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97-521: Apaseo el Grande is a city and municipality located in Guanajuato , Mexico. The municipality covers 415.26 square kilometres (160 sq mi). It is bordered on the north by Comonfort and San Miguel de Allende , on the east by Querétaro in the State of Querétaro on the south by Apaseo el Alto , and on the west by Celaya . The municipality had a population of 85,319 inhabitants according to

194-503: A " Comandancia General de las Provincias Internas " ("General Commander of the Internal Provinces") for the northern provinces of New Spain. However, he also recognized that a long war with the natives would be impossible to win or sustain due to the lack of military resources in the area. With that view, he himself promoted the establishment of a strong peace in the provinces and a greater commercial presence in 1779. In 1786,

291-545: A parish church with its existing architectural form as the town's main building. These were times of economic prosperity for Apaseo that united traditional grain and fruit farmers with cattle and sheep farmers. Sheep produced meat and wool, which was especially valued to create garments woven in Obraje de San Diego de Ixtla and Obrajuelo. Wool supplies fueled wholesale and retail markets in Zacatecas, Guadalajara, Mexico City and

388-562: A place of refuge following the Spanish conquest of Mexico . The territory was conquered by Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán c.  1530, but its formal incorporation into the Spanish empire did not occur until 1538, by act of congregation of Indian villages issued by Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza . In 1537, Don Hernán Pérez de Bocanegra began buying properties from Don Fernando P. Motoci, lord of Xuaxo, and on October 11, 1564, entailed these under

485-550: A senator, minister, and governor of Guanajuato and Querétaro, and introduced the telegraph to the state. At end of his life, he had many difficulties recovering his properties. During the 35-year regime of Porfirio Díaz , peace allowed for the creation of much-delayed public works in Apaseo, particularly in the current Plaza Hidalgo, that was the court of the first parish church and cemetery. By 1880, Apaseo had constructed an embankment, culverts and railway station. On March 31, 1882,

582-537: A steady stream of migration to the region, seen by the semi-nomadic Chichimecas as intrusions on their ancestral lands. Underpaid Spanish soldiers raided native villages to acquire slaves for the mines, and the Chichimicas made attacks against herders and traders on the border. Led by Bocanegra, the village of Apaseo defended itself against the Chichimecas, and the nearby town of Celaya was founded to bolster

679-431: A type of building, architectural, technological or landscape, that illustrates a significant stage of human history" was added in 2010. On August 1, 2010, UNESCO designated this road as a World Heritage Site . The designation identified a core zone of 3,102 hectares with a buffer zone of 268,057 hectares distributed across 60 historical sites. UNESCO identified / recognized 60 sites along the road in their declaration of

776-633: Is San Felipe which spans 3,014.92 km (1,164.07 sq mi), and the smallest is Pueblo Nuevo which spans 60.05 km (23.18 sq mi). The first state constitution, Constitución Política del Estado Libre de Guanajuato , resulted in the formation of the first 17 municipalities in Guanajuato on April 15, 1826 . The newest municipality is Doctor Mora , incorporated on September 22, 1935 . †   State capital El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (English: The Royal Road of

873-536: Is José Luis Oliveros Usabiaga and the local representative is Martin Lopez Camacho, both of the PAN. The city of Apaseo el Grande is the capital of the municipality of the same name in the state of Guanajuato . The municipality is bordered on the north by the municipalities of Comonfort and San Miguel de Allende ; to the east by the state of Querétaro ; to the south by the municipality of Apaseo el Alto ; and to

970-615: Is an alternate name used to describe the route as it passes from New Mexico through the state of Chihuahua to central Mexico. By the late 16th century, Spanish exploration and colonization had advanced from Mexico City northward by the great central plateau to its ultimate goal in Santa Fe . Until Mexican independence in 1821, all communications between New Mexico and the rest of the world were restricted to this 1,500-mile (2,400 km) trail. Over it came ox carts and mule trains, missionaries and governors, soldiers and colonists. When

1067-665: The Comanches and the Utes traded weapons, ammunition, horses, agricultural products, furs, and meats with the Spanish. Spain at the same time maintained a monopoly on the products of its northern provinces, thus no trade occurred with the French colony of Louisiana . For the second half of the 18th century, the northern frontier of New Spain represented a fundamental interest for the Spanish Empire and its reformist policy, with

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1164-623: The Hacienda de Juana Guerra . 1351-041: Churches in the town of Nombre de Dios . 1351-042: Hacienda de San Diego de Navacoyán and Bridge del Diablo . 1351-043: Historic center of Durango . 1351-044: Churches in the town of Cuencamé and Cristo de Mapimí . 1351-045: Templo de Nuestra Señora del Refugio in the Hacienda La Pedriceña in Los Cuatillos , Cuencamé Municipality . 1351-046: Iglesia Principal of

