Misplaced Pages

#696303

95-426: The province borders Cagayan to the north and east, Abra and Ilocos Norte to the west, and Kalinga to the south. Prior to 1995, Kalinga and Apayao comprised a single province named Kalinga-Apayao , which was partitioned to better service the needs of individual ethnic groups. With a population of 124,366 (as of the 2020 census) covering an area of 4,413.35 square kilometres (1,704.00 sq mi), Apayao

190-564: A lone legislative district . The 7 municipalities of the province comprise a total of 133 barangays , with Barangay Malama in Conner as the most populous in 2015, and Eleazar in Calanasan as the least. The population of Apayao in the 2020 census was 124,366 people, with a density of 28 inhabitants per square kilometre or 73 inhabitants per square mile. Based on the 2000 census survey, Ilocanos comprised 49,328  ( 50.82%) of

285-699: A density of 140 inhabitants per square kilometre or 360 inhabitants per square mile. The majority of people living in Cagayan are of Ilocano descent, mostly from migrants coming from the Ilocos Region . Originally, the more numerous groups were the Ibanags , who were first sighted by the Spanish explorers and converted to Christianity by missionaries, the reason why the Ibanag language had spread throughout

380-478: A resolution), was organized through EO No. 200 . Difficulties in transportation led to the decision to abandon Tauit as a municipal district and to be represented by Luna. Tauit was abolished through EO No. 13 , issued on January 21, 1936 and effective February 1, with remaining territories annexed as a single barrio to Luna. These territories were established as the municipal district of Pudtol upon its creation on December 3, 1956 through EO No. 217 . Parts of

475-644: A second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of public works projects. This caused the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis , which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and social unrest. With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained

570-475: A sub-province of Cagayan province. The Americans established the Mountain Province on August 13, 1908, with the enactment of Act No. 1876 . Apayao was incorporated; and along with Amburayan , Benguet , Bontoc, Ifugao , Kalinga , and Lepanto, became sub-provinces of this new province. In the early years, the sub-province underwent series of territorial changes: In the early years, Apayao as

665-580: A sub-province was divided into seven municipal districts, all Isneg predominated. While the Isneg clashed with the Philippine Constabulary in the early years, the families attempted to escape the area and go into the mountains of Ilocos Norte and Abra . They were involved in an attack in Tauit in 1913. In 1942, Japanese Imperial forces entered Apayao, starting a three-year occupation of

760-402: A sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis , which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and social unrest. With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years. This period in Philippine history

855-539: A turning point when coverage of the murder led to public outrage. It was the first time since the 1972 declaration of Martial Law where the mainstream Philippine press managed to report on the arrests of civilians under Martial Law, and the turn of public opinion against both the Chico River Dam and Martial law, coupled with the united anger of the various peoples of the Cordillera Mountains led

950-503: A year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years. This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses , particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against

1045-537: Is Tuguegarao , the largest city of that province as well as the regional center of Cagayan Valley. It is about 431 kilometres (268 mi) northwest of Manila , and includes the Babuyan Islands to the north. The province borders Ilocos Norte and Apayao to the west, and Kalinga and Isabela to the south. Cagayan was one of the early provinces that existed during the Spanish colonial period. Called La Provincia de Cagayan , its borders essentially covered

SECTION 10

#1732773095697

1140-496: Is basically composed of farmlands. The prevailing climate in the province falls under Corona's Type III Classification . It is characterized by relatively dry and wet seasons, from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year. Heaviest rain during December to February while the month of May is the warmest. Apayao is biologically diverse. The province is sanctuary to 139 bird species, 61 of which are endemic and 4 threatened. It also has 43 species of wild food plants eaten by

1235-628: Is devoted to agricultural production, particularly food and industrial crops such as palay , corn , coffee , root crops and vegetables . Fruits produced include lanzones , citrus , bananas and pineapples , durian , santol , rambutan , coconut and mangosteen . Rice production totaled 98,489 metric tons in 2011. Parts of Apayao are home to rice terraces . Economic activity is also based on livestock and poultry breeding such as swine, carabao, cattle, goat and sheep. Other additional investment includes manufacturing, food processing, furniture, crafts and house wares making. Updated records of

1330-524: Is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses , particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. The Kalinga-Apayao became known as a flashpoint of conflict between the Marcos dictatorship and the various indigenous peoples who lived in the area, because of the Chico River Dam Project , which, even if only

