Ape House is a 2010 novel by Sara Gruen . It received generally mixed reviews.
123-482: A group of reporters visit the Great Ape Language Lab - a laboratory where bonobos are trained to communicate with humans by using American Sign Language and computer software to communicate with the scientist involved. Perhaps the most amazing phenomenon is that the bonobos actually want to communicate with humans, so much so that they pass it down to their young. But soon after the reporters leave,
246-499: A Golden Globe winner. GW has over 1,100 active alumni in the U.S. Foreign Service and is one of the largest feeder schools for the diplomatic corps . The first President of the United States , George Washington , long favored the establishment of a university in a central part of the United States. He advocated for its establishment to the U.S. Congress and others throughout his political career. Washington envisioned
369-499: A college to educate citizens from throughout the young nation in Washington, D.C. A large building was constructed on College Hill, which is now known as Meridian Hill . On February 9, 1821, President Monroe approved the congressional charter , creating the non-denominational Columbian College. Washingtonians, Congress, and the academic community celebrated this new institution as the fulfillment of Washington's vision. In 1824,
492-507: A conflict, when they stand back-to-back and rub their scrotal sacs together, but such behavior also occurs outside agonistic contexts: Kitamura (1989) observed rump–rump contacts between adult males following sexual solicitation behaviors similar to those between female bonobos prior to GG-rubbing. Takayoshi Kano observed similar practices among bonobos in the natural habitat. Tongue kissing, oral sex, and genital massaging have also been recorded among male bonobos. Wild females give birth for
615-656: A cosmologist, produced the Big Bang theory at the university in the 1930s and 1940s. On January 26, 1939, Niels Bohr announced that Otto Hahn had successfully split the atom at the Fifth Washington Conference on theoretical physics in the Hall of Government. During the Vietnam War era, Thurston Hall, an undergraduate dormitory housing 1,116 students at 1900 F Street NW, located three blocks from
738-517: A faculty of retired and current professionals – including CNN correspondents, journalists, political analysts, and campaign professionals. The school is consistently ranked in the top 10 programs in the nation. The Corcoran School of the Arts and Design is one of the oldest arts education institutions in the United States. It is a school of the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences . It
861-737: A female bonobo from Leipzig Zoo was deposited with the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank) under the EMBL accession number AJFE01000000 after a previous analysis by the National Human Genome Research Institute confirmed that the bonobo genome is about 0.4% divergent from the chimpanzee genome. Relationships of bonobos to humans and other apes can be determined by comparing their genes or whole genomes . While
984-846: A female bonobo with several allies supporting her has extremely high success in monopolizing food sources. Different communities favour different prey. In some communities females exclusively hunt and have a preference for rodents, in others both sexes hunt, and will target monkeys. In captive settings, females exhibit extreme food-based aggression towards males, and forge coalitions against them to monopolize specific food items, often going as far as to mutilate any males who fail to heed their warning. In wild settings, however, female bonobos will quietly ask males for food if they had gotten it first, instead of forcibly confiscating it, suggesting sex-based hierarchy roles are less rigid than in captive colonies. Female bonobos are known to lead hunts on duikers and successfully defend their bounty from marauding males in
1107-645: A female into mating with him, female bonobos enjoy greater sexual preferences and can rebuff undesirable males, an advantage of female-female bonding, and actively seek out higher-ranking males. Bonobo party size tends to vary because the groups exhibit a fission–fusion pattern . A community of approximately 100 will split into small groups during the day while looking for food, and then will come back together to sleep. They sleep in nests that they construct in trees. Female bonobos more often than not secure feeding privileges and feed before males do, although they are rarely successful in one-on-one confrontations with males,
1230-437: A female nucleus of bonobo society. The bonding among females enables them to dominate most of the males. Adolescent females often leave their native community to join another community. This migration mixes the bonobo gene pools , providing genetic diversity . Sexual bonding with other females establishes these new females as members of the group. Bonobo clitorises are larger and more externalized than in most mammals; while
1353-497: A group of bonobos in Salonga National Park , which seemed to reflect deliberate cooperative hunting. On three occasions, the hunt was successful, and infant monkeys were captured and eaten. There is one inferred intraspecies killing in the wild, and a confirmed lethal attack in captivity. In both cases, the attackers were female and the victims were male. The bonobo is an omnivorous frugivore ; 57% of its diet
SECTION 10