1261-518: The Hacienda de San Diego del Jaral de Berrio in Guanajuato , as well as the portion in the United States. For this reason, a possible expansion of the declaration has been proposed for the future. The Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia is conducting research to find and gather evidence for additional portions and sites of the original stretches of the historical road, such as bridges, pavements, haciendas, etc. that might be added to

1358-575: The Hacienda de San Mateo de la Zarca . 1351-054: Hacienda de la Limpia Concepción of Canutillo . 1351-055: Templo de San Miguel in the town of Villa Ocampo . 1351-056: Section of the Camino Real between Nazas and San Pedro del Gallo . 1351-057: Ojuela Mine . 1351-058: Cave of Las Mulas de Molino . 1351-059: Town of Valle de Allende . In the United States, from the Texas – New Mexico border to San Juan Pueblo north of Española ,

1455-480: The Hacienda de San Nicolás de Quijas . 1351-027: Town of Pinos . 1351-028: Templo de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles of the town of Noria de Ángeles . 1351-029: Templo de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores in Villa González Ortega . 1351-030: Colegio de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Propaganda Fide . 1351-031: Historic center of Sombrerete . 1351-032: Templo de San Pantaleón Mártir in

1552-546: The Manila galleon that arrived annually at Acapulco from the western Pacific. As an example, for this time, the most typical products sold by the merchants in the city of Parral along the "Chihuahua Trail" included: Platoncillos from Michoacán ; Jarrillos from Cuautitlán of the State of Mexico; Majolica from the State of Puebla ; Porcelain junks from China ; and clay products from Guadalajara . The 19th century brought many changes for both Mexico and its northern border. From

1649-646: The Municipality of San Miguel de Allende . 1351-016: Historic center of Guanajuato and its adjacent mines. 1351-017: Historic center of Lagos de Moreno and bridge. 1351-018: Historic center of Ojuelos de Jalisco . 1351-019: Bridge of Ojuelos de Jalisco . 1351-020: Hacienda de Ciénega de Mata . 1351-021: Old Cemetery of Encarnación de Díaz . 1351-022: Hacienda de Peñuelas . 1351-023: Hacienda de Cieneguilla . 1351-024: Historic center of Aguascalientes . 1351-025: Hacienda de Pabellón de Hidalgo . 1351-026: Chapel of San Nicolás Tolentino of

1746-589: The Napoleonic Wars to the start of the Mexican War of Independence , the colonial government was unstable and struggled to continue sending resources to the northern provinces. This void led to the establishment of alternate suppliers and supply routes into those provinces. In 1807, American merchant and military agent Zebulon Pike was sent to explore the southwestern borders between the US and New Spain with

1843-571: The Pan-American Highway was plotted through Querétaro on the route Apaseo el Alto – Celaya, which was completed in 1942. In 1947, the District was broken into two municipalities: Apaseo and Apaseo el Alto. In 1948, a cinema opened on Plaza Hidalgo. On October 7, 1955, a prank involving exploding gunpowder caused a stampede in the cinema which left four dead and several injured. In early 1956, Dr. Salvador Martínez Silva proposed that

1940-625: The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 , which violently forced the Spanish out of Nuevo México , the Spanish Crown decided not to abandon the province altogether but instead maintained a channel to the province so as not to completely abandon their subjects remaining there. The Viceroyalty organized a system, the so-called conducta , to supply the missions , presidios , and northern ranchos. The conducta consisted of wagon caravans that departed every three years from Mexico City to Santa Fe along

2037-497: The Rocky Mountains . After Tenochtitlan was subdued in 1521, Spanish conquistadors and colonists began a series of expeditions with the purpose of expanding their domains and obtaining greater wealth for the Spanish Crown . Their initial efforts led them to follow the trails established by the natives who exchanged goods between the north and the south. In April 1598, a group of military scouts led by Juan de Oñate ,

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2134-685: The Santa Fe Trail was established as an overland route between Santa Fe and Missouri , traders from the United States extended their operations southward down the Chihuahua Trail and beyond to Durango and Zacatecas . Ultimately superseded by railroads in the 19th century, the ancient Mexico City–Santa Fe road was revived in the mid-20th century as one of the great automobile highways of Mexico. The part that runs from Santa Fe, New Mexico to El Paso, Texas, US State Highway 85 ,

2231-592: The UNESCO World Heritage List in November 2001, under the cultural criteria (i) and (ii), which referred to i) "Representing a masterpiece of the creative genius of man"; and ii) "Being the manifestation of a considerable exchange of influences, during a specific period or in a specific cultural area, in the development of architecture or technology, monumental arts, urban planning or landscape design". Criteria (iv) "Offering an eminent example of