1425-676: Is said to have also shared etymology with Cagayan de Oro in Mindanao with the similar reference, also called Cagayan River . Cagayan has a prehistoric civilization with rich and diverse culture. According to archaeologists, the earliest man in the Philippines probably lived in Cagayan thousands of years ago. In the classical era, Gattaran and Lal-lo was the home of hunter-gatherers who specialized in hunting mollusks. These hunter-gatherers have stockpiled their leftover mollusk shells in numerous sites in Gattaran and Lal-lo, until eventually,

1520-505: Is still referred to as Cagayan Valley . A folk legend holds that the name was originally derived from the tagay , a plant that grows abundantly in the northern part of the province. The term Catagayan , "the place where the tagay grows" was shortened to Cagayan . Linguists, however, hold that cagayan comes from an ancient, lost word that means "river". Variations of this word— karayan , kayan , kahayan, kayayan , kagayan and kalayan —all mean river , referring to Cagayan River . It

1615-588: Is the least densely-populated province in the Philippines, the least developed province in Luzon and one of the poorest. By 20th century, Apayao is predominated by the Isneg people. They are located primarily in the highland municipalities of Kabugao and Calanasan . Majority of them live in scattered settlements along the upper reaches of the Apayao-Abulug River; while some along a major tributary of

1710-492: The 1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite as a sham election. He disappeared without a trace in August 1980 after unknown men tried to capture him in front of his students the day before. He was later honored by having his name inscribed on the wall of remembrance of the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani , in recognition of his martyrdom while resisting authoritarianism. During that time, logging concessions were awarded in

1805-570: The Armed Forces of the Philippines Civil Relations Service. The stand-off deteriorated into a series of gun-battles throughout the town, with Florendo being killed presumably in a crossfire inside the hotel and Aguinaldo managing to escape and go into hiding before later surrendering and being cleared of legal charges by winning reelection in 1992. He was later elected congressman in 1998 but was assassinated by

1900-730: The Cordillera mountains and those north of the Caraballo mountains ) including the islands in the Balintang Channel were organized into one large political unit called the La Provincia de Cagayán . The provincia' s territorial delineation encompassed the present provinces of Batanes , Isabela , Quirino , Nueva Vizcaya , including portions of Kalinga , Apayao , Mountain Province , Ifugao , and Aurora . Its capital

1995-527: The Department of Trade and Industry Provincial Office reveal that existing industries in the province are furniture, garment craft, food processing, gifts and house wares, and agricultural support. The people of Apayao also have a rich tradition of basket, handicraft, and textile weaving. Tauit (or Tawit ), an Isneg settlement along the lower Apayao-Abulug River, was a former municipal district and Apayao's first sub-provincial capital (1907–1915) until

SECTION 20

#1732773095697

2090-768: The Fall of Bataan . Little fighting occurred in the sub-province, but a number of Isneg fought with the American and Filipino forces in the Cagayan Valley and in the neighboring areas. The war and the post-war era seen development among the Isnegs, although slowly. On June 18, 1966, the huge Mountain Province was split into four provinces with the enactment of Republic Act No. 4695 . The four provinces were Benguet, Bontoc (renamed "Mountain Province"), Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao. Kalinga-Apayao, along with Ifugao, became one of

2185-777: The Ferdinand Marcos administration to give up on the dam project. As a result, the Chico River Dam Project is now considered a landmark case study concerning ancestral domain issues in the Philippines. After Marcos was finally deposed by the civilian-led People Power Revolution in 1986, many of the activists who had joined the underground movement decided to "surface," as the new administration of Corazon Aquino released political prisoners and initiated peace talks. However, anti-left sentiment in Aquino's new cabinet, which included figures who had sided with

2280-697: The Maritime Jade Road , one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world, operating for 3,000 years from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE. Even before the Spaniards came to Cagayan, the Cagayanos have already made contact with various civilizations like the Chinese , Japanese and even Indians , as evidenced by various artifacts and even the presence of minor to moderate foreign linguistic elements in

2375-727: The Martial Law period under President Ferdinand Marcos . His influence enabled the construction of Port Irene, a modernized international harbor facility in Santa Ana that was named after Marcos' daughter Irene , which later formed the basis for the creation of the Cagayan Special Economic Zone and Freeport , whose enabling law was authored by Enrile as a Senator in 1995 and now includes Santa Ana and parts of Aparri . Loan-funded government spending to promote Ferdinand Marcos’ 1969 reelection campaign caused

