17 and 20, 1905, in Aptos, California , Daniel Maloney made several successful flights in the glider at Leonard's ranch (Rancho San Antonio, now known as Seascape), after releasing from

2310-608: The California Eagle ) at San Jose, California . Baldwin wanted improved propeller designs for dirigibles. He stopped working with Greth and came to Santa Clara College for an extended period to learn aeronautics from Montgomery. Their work together included wind tunnel tests at the college. At Baldwin's suggestion, they entered into a business arrangement in 1904 to make public exhibitions with manned Montgomery gliders launched at high altitudes from unmanned Baldwin balloons. By late May 1904, Montgomery made test flights with

2387-657: The Great Depression and World War II. In the early 1960s Aptos began a period of rapid development, including Cabrillo College , Rancho Del Mar Shopping Center, the Seascape Resort development, and many residential developments. In 2020s, Microsoft named a new Windows font after this community. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Aptos as a census-designated place (CDP). The census definition of

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2464-609: The San Diego Air & Space Museum established a new exhibit for John J. Montgomery in their main rotunda, including The Evergreen glider from 1911 and Montgomery's original Soaring Flight manuscript from 1896. In 2017, Montgomery was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the Museum. In June 2023, a replica of The Santa Clara glider was installed in the lobby of Crownair Aviation at Montgomery-Gibbs Executive Airport in San Diego. The glider

2541-632: The World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, intending initially to attend a lecture by electrical expert Nikola Tesla . Upon arrival, he heard of the International Conference on Aerial Navigation to take place the first week of August. He introduced himself to Octave Chanute and Albert F. Zahm , who were collaborating in chairing the conference. He did not present a paper, but was subsequently invited by Chanute and Zahm to participate in

2618-562: The ZIP codes 95001 and 95003. The 2010 United States Census reported that Aptos had a population of 6,220. The population density was 978.9 inhabitants per square mile (378.0/km). The racial makeup of Aptos was 5,420 (87.1%) White , 58 (0.9%) African American , 43 (0.7%) Native American , 247 (4.0%) Asian , 8 (0.1%) Pacific Islander , 175 (2.8%) from other races , and 269 (4.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 611 persons (9.8%). The census reported that 98.7% of

2695-489: The 1880s are considered by some historians and organizations to have been the first controlled flights of a heavier-than-air flying machine in America or in the Western Hemisphere, depending on the source. Montgomery devised different control methods for his gliders, including weight shifting for roll and an elevator for pitch (1884). Subsequent designs used hinged, pilot-operated trailing edge flaps on

2772-518: The 1880s, these early flights were first described by Montgomery as part of a lecture delivered at the International Conference on Aerial Navigation at Chicago, 1893. These independent advances came after gliding flights by European pioneers such as George Cayley 's coachman in England (1853) and Jean-Marie Le Bris in France (1856). Although Montgomery never claimed firsts, his gliding experiments of

2849-737: The San Francisco Board of Supervisors changed the name of the Marina Flying Field just east of Crissy Field to "Montgomery Field." From 1920 to 1944 Montgomery Field served as an airmail facility. This field still exists along the Embarcadero as Marina Green . On May 20, 1950, Montgomery Field (KMYF) in San Diego, California, one of the busiest general aviation airports in the world, was named in his honor. Civil Air Patrol Squadron 36 in San Jose, California

2926-601: The area is limited in contrast to the local understanding of the area with the same name. The population of the CDP was 6,220 at the 2010 census . The CDP has a total area of 6.4 square miles (17 km), all land. The southwestern geographical boundary is Monterey Bay , while the northeast boundary is the Santa Cruz Mountains . Aptos is bisected northwest-to-southeast by the State Route 1 freeway and includes

3003-401: The average family size was 2.78. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 19.3% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.0 males. The median income for a household in the CDP

3080-507: The catastrophic 1906 San Francisco earthquake , Montgomery's gliding experiments were curtailed until 1911. Montgomery began experimenting with a new control system in which pitch and roll of the glider were managed by wing warping, while the tail assembly was fixed. Montgomery intended to add a motor and apply for a patent. This glider, The Evergreen (named after the Evergreen district of San Jose, California where flight tests occurred),

3157-517: The census of 2000, there were 9,396 people, 4,055 households, and 2,428 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,339.6 inhabitants per square mile (517.2/km). There were 4,486 housing units at an average density of 639.6 per square mile (247.0/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 90.38% White , 0.56% African American , 0.65% Native American , 2.39% Asian , 0.11% Pacific Islander , 2.49% from other races , and 3.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.97% of