2328-527: The Viceroyalty of New Spain all roads passable by horse and cart were called "Camino Real", and a significant number of roads throughout the viceroyalty bore this designation. Similarly, all of the interior territories outside of Mexico City were once called "Tierra Adentro", and particularly the northern parts of the Kingdom. This is why the portion of the road between Santiago de Querétaro and Saltillo

2425-459: The mayorazgo system so the properties would be passed down in his family via primogeniture . This area became eastern Bajío , the name by which Spaniards, Creoles, Mestizos, Indians, blacks and mulattos called the property belonging to the principal landowner of the region. By 1571, Apaseo had 50 Spanish families, 200 blacks, 150 mulattos, and 240 Otomi Indians who also spoke Nahuatl. In 1547, silver deposits discovered in Zacatecas resulted in

2522-567: The 2010 census. In pre-Columbian times, the region was known as Andahe ("Close to the water") and Atlayahualco ("Place where water flows") by the Otomí and Nahua inhabitants. It was eventually known as Apatzeo ("Yellow flower") by the Purépecha . Following the Spanish conquest c. 1525, Apaseo was the first town founded in what is now the state of Guanajuato. It received its present name of Apaseo el Grande in 1957, to avoid confusion with

2619-610: The Bajio region. In the Battle of Celaya (1858) , General Luis G. Osollo's army, in combination with Casanova and General Tomás Mejía , attacked General Don Anastasio Parrodi; Osollo chased Parrodi into Salamanca and defeated the Liberal forces. Meanwhile, Apaseo witnessed an act of chivalry from General Miguel Miramón who – knowing that General Don Santiago Tapia was seriously injured and taking refuge in Apaseo – promised not to disturb

2716-646: The Bajío zone through the Camino Real (Royal Road). By 1748, Apaseo was the fourth-largest city in what would be the state of Guanajuato . The indigenous people of Apaseo started to build a temple on the Camino Real, which was completed c.1824 and was dedicated to the Divina Pastora, better known today as the Pastorcita. In December 1786, the village of Apaseo and its jurisdiction were incorporated into

2813-614: The Camino Real between the bridge of La Colmena and the Hacienda de La Cañada . 1351-007: Historic center of San Juan del Río . 1351-008: Hacienda de Chichimequillas . 1351-009: Chapel of the hacienda de Buenavista . 1351-010: Historic center of Santiago de Querétaro . 1351-011: Bridge of El Fraile . 1351-012: Antiguo Real Hospital de San Juan de Dios in San Miguel de Allende . 1351-013: Bridge of San Rafael in Guanajuato . 1351-014: Bridge La Quemada . 1351-015: Sanctuario de Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco in

2910-429: The Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. The trip required a long and difficult journey of six months, including 2–3 weeks of rest along the way. Many were the uncertainties that the conducta and other travelers faced. River floods could force weeks of waiting on the banks until the caravan could wade across. At other times, prolonged droughts in the area could make water scarce and difficult to find. The most feared section of

3007-511: The Camino Real in the Los Brazitos area south of what is now Las Cruces , New Mexico. Doniphan's forces went on to capture El Paso del Norte and, later, the city of Chihuahua. During 1846–1847, the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro became a path of continuous use, with American forces using it to travel into the interior of Mexico . On their journey, many American travelers kept journals and wrote home about what they saw as they travelled. One of

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3104-508: The Camino Real to promote commerce (although some form of these had already been existing for some time prior). Some of the most important Fairs along the Camino Real included the Fair de San Juan de los Lagos in Jalisco , the Fair de Saltillo , and the Fair de Chihuahua , which was of great importance to Nuevo México merchants. The Fair de Taos was also an important annual event where

3201-700: The Catholic Feast of the Ascension on April 30, before crossing the river. They then mapped and extended the route to what is now Española , where Oñate would establish the capital of the new province. This trail became the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro , the northernmost of the four main "royal roads" – the Caminos Reales – that linked Mexico City to its major tributaries in Acapulco , Veracruz , Audiencia ( Guatemala ) and Santa Fe . After

3298-537: The Cerro del Capulin (now in the municipality of Apaseo el Alto). There were about 100 casualties on both sides. Cristero General Don Manuel Frías began to operate north of the town. Meanwhile, Catholic youths organized activities to raise funds for arms and ammunition. On April 1, 1927, Frías unexpectedly surrounded the Plaza Hidalgo with his troops and arrested City Treasurer Ranulfo Molina, forcing him to deliver

3395-600: The El Tunal garrison. Using tactics of damaging the economic base, insurgents attacked the Hacienda de Ameche on April 25, 1818. On July 9, 1818, safeguards were ordered so merchants and artisans from Celaya could attend to business in Apaseo with minimal risk. On December 30, 1819, Pablo Esquivel, leader of the Picacho rebels, was captured and beheaded by the Apaseo garrison. On January 6, 1820, insurgent José Trinidad Aguado