2470-611: The Matalag River in Conner . Although Apayao which was then part of Cagayan , was among the earliest areas penetrated by the Spaniards in the Cordilleras, the region, inhabited by the Isneg tribe, remained largely outside Spanish control until late in the 19th century. As early as 1610, the Dominican friars established a mission in what is now the town of Pudtol . In 1684, the friars again made attempts to convert

2565-657: The New People's Army in 2001. Cagayan has been heavily impacted by changing weather pattern changes resulting from climate change, with the 2020 Ulysses flood being counted as one of the most severe examples. In November 2020, Typhoon Vamco (locally known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ulysses) crossed the country, dams from all around Luzon neared their spilling points, forcing them to release large amounts of water into their impounds including Magat Dam. The dam opened all of its 7 gates at 24 metres (79 ft), releasing over 5,037 cubic metres (1,331,000 US gal) of water into

2660-492: The People Power Revolution two weeks after the election, and in the following one year in which the Philippines was under an interim provisional revolutionary government between 1986 and 1987. This included Enrile, whose failed attempt to lead a coup against Marcos was one of the precipitating events behind the revolution, and former Cagayan Governor Teresa J. Dupaya, who supported the opposition during

2755-529: The Province of Cagayan ( Ilocano : Probinsia ti Cagayan ; Ibanag : Provinsiya na Cagayan ; Itawit : Provinsiya ya Cagayan ; Isnag : Provinsia nga Cagayan ; Ivatan : Provinsiya nu Cagayan ; Gaddang : Provinsia na Cagayan ; Filipino : Lalawigan ng Cagayan ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley region , covering the northeastern tip of Luzon . Its capital

2850-673: The Reform the Armed Forces Movement , made the peace process difficult, and negotiations eventually collapsed, and the insurgency in Kalinga-Apayao persisted. By December 1988, 52% of the barangays in the province were controlled by the New People's Army communist insurgent group while 43% are "under its influence" according to the House of Representatives Committee on National Defense . Another event in 1986 marked

2945-556: The UNESCO Atlas of the World's Endangered Languages . All remaining speakers of the languages are among the community's elders. Without a municipality-wide teaching mechanism of the two endangered languages for the youth where the languages are present, the languages may be extinct within 3-5 decades, making them languages in grave peril unless a teaching-mechanism is established by either the government or an educational institution in

Apayao - Misplaced Pages Continue

3040-707: The central plains , and Cebuanos and Hiligaynons from Visayas and Mindanao . Major languages spoken are Ilocano followed by Ibanag , Yogad and Gaddang . Ilocanos and Ibanags speak Ilocano with an Ibanag accent, as descendants of Ilocanos from first generation in Cagayan who lived within Ibanag population learned Ibanag; same situation with Ilocano tinged by Gaddang, Paranan, Yogad, and Itawis accents when descendants of Ilocanos from first generation in Cagayan who lived within Gaddang , Paranan , Yogad , and Itawis populations learned their languages. People especially in

3135-708: The Cagayan River flooding numerous riverside towns. Waters under the Buntun Bridge went up as high as 13 metres (43 ft), flooding the nearby barangays up to the roofs of houses. Because there was very little media coverage of the flooding in the area in the wake of the COVID-19 lockdown in Luzon and the Shutdown of ABS-CBN broadcasting earlier that year, residents resorted to social media to request

3230-532: The Ibanag-Ilocano culture make Cagayan their home; Ibatans are native to Babuyan Island . More recently, a new group from the south, the Muslim Filipinos , have migrated to this province and have made a community for themselves. In addition to this, Tagalog-speaking peoples from Central Luzon and Southern Luzon have also settled in the area, as well as a few Pangasinans and Kapampangans from

3325-620: The Japanese Occupation, several pre-war infantry divisions and regular units of the Philippine Commonwealth Army were re-established during the period on January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946. They established general headquarters, camps and garrisoned troops in the province of Cagayan, and began operations against the Japanese Occupation forces in the Cagayan Valley. This included sending troops to

3420-540: The Japanese pirate-lord Tay Fusa set up his stronghold there before its destruction during the 1582 Cagayan battles . In 1581, Captain Juan Pablo Carreon arrived in Cagayan with a hundred fully equipped soldiers and their families by order of Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñaloza , the fourth Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines . The expeditionary force was sent to explore the Cagayan Valley , to convert