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3234-584: The conference by giving two lectures of his own. His first focused on his experiments with surfaces in air and water currents. This talk was revised into an article and included in the conference proceedings. The article was later published in the July 1894 edition of Aeronautics. With encouragement from Chanute, Montgomery decided to give a second lecture. Although he refrained from providing enough detail that might be useful to designers, he did discuss use of hinged wing sections for lateral control. His second lecture

3311-488: The direction of travel was northwest, parallel to the coast. Franciscan missionary Juan Crespi , traveling with the expedition, noted in his diary that, "We stopped on the bank of a small stream, which has about four varas of deep running water. It has on its banks a good growth of cottonwoods and alders; on account of the depth at which it runs it may be that it cannot be utilized to water some plains through which it runs." Crespi diary translator Herbert Bolton speculated that

3388-468: The disease by destroying the Aptos Bridge. These efforts again failed and only created a rift between the two cities. The death toll of the smallpox epidemic lead to the local press publishing of the latest remedies available for home use as well as methods to prevent the spread of smallpox and inoculations . By 1872, Claus Spreckels , a sugar millionaire, began buying the land from Castro. He built

3465-545: The east. Within 40 years the hills were bare, and apples became the next industry. The Hihn Apple Barn is a historic building from that era; in 2016-2017, the building had been relocated nearby to be used as a grocery store and make way for a shopping complex. On March 16–20, 1905, the Leonard Ranch near La Selva was the site of experiments with a new tandem-wing glider designed and built by John J. Montgomery . Hoisted aloft by hot-air balloon to considerable heights, over

3542-459: The effect that the idioms seemed distinct as one traveled from mission to mission, but actually formed a dialect chain from one neighboring local tribe to another. Catherine Callaghan (1997, 2001), a linguist who steeped herself in the primary documents, offered evidence that the Costanoan languages were distinct, with only Ramaytush, Tamyen, and Chochenyo possibly being dialects of a single language. Milliken (2008), himself an ethnohistorian and not

3619-603: The efficiency of petroleum burning furnaces. In 1897 he took a teaching position at Santa Clara College and directed study of wireless telegraphy with Father Richard Bell. They were first to successfully transmit messages from Santa Clara College to San Francisco. Montgomery also patented two gold concentrator devices to assist miners in extracting gold from beach sands (see patent list). In early 1903, veteran balloonist Thomas Scott Baldwin sought Montgomery's knowledge of aeronautics. Baldwin had also been assisting August Greth in constructing and experimenting with an airship (dubbed

3696-724: The festival, including B.B. King , Buddy Guy , John Lee Hooker , Ray Charles , Leon Russell , Los Lobos , Gregg Allman , the Doobie Brothers , Bonnie Raitt , and Al Green . Cabrillo College is a two-year community college in Aptos. Aptos has three public elementary schools: Valencia Elementary, Rio Del Mar Elementary, and Mar Vista Elementary. It also has one junior high school, Aptos Junior High School, and one high school, Aptos High School . Private schools include Santa Cruz Montessori School, Orchard School, and Twin Lakes Christian School. Aptos Academy,

3773-439: The first craft of 1884. He realized he was getting increasingly farther from understanding the mechanism of lift and began controlled laboratory experiments to investigate airfoils. In 1886, he briefly considered filing a patent caveat for lateral balancing, but did not. About 1885 Montgomery began a long series of experiments with a whirling arm device, a smoke chamber, a water current table and large wooden surfaces angled into

3850-528: The former tribe and village names were gleaned from the land maps (" diseños de terreno ") submitted by grantees in applying for Spanish and Mexican land grants or designs (" diseños ") that were drawn up in Alta California prior to the Mexican–American War . In this regard, large amounts of untranslated material is available for research in the records of Clinton H. Merriam housed at

3927-422: The glider would not respond well to side gusts. He returned to ornithology and noted how turkey vultures had significant dihedral and twisted their wings as a form of lateral balance. Emulating these control methods, in 1884-1885 he incorporated hinged flaps into the trailing edge of a second glider. These were held under spring tension for automatic balance in gusts, but were also connected through cables to

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4004-564: The hotel was moved to its current location. In the mid to late 1800s, a series of major epidemics hit the area. A particularly bad one occurred in the early winter of 1868. Cases of smallpox were reported among the poor of San Juan Bautista . Efforts were made to localize the rapidly spreading disease, such as, barricading the roads leading in and out of San Juan Bautista. These efforts failed however, and when cases appeared in Watsonville , Santa Cruz citizens attempted to again quarantine