3492-592: The Interior Land ), also known as the Silver Route , was a Spanish 2,560-kilometre-long (1,590 mi) road between Mexico City and San Juan Pueblo ( Ohkay Owingeh ), New Mexico (in the modern U.S.), that was used from 1598 to 1882. It was the northernmost of the four major "royal roads" that linked Mexico City to its major tributaries during and after the Spanish colonial era . In 2010, 55 sites and five existing UNESCO World Heritage Sites along

3589-605: The Mexican section of the route were collectively added to the World Heritage List , including historic cities, towns, bridges, haciendas and other monuments along the 1,400-kilometre (870 mi) route between the Historic Center of Mexico City (also a World Heritage Site on its own) and the town of Valle de Allende , Chihuahua . The 404-mile (650 km) section of the route within the United States

3686-623: The Municipality of Guanajuato, along with the city of Celaya. Problems soon arose over land distribution and legal funds, and Apaseo clashed with the Mayorazgo over water rights. The leaders of the Hidalgo Revolt, theologian Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and military officer Ignacio Allende , were known and esteemed in Apaseo – Allende's sister was married to the village's Síndico Procurador (city attorney), Don Domingo Busce. When

3783-694: The Presidios, inspect troop readiness, review military regulations and propose what might be done to strengthen the government and the defense of the State. From its review, the Marquis proposed a line of Presidios along the northern frontier of New Spain, to be established from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of California to protect itself from the Utes, Apaches , Comanches, and Navajos . Don José de Gálvez , special commissioner to New Spain for Charles III , promoted

3880-560: The Superhighway Querétaro–Irapuato began. On December 11, 1961, Apaseo City improved its services sector with the opening of a branch of the Bank of Commerce SA. On December 11, 1964, a branch of Banco Nacional de Mexico (Banamex) was founded on the north side of the parish. On October 12, 1979, the first stone was laid for the municipal market, Antonio Plaza. On August 3, 1980, tax incentives were granted to attract industry to

3977-581: The U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The road is identified as beginning at the Plaza Santo Domingo very close to the present Zócalo and Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral in Mexico City. Traveling north through San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato , the road's northern terminus is located at Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico. Long before Europeans arrived, the various indigenous tribes and kingdoms that had arisen throughout

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4074-475: The abandonment of several haciendas and the village of San Miguel de Ixtla. In 1917, the entrance of the United States in World War I, caused the price of garlic to rise rapidly, increasing the revenue of Apaseo and bringing considerable profits to speculators. In 1918, the Spanish influenza epidemic took 1,500 victims in a month. The current town hall was completed in 1924, and on November 26 Apaseo received

4171-561: The aim of ensuring Spanish sovereignty over its northern provinces, highly coveted geopolitically by other European powers – especially the English and the French. The Spanish Crown labored to incorporate the natives into the social and economic welfare of its provinces and give them reasons to participate in the defense of the Spanish border. Thus, Captain Nicolás de Lafora (assigned by

4268-759: The banks of the Calderón River 60 km (37 mi) east of Guadalajara in present-day Zapotlanejo , Jalisco , northward, eventually arriving at the Wells of Baján in Coahuila where he was captured and executed by royal forces. Between 1821 and 1822, after the end of the war for the Independence of Mexico , the Santa Fe Trail was established to connect the US territory of Missouri with Santa Fe . At first, US merchants were arrested and imprisoned for bringing contraband into Mexican territory; however,

4365-622: The capital was captured, President Juarez withdrew through Apaseo on June 5, 1863, taking the treasury to the interior. Liberal Apasean citizens received him and invited him to refreshment in Don Marcos Corona's house. The resistance crumbled to Franco-Mexican forces and on November 29, 1863, Apaseo and Celaya signed the accession instrument to the Second Mexican Empire in the presence of Mejía. French troops appeared in Apaseo and Celaya on December 3. Maximilian I took

4462-414: The caravans. At night in the most dangerous areas, the caravans would form a circle with their wagons with the people and animals inside. The Camino Real was actively used as a commercial route for more than 300 years, from the middle of the 16th century to the 19th century, mainly for the transport of silver extracted from northern mines. During this time, the road was continuously improved, and over time

4559-428: The city of Apaseo adopt the adjective "El Grande". José Estrella Vazquez sent a memorandum to Congress requesting el grande (English: 'the great') as a nickname for the county. The XLIII State Legislature memorandum responded with Decree No. 64 of February 22, 1957, by which the city and municipality of Apaseo were collectively changed to the title of Apaseo el Grande. In 1957, an earthquake occurred that closely marked