3515-495: The Marcos dictatorship. In Tuguegarao, Camp Marcelo Adduru became the province's main detention center for "political detainees" , who were often never formally charged with a crime, and thus technically not counted by Marcos as "prisoners." Others disappeared without the trace for daring to speak against Marcos, such as Romeo Crismo , a teacher at Cagayan Teacher’s College and St. Louis College in Tuguegarao, who criticized

3610-542: The Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn in the last months of the 1960s. Known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis , this led to social unrest throughout the country beginning with the First Quarter Storm protests of 1970, and incidents of violence like the Plaza Miranda bombing . Marcos responded by vilifying his critics as "communists" and suspending the privilege of

3705-831: The Philippines. The establishment of the civil government of Cagayan through the 1583 Spanish Royal Decree is commemorated in the annual Aggao Nac Cagayan celebrations of the Provincial Government of Cagayan and its people. When the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1898, ending the Spanish–American War , the United States took over the Philippines. It influenced the culture, most notably in agriculture and education, as well as in public works and communications. A naval base also increased interaction between local Filipinos and American sailors and administrators. At

3800-579: The Second World War. After World War II Baldomero Perez of Tuguegarao was temporarily appointed as Governor of Cagayan by the Philippine Civil Affairs Unit, serving until he was replaced by Peregrino R. Quinto in 1946. Beginning in the 1970s, Cagayan became known as a bailiwick of Juan Ponce Enrile of Gonzaga , who as Secretary and later Minister of National Defense became one of the most powerful figures during

3895-762: The beginning of political change in the region, however - the splitting of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army from the New People's Army. Former Catholic priest Conrado Balweg , who had left his calling and joined the NPA in 1979, had been having disagreements with the NPA leadership over tactics and objectives in the Cordillera for four years when he finally decided to split from the NPA in early April 1986, believing that Igorot interests were better served through regional struggles for liberation, rather than

Apayao - Misplaced Pages Continue

3990-477: The capital and commercial centers speak and understand English and Tagalog / Filipino . Tagalogs, Ilocanos, and Ibanags speak Tagalog with an Ibanag accent, as descendants of Tagalogs from first generation in Cagayan who lived within Ibanag population learned Ibanag. Other languages native in the province are Isnag , Itawis , & Ivatan , the latter is native in Babuyan Island. Languages not native in

4085-401: The capital was moved to Kabugao in August 1915 by virtue of Executive Order No. 45 . It had been existed by the time of creation of the sub-province of Apayao. Tauit is said to be the forerunner of the present-day Pudtol . Its seat of government at Barrio Tawit was later divided into four barangays in the municipality. In 1913, a band of Isneg attacked Tauit, as they were infuriated by

4180-519: The close of the 18th century, there were 29 municipalities in the province of Cagayan. After the Philippines came under American sovereignty in 1902, more municipalities were founded. Since then, due to centralization and shifting of populations, the number of municipalities is back to 29. A new wave of immigration began in the late 19th and 20th centuries with the arrival of another group of the Ilocano settlers who came in large numbers. They now constitute

4275-508: The concluding action of the Battle of Leyte Gulf . The Japanese lost 4 carriers, 3 light cruisers and 9 destroyers. In 1945, the combined United States and Philippine troops, together with the recognized guerrillas, took Cagayan. Part of the action were the Filipino soldiers of the 11th and 14th Infantry Regiment, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFIP-NL liberated the province of Cagayan during

4370-410: The creation of the sub-provinces, Tabuc (Tabuk) was designated as the capital of Kalinga. In Apayao, its first sub-provincial capital was Tauit until mid-1915, when it was moved to Kabugao via EO 45 . The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Kalinga-Apayao. During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for

4465-468: The different villages along the rivers all over Cagayan. The Spaniards rightly judged that these various villagers came from a single racial stock and decided to make the Ibanag language the lingua franca , both civilly and ecclesiastically for the entire people of Cagayan which they called collectively as the Cagayanes which later was transliterated to become Cagayanos . Cagayan was a major site for

4560-501: The early years, the sub-provinces underwent series of territorial changes: The sub-provinces became part of Kalinga-Apayao which was created along with three other new provinces comprising the old Mountain Province through Republic Act 4695 on June 18, 1966. Those provinces, with Abra , would become part of the Cordillera Administrative Region , created through EO 220 on July 15, 1987. Since