4081-489: The languages of the Romance sub-family of Indo-European languages. Neighboring groups seem to have been able to understand and speak to each other. The number and geographic distribution of Ohlone language divisions partially mirrors the distribution of Franciscan missions in their original lands. While the known languages are, in most cases, quite distinct, intermediate dialects may have been lost as local groups gathered at

4158-539: The late 1920s. Rio Del Mar Country Club included a clubhouse, a grand hotel on the bluffs, a beach club, a polo field, and a golf course. The estuary was filled in (now Rio Beach Flats) and the SS Palo Alto cement ship was moored and converted into an amusement pier with restaurants, swimming pool, and a dance pavilion. Both Rio Del Mar and Seacliff were popular during Prohibition as drinking and gambling were discreetly available. These amusements were interrupted by

4235-731: The location of Maloney's 1905 glider flights. In 1949, a section of what is now part of the Interstate 5 freeway that passes through the former site of the Montgomery 1880s Fruitland Ranch and goes from the Mexican border to downtown San Diego, California was named the John J. Montgomery Freeway . In the 1960s, the National Society of Aerospace Professionals and the San Diego Aerospace Museum established

4312-407: The location was Soquel Creek, but it could have been Aptos Creek. In 1833 the government of Mexico granted Rafael Castro the 6,656-acre (26.94 km) Rancho Aptos . Initially Castro raised cattle for their hides, but after California became a state in 1850, Castro leased his land to Americans who built a wharf, general store, and lumber mill. The original town was located where Aptos Village Square

4389-609: The manuscript, but later published an abstract. Chanute also directed one of his collaborators, Augustus Herring , to study the manuscript, as he considered it instructive in understanding "ground effect." In 1884 Montgomery received a patent for a process to vulcanize and de-vulcanize India rubber. In 1895 and again in the period 1901 to 1904, Montgomery occasionally supplemented his aeronautical research with work in other branches of science, including electricity, communication, astronomy and mining. In 1895 he received four patents (American, German, British, and Canadian) for improvements in

4466-554: The mission records were, in some cases, clearly principal village names, in others the name assigned to the region of a "multifamily landholding group" (per Milliken). Although many native names have been written in historical records, the exact spelling and pronunciations were not entirely standardized in modern English. Ethnohistorians have resorted to approximating their indigenous regional boundaries as well. (The word that Kroeber coined to designate California tribes, bands and villages, tribelet , has been published in many records but

4543-559: The missions. A newly discovered text from Mission Santa Clara provides evidence that Chochenyo of the East Bay area and Tamyen of the Santa Clara Valley were closely related dialects of a single San Francisco Bay Ohlone language. The last native speakers of Ohlone languages died by the 1950s. However, Chochenyo, Mutsun, and Rumsen are now in a state of revival (relearned from saved records). The classification below

4620-489: The ocean. Nisene Marks is popular with hikers and mountain bikers. The San Andreas Fault Zone passes nearby and the epicenter of the M6.9 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake lies within. Aptos is also home to the annual Fourth of July "World's Shortest Parade," so called because the parade route is about 0.6 miles (1 km) long. Aptos Park is the site of the annual Aptos Blues Festival. Several well-known performers have performed at

4697-437: The pilot's seat so they could be operated mechanically by the pilot for roll control. In essence these flaps were early ailerons . The second glider had a flat plate airfoil , considerable dihedral for stability and an operable elevator for pitch control. Montgomery devised an inclined rail system so the piloted glider could roll from the top of a hill and attain flight speed. In the winter of 1885–86, Montgomery constructed

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4774-489: The population lived in households and 1.3% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters. There were 2,549 households, out of which 686 (26.9%) had children under the age of 18 living, 1,353 (53.1%) were married couples living together, 192 (7.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 95 (3.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 142 (5.6%) unmarried . 665 households (26.1%) were made up of individuals, and 268 (10.5%) had someone living alone who

4851-405: The population. There were 4,055 households, out of which 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.1% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and

4928-466: The publicity for the movie, Columbia Pictures sponsored a cross-country Boston to Los Angeles tour featuring a 1911 vintage auto, the same vintage as Montgomery's last flight. William Wellman had served previously in the U.S. Army Air Corps and was stationed as an officer at Rockwell Field , San Diego, California and Glenn Ford had also served in San Diego during World War II. Two California Historical Landmarks are associated with Montgomery: In 1919,

5005-711: The sign that the party was crazy.” At St. Ignatius College, Montgomery received a Bachelor of Arts in physics in 1879 and a master's degree in physics in 1880. He also received an honorary PhD in physics from Santa Clara University in 1901. In the early 1880s Montgomery began studying the anatomy of a variety of large soaring birds to determine their basic characteristics like wing area, weight and curved surfaces. He made detailed observations of birds in flight, especially large soaring birds such as eagles, hawks, vultures and pelicans which soared on thermals near San Diego Bay . He initially attempted to achieve manned flight with ornithopters . In 1883, he built and experimented with