4656-539: The country and the withdrawal of French support, Maximilian withdrew to Querétaro. On February 22 and 23, 1867, General Mendez's Imperial Brigade of 3,000 men stayed in Apaseo on their way to join Maximilian. Behind them, the Republican army of 17,000 men passed through on March 4 and 8. On June 30, 1870, the town of Apaseo received the title of Villa. On May 18, 1874, Muñoz Ledo died at 68 years old. He had been

4753-575: The country due to the impact of British textile imports. This brought economic hardship, and the same year a severe cholera epidemic killed 680 people. In 1856, Don Octaviano Muñoz Ledo purchased the Mayorazgo Hacienda and the adjoining haciendas of San Jose and San Cristobal, solidifying his family's long-standing relationship with Apaseo. During the Reform War (1857–1860), Apaseo saw much action due to its strategic location to access

4850-621: The cultural and historic trail in collaboration with the U.S. National Park Service , the Bureau of Land Management , the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs, and various Mexican organizations. CARTA publishes an informative quarterly journal, Chronicles of the Trail , which provides people with further history and current affairs of the trail and what CARTA, as an organization, is doing to help preserve it. The Chihuahua Trail

4947-606: The dispute over the Texas-Mexico border with the United States gave rise to the subsequent invasion by US military forces and the Mexican–American War began. One of these forces was commanded by the general Stephen Kearny , who traveled by the Santa Fe Trail to seize the capital of New Mexico. Another of the forces commanded by Colonel Alexander William Doniphan defeated a small group of Mexican contingents on

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5044-400: The events that were taking place in the center of the country to the towns and villages of the internal provinces. During the Mexican War of Independence , the Camino Real was used by both forces, rebels and royal forces. For example, after the liberator Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla launched the war of independence, he used the road to retreat from the Battle of the Bridge of Calderón fought on

5141-418: The first passenger train came to Apaseo. The proximity to Querétaro and Celaya prompted Apaseo to become a metropolis of an agricultural area, where activities take place outside the village, at the haciendas and ranches. In 1904, the population of the town was 4,123 and the district was 27,587. Little local data exists on these years, but it can be inferred that Don Vicente A. Ruiz won the mayoral elections at

5238-435: The growing economic crisis in northern Mexico gave rise to an increased tolerance of this type of trade. In fact, the Santa Fe Trail (Sendero de Santa Fe) provided needed markets for local products (such as cotton) and manufactured products from New Mexico, so New Mexicans looked favorably on this new trade route. By 1827, a lucrative and commercial connection had been forged between Missouri, New Mexico, and Chihuahua. In 1846,

5335-582: The intention to find a trail to bring US commerce into Nuevo México and Nueva Vizcaya (Chihuahua). Pike was captured on 26 February 1807 by the Spanish authorities in northern Nuevo México, who sent him on the Camino Real to the city of Chihuahua for interrogation. While Pike was in this city, he gained access to several maps of México and learned of the discontent with Spanish domination. In 1821, after 11 years of struggle, Mexico gained its independence from Spain. The Camino Real maintained an important role in this period, since travelers brought communication about

5432-411: The journey was the crossing of the Jornada del Muerto beyond El Paso del Norte: nearly 100 kilometres (62 mi) of expansive, barren desert without any water sources to hydrate the men and beasts. Beyond the sustenance needs, the greatest danger to the caravan was that of local assaults. Groups of bandits roamed throughout the territory and threatened the caravan from the current state of Mexico to

5529-447: The last decade of the 18th century, a tenuous peace was achieved between the Spaniards and the Apache tribes as a result of the aforementioned administrative and strategic changes. As a consequence, commerce along the Camino Real greatly expanded with products from all over the world, including products from the other provinces of New Spain, brought in over land; European products brought in by the Spanish fleet; and even those that came from

5626-429: The neighboring town of Apaseo el Alto . The initial name of the town and municipality was Apatzeo, first used by Hernán Pérez de Bocanegra y Córdoba, who was apparently influenced by the expression in the Purépecha language meaning "place of weasels". Other names of the city of Apaseo el Grande were Andehe (in the Otomi language ) which appears in an inscription that is in the choir of the parish church and means "by

5723-409: The nephew of José de Gálvez, Bernardo de Gálvez , viceroy of New Spain published his "Instructions " which included three strategies for dealing with the Natives: Continuing the military pressure on hostile and unaligned tribes; Pursuing the formation of alliances with friendly tribes; and promoting economic dependency with those natives who had entered into peace treaties with the Spanish Crown. In

5820-431: The newly appointed colonial governor of the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México , became lost in the desert south of Paso del Norte while seeking the best route to the Río del Norte . A local Indian they had captured named Mompil drew in the sand a map of the only safe passage to the river. The group arrived at the Río del Norte just south of present-day El Paso and Ciudad Juárez in late April, where they celebrated