4655-628: The election and was re-appointed to her old post as Governor when the provisional government was established. Cagayan was also the site of the Hotel Delfino Siege in Tuguegarao , which took place on March 4, 1990, when efforts to arrest suspended governor Rodolfo Aguinaldo for supporting rebellions against the government of President Corazon Aquino led to him storming the provincial capitol and taking hostages including his would-be arresting officer, Brigadier General Oscar Florendo of

4750-486: The end of the 1700s, Zambales had 9,888 native families. The see was moved in 1758 to Vigan because of its relative distance. The Spanish influence can still be seen in the massive churches and other buildings. In 1839, Nueva Vizcaya was established as a politico-military province and was separated from Cagayan. Later, Isabela was founded as a separate province on May 1, 1856, its areas carved from southern Cagayan and eastern Nueva Vizcaya territories. During

4845-470: The entire Cagayan Valley , which included the present provinces of Isabela , Quirino , Nueva Vizcaya , Batanes and portions of Kalinga , Apayao , and Aurora . The former capital was Nueva Segovia , which also served as the seat of the Diocese of Nueva Segovia . Today, only 9,295.75 square kilometres (3,589.11 sq mi) remain of the former vastness of the province. The entire region, however,

SECTION 50

#1732773095697

4940-547: The great value placed on deceased ancestors who were buried within these communities, the issue was not just one of livelihood, but also one of sacred grounds. Marcos sent three armed brigades to quell down the protests, resulting in heightened tensions in the area. In 1977 alone, numerous Kalinga dam protesters — including tribal leaders Lumbaya Aliga Gayudan and Macli-ing Dulag, and even a 12-year-old child — were rounded up by these forces and incarcerated for up to two months. The 24 April 1980 murder of Macli-ing Dulag became

5035-452: The indigenous people and 50 species of medicinal plants. The province is home to critically endangered rufous hornbills , lawaan or dipterocarp trees, Raflesia flowers, and the white-winged flying fox . The Philippine Eagle Foundation began its search of eagles in Apayao in 2011 after reports of huge eagles were roaming the area for centuries. On March 22, 2013, scientists discovered

5130-512: The languages of the natives. Various other peoples, mainly the Ilocanos , Pangasinenses , Kapampangans and Tagalogs , as well as Visayans , Moros , Ivatans , and even foreigners like the Chinese, Indians, Arabs , Spaniards and others were further infused to the native Cagayanes to become the modern Cagayano that we know today. The north coast was also the site of a Wokou state when

5225-452: The large number of Ilocano settling in the territory under the protection of the local government. In 1926, Allacapan was founded as its municipal district. In July 1927, the area was separated from Tauit and was organized into an independent one with the same name by virtue of EO No. 68 . It was ceded to the province of Cagayan in 1928. In 1929, a separate municipal district taken from Tauit, Macatel (later renamed Luna through

5320-483: The largest group in the province, and it was only in this large-scale Ilocano immigration & settlement that made Ilocano language replaced Ibanag as the lingua franca of the province. During the Second World War , with air raids by Japanese fighters and bombers, the province of Cagayan suffered much destruction by bombing and later invasion. Japanese Imperial forces entered Cagayan in 1942. While under

5415-410: The late 18th century, the New Spain government encouraged the expansion of trade and development of commodity crops. Among these was tobacco , and lands in Cagayan became the center of a vertically integrated monopoly: tobacco was grown there and shipped to Manila, where it was processed and made into cigarettes and cigars. The development of the related bureaucracy and accounting systems was done under

5510-400: The leadership of José de Gálvez , who as visitor-general to Mexico from 1765 to 1772 developed the monopoly there and increased revenues to the Crown. He worked in the Philippines as Minister of the Indies from 1776 to 1787, constructing a similar monopoly there under Governor-General Basco y Vargas (1778–1787). The Spanish development of this industry affected all their economic gains in

5605-462: The most essential part of it were built, would have submerged numerous townships in Kalinga, Mountain Province, and Apayao; and would have displaced about 100,000 indigenous people. Marcos sent three armed brigades to subdue protests, resulting in heightened tensions in the area. Apayao was deeply affected by events that took place in its sister sub-province of Kalinga, as well as the neighboring provinces of Abra and Mountain Province (Bontoc, including

5700-450: The municipalities of Gattaran and Baggao . Poverty incidence of Cagayan Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Agricultural products are rice, corn, peanut, beans, and fruits. Livestock products include cattle, hogs, carabaos, and poultry. Fishing various species of fish from the coastal towns is also undertaken. Woodcraft furniture made of hardwood, rattan, bamboo, and other indigenous materials are also available in