5082-482: The third craft (of 1886) Chanute wrote "this last apparatus proved an entire failure, as no effective lifting effect could be obtained from the wind sufficient to carry the 180 lbs. it was designed to bear."" Montgomery's own account made clear that he considered the technology of the second and third gliders of 1885 and 1886 as effective, but the airfoil designs were a disappointment in terms of lift-generation as they produced much shorter gliding flights in comparison to

5159-419: The wind in order to understand the physics of flow around curved surfaces. He also used dried bird wings placed in wind currents to observe the effect. His work in the 1880s confirmed that mechanical systems used by a pilot could preserve lateral balance and some degree of equilibrium in gliding flight. His experiments also confirmed the value of a cambered surface for obtaining lift. In 1893 Montgomery visited

5236-593: The wings (1885–1886) for roll control, and later, full wing warping systems for roll (1903–1905) and for both pitch and roll (1911). Montgomery attended St. Ignatius High School , graduating in 1873. At age 16 he attended the preparatory division at Santa Clara College from 1874 to 1876 to prepare for college. Montgomery attended St. Ignatius College, now known as the University of San Francisco . Here, he studied under Fathers Joseph Bayma, S.J., and Joseph Neri, S.J., two gifted and influential educators. As

5313-541: Was $ 61,843, and the median income for a family was $ 73,515. Males had a median income of $ 51,848 versus $ 40,050 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 33,210. About 2.5% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 3.4% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over. In the California State Legislature , Aptos is in the 17th Senate District , represented by Democrat John Laird , and in

5390-468: Was 46.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males. There were 2,711 housing units at an average density of 426.7 per square mile (164.7/km), of which 75.6% were owner-occupied and 24.4% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 0.8%. 75.2% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 23.5% lived in rental housing units. As of

5467-415: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41. There were 1,640 families (64.3% of all households); the average family size was 2.86. The population was spread out, with 1,150 people (18.5%) under the age of 18, 436 people (7.0%) aged 18 to 24, 1,342 people (21.6%) aged 25 to 44, 2,189 people (35.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,103 people (17.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

5544-664: Was an American inventor, physicist , engineer , and professor at Santa Clara University in Santa Clara, California , who is best known for his invention of controlled heavier-than-air flying machines. In the 1880s Montgomery, a native of Yuba City, California , made manned flight experiments in a series of gliders in the United States in Otay Mesa in San Diego, California . Although not publicized in

5621-635: Was flown by Montgomery as well as another aeronaut Reinhardt more than 50 times in October 1911. On October 31, 1911, Montgomery was attempting to land Evergreen at low speed and encountered turbulence, which caused a stall. He crashed and died from his injuries at the site. The hillside (now known as "Montgomery Hill") is just behind Evergreen Valley College . John J. Montgomery was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma, California on November 3, 1911. In 1946, Columbia Pictures released Gallant Journey ,

5698-492: Was generally accepted as a milestone in aviation. In the following months Montgomery and Maloney made many exhibitions with The Santa Clara and another tandem wing glider The California in the San Francisco bay area. On July 18, 1905, Maloney was killed when a rope from the balloon damaged the glider during the ascent, causing structural failure after release. Despite this, Montgomery continued experiments with other tandem-wing gliders and pilots for some time. Following

5775-406: Was needed for the design of a proper airfoil. In an 1893 speech, Montgomery said that flights were made in these three craft during the period 1884–1886, with the occasional assistance of at least three friends and two younger brothers. Of the flight trials with the second craft (of 1885) Octave Chanute 's account in 1893 noted "several trials were made, but no effective lift could be obtained." Of

5852-571: Was not published as part of the conference proceedings, because Chanute thought Montgomery wanted to seek patent protection. Instead, Chanute presented his own comments on Montgomery's flight experiments in his article series Progress in Flying Machines , which was published serially in the American Engineer and Railroad Journal in 1893, and in the following year as a book of the same name. Montgomery reprised his second lecture in

5929-595: Was originally established by the 1769 Spanish exploratory expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá . In 1878 Augustia Castro, daughter of Rafael Castro, and her husband José Arano built the Victorian, Bayview Hotel in Aptos village. The hotel is a Santa Cruz County landmark. It is Santa Cruz county's oldest operating hotel. It has been a State Historic Monument since 1974 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1993. Since being originally built,

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