5917-420: The northern central steppe of Mexico had established the route that would later become the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro as a major thoroughfare for hunting and trading. The route connected the peoples of the Valley of Mexico with those of the north through the exchange of products such as turquoise , obsidian , salt and feathers . By the year AD 1000, a flourishing trade network existed from Mesoamerica to

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6014-423: The old part of Apaseo: most properties had belonged to Liberals but the Mayorazgo Hacienda had belonged to Muñoz Ledo, a Conservative. Among those who rose to defend the Republic and attack Franco-Mexican garrisons along the old Camino Real (then called the National Road) was a female bandit captain called "La Carambada". Her main point of assault was cerca pinta near Caleras de Ameche. With discontent throughout

6111-446: The original UNESCO designation. 1351-000: Historic center of Mexico City . 1351-001: Old College of Templo de San Francisco Javier (Tepotzotlán) in Tepotzotlán . 1351-002: Aculco de Espinoza . 1351-003: Bridge of Atongo . 1351-004: Section of the Camino Real between Aculco de Espinoza and San Juan del Río . 1351-005: Templo and exconvento de San Francisco in Tepeji del Río de Ocampo and bridge. 1351-006: Section of

6208-407: The original route (at one point designated U.S. Route 85 but later superseded with US Interstate Highways 10 and 25 ) has been designated a National Scenic Byway called El Camino Real . Pedestrian, bicycle, and equestrian trails have been added to portions of the trade route corridor over the past few decades. These include the existing Paseo del Bosque Trail in Albuquerque and portions of

6305-436: The power to collect property taxes and user fees , although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own income. The largest municipality by population in Guanajuato and third largest in Mexico is León , with 1,721,215 residents or approximately 27.9% of the state population. The smallest municipality by population is Atarjea with 5,296 residents. The largest municipality by land area

6402-415: The products, prices, and animals that they found on their journeys. With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed in February 1848, the war officially ended, with Mexico ceding most of its northern territories to the US, including parts of what are now the US states of New Mexico , Colorado , Arizona , and all of California , Nevada and Utah . The name is sometimes a source of confusion, since during

6499-465: The proposed Rio Grande Trail . Its northern terminus, Santa Fe , is also a terminus of the Old Spanish Trail and the Santa Fe Trail . Along the trail, parajes (stopovers) that have been preserved today include El Rancho de las Golondrinas . Fort Craig and Fort Selden are also located along the trail. The El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Trail Association (CARTA) is a non-profit trail organization that aims to help promote, educate, and preserve

6596-432: The public funds. Frías then robbed the railway station and telegraph office. They used some of the money to buy food for the Cristeros guerrillas and departed. When diplomacy brought an agreement between the bishops and the Mexican government, the conflict effectively ended, and church bells were rung for the first time in almost three years. Public worship resumed in the Parish Church of Apaseo on July 12, 1929. In 1939,

6693-546: The public services for their constituents. The municipal council consists of a variable number of trustees and councillors ( regidores y síndicos ). Municipalities are responsible for public services (such as water and sewerage), street lighting, public safety, traffic, and the maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries. They may also assist the state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. Since 1984, they have had

6790-487: The rebel Colonel Don Antonio Velasco attacked Apaseo, defeating the village's small colonial garrison. The following year, Apaseo established additional colonial garrisons at the haciendas El Tunal and Obrajuelo. Agustin de Iturbide began a relentless war against the insurgents in Bajio, working with Apaseo Parish Priest Don Manuel María Rodeles and families of the village. In late 1815, the insurgents were active near Apaseo and on December 19 they killed three soldiers form

6887-505: The region's defence. As the costly Chichimeca War entered its fourth decade, the colonial authorities reversed their aggressive treatment of the Chichimeca and introduced the "peace by purchase" policy, countering the insurgency by rewarding peaceful behavior while taking steps to settle them in villages and assimilate them. During the 1640s, Apaseo embarked upon a period of economic expansion through ranching in Ixtla, el Peñón and Apaseo el Alto, and fabric manufacturing in Ixtla. The village

6984-557: The risks became smaller as haciendas and population centers emerged. During the 18th century, the sites along the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro increased significantly. The area between the villas of Durango and Santa Fe came to be known as "the Chihuahua Trail". The villa of San Felipe el Real (today city of Chihuahua ), established in 1709 to support the surrounding mines, became the most important commercial center and financial area along this segment. The villa of San Felipe Neri de Alburquerque (present-day Albuquerque, New Mexico )

7081-475: The road being a World Heritage Site. Five of them ( Mexico City , Querétaro , Guanajuato , San Miguel de Allende and Zacatecas ) had been separately recognized in the past. The original historical route does not exactly match the route identified by UNESCO, since UNESCO's declaration omitted several sections such as the portion that ran north of Valle de Allende in Chihuahua and the portion that ran through