5795-424: The national government for rescue. As a result of the catastrophe, the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) indicated that it would review its protocols regarding the release of water in Magat Dam and improve its watershed. Situated within the Cagayan Valley region, the province is bounded by the Philippine Sea on the east; on the south by Isabela province; on the west by the Cordillera Mountains ; and on

SECTION 60

#1732773095697

5890-566: The national-scale conflict pursued by the NPA. In September 1986, the CPLA signed the Mount Data Peace Accord with the government, which led to the creation of what became called the Cordillera Autonomous Region , although attempts to ratify actual autonomy in the region have failed due to non-ratification during plebiscites. Having later been divided into two new provinces, Kalinga and Apayao were separately declared insurgency-free in 2010: Apayao in February, Kalinga in November. By virtue of Republic Act. No 7878, signed on February 14, 1995,

5985-448: The national-scale conflict pursued by the NPA. Either way, this set the stage for negotiations which would eventually lead to the creation of the Cordillera Administrative Region, and Apayao as an independent province within it. In September 1986, the CPLA signed the Mount Data Peace Accord with the government, which led to the creation of what became called the Cordillera Autonomous Region , although attempts to ratify actual autonomy in

6080-399: The natives to Catholicism , and to establish ecclesiastical missions and towns throughout the valley. On June 29, 1583, Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo traced the northern coastline of Luzon and set foot on the Massi (Pamplona), Tular , and Aparri areas. In 1583, through a Spanish Royal Decree , the entire northeastern portion of Luzon (specifically, all territories east of

6175-421: The new administration of Corazon Aquino released political prisoners and initiated peace talks. However, anti-left sentiment in Aquino's new cabinet, which included figures who had sided with the Reform the Armed Forces Movement , made the peace process difficult, and negotiations eventually collapsed, and the insurgency in Kalinga-Apayao persisted. Another event in 1986 marked the beginning of political change in

6270-418: The north by the Balintang Channel and the Babuyan Group of Islands . About 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the northeastern tip of the province is the island of Palaui ; a few kilometers to the west is Fuga Island . The Babuyan Group of Islands , which includes Calayan , Dalupiri , Camiguin , and Babuyan Claro , is about 60 nautical miles (110 km) north of Luzon mainland. The eastern coast forms

6365-466: The northern portion of the Sierra Madre mountain range, while the western limits are generally hilly to low in elevation. The central area, dominated by a large valley, forms the lower basin of the country's longest river, the Cagayan . The mouth is located at the northern town of Aparri . The province of Cagayan comprises an aggregate land area of 9,295.75 square kilometres (3,589.11 sq mi) which constitutes approximately three percent of

6460-450: The northern tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region , and is bounded on the north and east by Cagayan , west by Ilocos Norte , southwest by Abra and south by Kalinga . The province is geographically subdivided into Upper Apayao (composed of the upland municipalities: Calanasan, Conner and Kabugao) and Lower Apayao (the lowland municipalities: Luna, Pudtol, Flora and Sta. Marcela). Plains and valleys are used for farming. Apayao

6555-457: The people and established a church in what is now Kabugao . The Spanish authorities were then able to establish in Cagayan the comandancia s of Apayao and Cabugaoan in 1891, which covered the western and eastern portions of what is now Apayao. The comandancia s, however, failed to bring total control and the Spanish government only maintained a loose hold over the area. Apayao was established through  Act No. 1642 on May 9, 1907 as

6650-409: The position for fourteen more years. This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses , particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. The Kalinga-Apayao became known as a flashpoint of conflict between the Marcos dictatorship and

6745-492: The province are also spoken there such as Maranao , Maguindanaon , Tausug , Pangasinan , Kapampangan , Cebuano and Hiligaynon to varying degrees by their respective ethnic communities within the province. There are two endangered indigenous languages in Cagayan. These are the Dupaninan Agta language (with fewer than 1400 remaining speakers) and the Central Cagayan Agta language (with fewer than 799 remaining speakers); both of these are listed as Vulnerable according to

6840-535: The province by the Marcoses to Enrile and other cronies, leading to the severe degradation of forest cover in the province that contributed to widespread flooding and other environmental issues that persist today. Cagayan saw incidents of political violence during the 1986 Philippine presidential election , including the fatal shooting by militiamen of opposition leader Euginio Coloma in the municipality of Buguey . A number of Cagayanon politicians played parts in

6935-537: The province comprise a total of 820 barangays , with Ugac Sur in Tuguegarao City as the most populous in 2010, and Centro 15 (Poblacion) in Aparri as the least. If cities are excluded, Maura in Aparri has the highest population. Cagayan has a tropical savannah climate ( Aw ) with hot days and warm nights that last year round. The population of Cagayan in the 2020 census was 1,268,603 people, with

7030-484: The province during the Second World War . Local Filipino troops and the military forces of the 11th and 66th Infantry Regiment, Philippine Commonwealth Army , USAFIP-NL, supported by the Cordilleran guerrillas, drove out the Japanese in 1945. During the Second World War , Kabugao was occupied for a year by the Japanese ; an Isneg guerilla force was organized under a United States Army captain who had escaped

7125-418: The province into two new ones, Kalinga and Apayao . As part of a cult of personality , long-time President Ferdinand Marcos made gradual changes to the borders of Kalinga-Apayao over the course of his rule with the aim of making the outline of the province, on a map, resemble the silhouette of his own head, facing towards his own native province of Ilocos Norte . The plan was unfinished when Marcos

7220-441: The province. Kalinga-Apayao Kalinga-Apayao ( IPA: [kaliŋɡa apajaw] ) was a province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in the island of Luzon . It was formed, along with Benguet , Ifugao , and the new Mountain Province , from the earlier Mountain Province, with the passage of Republic Act No. 4695 in 1966. The said law was amended by RA No. 7878 in 1995, which divided

7315-627: The provinces of Cagayan and Isabela , and helping the local soldiers of the 11th and 14th Infantry Regiment of the USAFIP-NL , the local guerrilla fighters and the U.S. liberation forces. They fought against the Japanese Imperial forces from 1942 to 1945. The Battle off Cape Engaño on October 26, 1944, was held off Cape Engaño . At that time American carrier forces attacked the Japanese Northern Force. This became

7410-403: The provinces of the Cagayan Valley region in 1972. The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Kalinga-Apayao. During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects. This caused the Philippine economy took

7505-669: The provincial government announced that they were doing "legwork for the inscription." In July 2024, UNESCO , in the International Coordinating Council of the Man and the Biosphere Programme (ICC MAB) 36th session at Agadir, Morocco , listed Apayao’s 3,960 square kilometers lush forest areas, with Apayao River , a Biosphere Reserve , making it the fourth biosphere reserve in the country. Apayao comprises 7 municipalities , all encompassed by

7600-586: The region have failed due to non-ratification during plebiscites. The Cordillera Administrative Region was established on July 15, 1987, and Kalinga-Apayao was made one of its provinces. Finally, on February 14, 1995, Kalinga-Apayao was split into two independent provinces with the passage of Republic Act No. 7878 . Apayao is basically situated within the Cordillera Central mountains, traversed by many rivers. The province covers an area of 4,413.35 square kilometres (1,704.00 sq mi) forming

7695-490: The region, however - the splitting of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army from the New People's Army. Former Catholic priest Conrado Balweg , who had left his calling and joined the NPA in 1979, had been having disagreements with the NPA leadership over tactics and objectives in the Cordillera for four years when he finally decided to split from the NPA in early April 1986, believing that Igorot interests were better served through regional struggles for liberation, rather than

7790-467: The shells formed into the largest stock of shell-midden sites in the entire Philippines. The Atta or Negritos were the first people in valley. They were later moved to the uplands or variably assimilated by the Austronesians, from whom the Ibanags , Itawes , Yogads, Gaddangs , Irayas and Malawegs descended - who actually came from one ethnicity. These are the people found by the Spaniards in

7885-534: The stronghold of critically endangered Philippine eagles , the country's national bird, in Luzon island within the vicinity of the Calanasan Lowland Forest. In January 2015, the town of Calanasan initiated a program which protected 3,000 hectares of forests under its jurisdiction. Additionally, the province of Apayao is one of the very few in the country that has an approved forest land use plan (FLUP). The first active Philippine eagle nest in Apayao

7980-499: The struggle against the Chico Dam Project, the struggle against the encroachment on indigenous lands of logging company Cellophil Resources Corporation owned by Marcos crony Herminio Disini, and the rise of multiple armed Cordilleran autonomy movements. After Marcos was finally deposed by the civilian-led People Power Revolution in 1986, many of the activists who had joined the underground movement decided to "surface," as