7178-399: The route. In 1765, the population of El Paso del Norte was estimated to be 2,635 inhabitants, which created what was then the largest urban center on the northern border of New Spain. El Paso del Norte became an important center of agriculture and rancheria, known for its wines, brandy, vinegar, and raisins. In the 18th century, the Spanish Crown authorized the establishment of fairs along

7275-637: The soldiers provided an estimate of the population of several cities along the Camino, including: Algodones, New Mexico , with 1,000 inhabitants; Bernalillo with 500; Sandía Pueblo with 300 to 400, Albuquerque without an estimated number but extant for seven or eight miles along the Rio Grande ; Rancho de los Placeres with 200 or 300; Tomé with 2,000; Socorro , described as a "considerable city"; Paso del Norte with 5,000 to 6,000, and Carrizal, Chihuahua , with 400 inhabitants. The soldiers even kept notes of

7372-409: The start of a slow and gradual drying of the spring El Nacimiento, bringing an end to cheap water and large-density irrigation in the municipality. The loss of arable land was estimated at 105 caballerías or 4,440 acres (18.0 km), leading to Apaseo's descent into poverty. This would be partially alleviated decades later, after the establishment of factories in the city. In 1958, the construction of

7469-430: The state level of 25.7. Municipalities of Guanajuato Municipalities in Guanajuato are administratively autonomous of the state according to the 115th article of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico . Every three years, citizens elect a municipal president (Spanish: presidente municipal ) by a plurality voting system who heads a concurrently elected municipal council ( ayuntamiento ) responsible for providing all

7566-443: The state of Querétaro , seeking articles of value. And from the southern part of Zacatecas onward to the north, the greatest threat was the native Chichimecas , who became more likely to attack as the caravan progressed further north. The main objective of the Chichimecas was horses, but they would also often take women and children. A series of presidios along the way allowed for relays of troops to provide additional protection to

7663-467: The then Marqués de Rubí ) gives a description of the frontier of New Spain in his " Viaje a los presidios internos de la América septentrional" , the product of an expedition that took place between 1766 and 1768. This expedition was part of a larger commission on the defensive issues and military capabilities entrusted by the Spanish Crown to the Marquis of Rubí, to assess the tactical placement of

7760-525: The throne, and toured the Bajío in August 1864. He was warmly received in Apaseo, though Liberals including Don Canuto Gómez hid the temple bell clappers, forcing improvisation using hammers to ring the bells for the Emperor's party. Marshal François Achille Bazaine married on June 26, 1865, and Maximilian provided a dowry of two farms in Apaseo. The new government had seized and redistributed more than half of

7857-709: The title of city. The administration of President Plutarco Elías Calles felt its revolutionary initiatives were challenged by the Catholic Church, and instituted anti-clerical laws leading to the Cristero War (1926–1929). On July 31, 1926, the Mexican Episcopate declared suspension of Catholic worship. The priests of the parish decided to hide in Apaseo, and the Apaseenses Cristeros faced federal army troops on January 4, 1927, at

7954-636: The town in what would become known as the Bajío Industrial Corridor. The first major move was the relocation of a Procter & Gamble factory. In October 1996, a new state hospital opened. As of March 29, 2021, Apaseo el Grande reported 1,354 confirmed cases and 139 deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico . Alejandro Galicia Juárez PRD , candidate for alderman , was murdered on March 31, 2021. Mayor Juan Ignacio de la Cruz Ávila

8051-412: The town of Noria de San Pantaleón . 1351-033: Sierra de Órganos . 1351-034: Architectural set of the town of Chalchihuites . 1351-035: Section of the Camino Real between Ojocaliente and Zacatecas . 1351-036: Cave of Ávalos . 1351-037: Historic center of Zacatecas . 1351-038: Sanctuary of Plateros . 1351-039: Historic center of San Luis Potosí . 1351-040: Chapel of San Antonio of

8148-410: The town of San José de Avino . 1351-047: Chapel of the Hacienda de la Inmaculada Concepción of Palmitos de Arriba . 1351-048: Chapel of the Hacienda de la Limpia Concepción of Palmitos de Abajo . 1351-049: Architectural set of Nazas . 1351-050: Town of San Pedro del Gallo . 1351-051: Architectural set of the town of Mapimí . 1351-052: Town of Indé . 1351-053: Chapel of San Mateo of

8245-557: The triumph of the Revolution Maderista , and continued his post as Political Chief until the Battle of Celaya. Ruiz managed to take several progressive measures, notably the introducing electricity, drilling for a water supply and organizing civil defenses. Pancho Villa and Venustiano Carranza disagreed on how to reorganize the country and reached their breaking point on October 10, 1914. Apaseo witnessed fighting between