8075-514: The sub-provinces in Kalinga-Apayao were converted into two new provinces, Kalinga and Apayao , with their capitals remaining the same as before. Both comprise the same municipalities that were formerly part of these sub-provinces. Majority of voters in Kalinga-Apayao ratified the law in a plebiscite on May 8, 1995. Later created, as municipal districts: as municipality: Later created, as municipal districts: as municipality: Former municipal districts: Abolished: Quirino By

8170-408: The territories of Pudtol and Luna were later established as the municipalities of Flora and Santa Marcela ; meanwhile, Tauit also comprised some parts of Lasam in Cagayan. At present, remnants of Tauit are located in northeastern Apayao and in few parts of Cagayan. Download coordinates as: Cagayan Cagayan ( / k ɑː ɡ ə ˈ j ɑː n / kah-gə- YAHN ), officially

8265-516: The time Kalinga-Apayao was established, eight municipalities remained part of the subprovince of Kalinga, six municipalities in the Subprovince of Apayao as well. Within almost three decades, two new municipalities were later created. On the same day of the creation of the province, Pasil in Kalinga was created ( RA 4741 ); also, Santa Marcela in Apayao in 1967 ( RA 4974 ). Meanwhile,

8360-425: The total land area of the country, making it the second largest province in the region. Cagayan comprises 28 municipalities and one city divided into three congressional districts . It has 820 barangays . Tuguegarao City (as of December 18, 1999) is the provincial capital, regional seat, and center of business, trade, and education and the only city in the province. The 28 municipalities and 1 city of

8455-523: The total provincial population of 97,058, while almost 1/3 of the population were Isnag at 29,071  ( 29.95%) . Other ethnic groups in the province were the Malaueg at 3,580  ( 3.69%) , Itneg at 3,380  ( 3.48%) , Kalinga at 2,992  ( 3.08%) , Kankanaey at 1,208  ( 1.24%) , Bontoc at 1,014  ( 1.04%) , and Ibaloi at 979  ( 1.01%) . Poverty incidence of Apayao Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Apayao

8550-552: The valley region prior to the arrival of the migrating Ilocanos. Cagayan is predominantly Roman Catholic with 85% of the population affiliated and the Aglipayan Church has a very strong minority in the province. The Iglesia Ni Cristo has three ecclesiastical districts in the province with 4-5% of the population. Aside from Ilocanos and Ibanags, Malawegs , Itawits , Gaddangs , Isnags , groups of nomadic Aetas , as well as families of Ibatans who have assimilated into

8645-475: The various indigenous peoples who lived in the area, because of the Chico River Dam Project , which, even if only the most essential part of it were built, would have encompassed the municipalities of Tinglayan , Lubuagan , Pasil , and parts of Tabuk in Kalinga Province , as well as numerous municipalities in Mountain Province ; and would have displaced about 100,000 indigenous people. Because

8740-531: The writ of habeas corpus through Proclamation No. 889 in August 1971, but this had the effect of pushing moderate student protesters towards the radical left, and causing many of them to go home to their home provinces like Cagayan. Marcos' actions thus lead the Marxist–Leninist–Maoist Communist Party of the Philippines to gain a significant presence in many Cagayan municipalities, although not as much in Tuguegarao itself. With only

8835-649: Was Nueva Segovia (the present municipality of Lal-lo ). It was sometimes called Cagayán de Luzón to distinguish from other places bearing the name Cagayan. The Spanish friars soon established mission posts in Camalaniugan and Lal-lo ( Nueva Segovia ), which became the seat of the Diocese established by Pope Clement VIII on August 14, 1595. A founding population of 200 Spanish citizens from Europe accompanied by 100 soldiers set up settlements across Cagayan Valley . These people were in turn supplemented by 155 Latin American soldiers recruited from Mexico By

8930-528: Was discovered in July 2015. On 9 July 2018, the provincial government of Apayao announced their intent for the province to be a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve . The province, which possesses more than 286,000 hectares of virgin forests, also noted that they have sent four of their personnel to train in the United States under the US Foreign Service to hasten the declaration of the site. On January 16, 2019,

9025-420: Was overthrown in 1986 . Prior to the establishment of the province, the sub-provinces of Kalinga and Apayao, upon their establishment through Act No. 1642 in 1907, were used to be part of Lepanto-Bontoc (as Kalinga was taken from Cagayan and Isabela ) and Cagayan provinces respectively. The sub-provinces were annexed into the Mountain Province which was established through Act No. 1876 in 1908. In

#696303