8342-478: The two sides in the Battle of Celaya (April 6–15, 1915). General Cesareo Castro's cavalry emerged from the forests of the La Labor Hacienda, and played a decisive role in the victory over Villa's army. Ruiz disappeared in the battle, along with many young Apaseenses who fought for Villa under his command. They may have formed the bandidos (outlaw group) "Los del Cerro de la Rosa", whose uprising led to

8439-532: The uprising approached Celaya in September 1810, a panic broke out in the city. Starting on 22 September, Spaniards fled to refuge at Querétaro. On September 26, in perhaps the first offensive action, colonial troops attacked Apaseo to arrest Busce, who was accused of complicity with the insurgents. During mid-November, 7,000 men under command of Don Felix Maria Calleja stayed overnight in Apaseo, while preparing to engage Allende's rebels. On September 9, 1812,

8536-603: The water". Another name, used by the viceroy Antonio de Mendoza , was Atlayahualco, from the Nahuatl language, meaning "by the lake". On February 22, 1957, the Legislature of the State of Guanajuato ordered the publication in the Official Gazette of the State of Guanajuato, Decree Number 64, by which the city and the municipality of Apaseo took the nickname 'Apaseo el Grande' ("greater" or "larger"). This change

8633-634: The west by Celaya . The city is located at an altitude of 1,767 metres (5,797 ft) on the margins of the watercourse of the Querétaro river, a tributary of the Laja River which flows into the Lerma River . Apaseo el Grande extends over an area of 415.26 km (160.33 sq mi), or 1.37% of the total area of the state. It ranks 20th of 46 municipalities in Guanajuato according to its 2010 Urbanization Index value of 0.59, much lower than

8730-467: The wounded and also sent his doctor to treat them. The eventual Liberal victory meant full implementation of the 1857 Constitution and the reform laws , mainly the Confiscation (Disentailment) Act, which affected the church and community assets. In Apaseo, substantial church properties were expropriated, including several farms. During the second French intervention in Mexico (1861–1867), when

8827-458: Was alternatively called "La Puerta de Tierra Adentro" ("The Door of Tierra Adentro"). There have historically been several designated "Caminos Reales de Tierra Adentro" throughout New Spain, perhaps the second most important one after the road to Santa Fe being the one that led out of Saltillo, Coahuila, to the Province of Texas . The section of the road that runs through Mexico was nominated to

8924-494: Was captured and executed, and it seemed there was victory of the royal arms over the insurgency in Apaseo. After Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero agreed to end the conflict in 1821, the Spanish garrison left Apaseo. By November 1821, independence was recognized across the country. Apaseo retained its municipal status under the new government, and on April 14, 1826, elected its first constitutional mayor, Don José Pablo Gomez. In 1830, Apaseo's textile mills failed, as did others across

9021-555: Was founded in 1706 and it also became an important terminal. Because of its defensive position on the Camino Real, the Villa de Alburquerque became the center of commercial exchange between Nuevo México and the rest of New Spain during the 18th century, trading cattle, wool, textiles, animal skins, salt, and nuts. This exchange occurred mainly with the mining cities of Chihuahua, Santa Bárbara , and Parral . El Paso del Norte (present-day Ciudad Juárez ) became another major terminal on

9118-400: Was inhabited mostly by Indians, especially Otomi, who were already in the process of assimilating. Many had adopted Spanish surnames such as Valencia, Arrieta, Esparragoza, Sánchez, and González; others translated names like Águila (Eagle) or Conejo (Rabbit). Blacks and mulattos were employed as servants on farms centered around the village of Ixtla. In 1690, Apaseo's baptistery was expanded to

9215-495: Was intended to resolve conflicts caused by the use of the nickname 'Apaseo el Bajo' ("Lower Apaseo") by residents of the smaller neighboring town of Apaseo el Alto ("Upper Apaseo"). The location of Apaseo el Grande – probably along with other towns in the region such as Izcuinapan (San Miguel Viejo, near San Miguel de Allende ) and Tlachco (the present city of Querétaro ) – was inhabited by various indigenous groups of Nahuatl , Otomi and Guamar peoples from ancient times and as

9312-675: Was proclaimed the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail , a part of the National Historic Trail system, on October 13, 2000. The historic route is overseen by both the National Park Service and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management with aid from the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Trail Association (CARTA). A portion of the trail near San Acacia, New Mexico , was listed on

9409-748: Was seriously injured. The 2012 Mayoral elections were won by Mr. Lorenzo Licea Rojas from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in alliance with the Green Party (PVEM). The opposition is formed by the National Action Party (PAN) and Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). The H. City Council was formed as follows. The Municipality is organized into 49 communities, represented by elected delegates. The Federal Deputy of District XIV

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