#17327831042731476-478: A high rank and act as coalitionary partners to the alpha female, often taking initiative in coordinating the groups movements. These males may outrank not only the other males in the group, but also many females. Certain males alert the group to any possible threats, protecting the group from predators such as pythons and leopards. Aggressive encounters between males and females are rare, and males are tolerant of infants and juveniles. A male derives his status from
1599-417: A juvenile chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ). Schwarz published his findings in 1929, classifying the bonobo as a subspecies of chimpanzee, Pan satyrus paniscus . In 1933, American anatomist Harold Coolidge elevated it to species status. Major behavioural differences between bonobos and chimpanzees were first discussed in detail by Tratz and Heck in the early 1950s. Unaware of any taxonomic distinction with
1722-608: A larger range of tool use behaviours than males, a pattern previously described for chimpanzees but not for other great apes". This finding was affirmed by the results of another 2010 study which also found that "bonobos were more skilled at solving tasks related to theory of mind or an understanding of social causality, while chimpanzees were more skilled at tasks requiring the use of tools and an understanding of physical causality". Bonobos have been found to be more risk-averse compared to chimpanzees, preferring immediate rather than delayed rewards when it comes to foraging. Bonobos also have
1845-436: A lethal degree than male bonobos which are more likely to engage in more frequent, yet less intense squabbling. There is also more female to male aggression with bonobos than there is with chimpanzees. Female bonobos are also more aggressive than female chimpanzees, in general. Both bonobos and chimpanzees exhibit physical aggression more than 100 times as often as humans do. Although referred to as peaceful, bonobo aggression
1968-515: A living example of our distant human ancestors. According to Australian anthropologists Gary Clark and Maciej Henneberg , human ancestors went through a bonobo-like phase featuring reduced aggression and associated anatomical changes, exemplified in Ardipithecus ramidus . The first official publication of the sequencing and assembly of the bonobo genome was released in June 2012. The genome of
2091-467: A male bonobo and two female chimpanzees. The two initial pregnancies were aborted because of environmental stressors. The following three pregnancies however led to the birth of three hybrid offspring. A bonobo and chimpanzee hybrid called Tiby was also featured in the 2017 Swedish film The Square . The bonobo is commonly considered to be more gracile than the common chimpanzee. Although large male chimpanzees can exceed any bonobo in bulk and weight,
2214-551: A male threatens the high ranking females and is injured by them, as the larger male is swarmed and outnumbered by a female mob. Because of the promiscuous mating behavior of female bonobos, a male cannot be sure which offspring are his. As a result, the entirety of parental care in bonobos is assumed by the mothers. However, bonobos are not as promiscuous as chimpanzees and slightly polygamous tendencies occur, with high-ranking males enjoying greater reproductive success than low-ranking males. Unlike chimpanzees, where any male can coerce
2337-651: A master's degree in Media and Public Affairs. It is housed in the same building as the Graduate School of Political Management . The Public Affairs Project at GW, part of SMPA, is responsible for the creation and production of the PBS special, Planet Forward . School of Media and Public Affairs (SMPA) was the first in the nation to offer a bachelor's degree in Political Communication. The program boasts
2460-629: A new and separate generic term for pygmy chimpanzees. The name is thought to derive from a misspelling on a shipping crate from the town of Bolobo on the Congo River near the location from which the first bonobo specimens were collected in the 1920s. The bonobo was first recognised as a distinct taxon in 1928 by German anatomist Ernst Schwarz , based on a skull in the Tervuren Museum in Belgium which had previously been classified as
2583-490: A propensity to carry out infanticide. The highly sexual nature of bonobo society and the fact that there is little competition over mates means that many males and females are mating with each other, in contrast to the one dominant male chimpanzee that fathers most of the offspring in a group. The strategy of bonobo females mating with many males may be a counterstrategy to infanticide because it confuses paternity. If male bonobos cannot distinguish their own offspring from others,
SECTION 20
#17327831042732706-489: A research and graduate campus in Ashburn, Virginia (near Dulles International Airport ) which was established in 1991. Starting with a donation of 50 acres (20 ha) from Robert H. Smith, the campus grew to 101 acres (41 ha) by 2010. Besides graduate education, this campus also offers undergraduate education to students, including Health Science, Cybersecurity & Information Technology, and Nursing. Additionally,
2829-583: A role in aiding their sons, and the hierarchy among males is largely reflected by their mother's social status, some motherless males will still successfully dominate some males who do have mothers. Female bonobos have also been observed fostering infants from outside their established community. Bonobos are not known to kill each other, and are generally less violent than chimpanzees, yet aggression still manifests itself in this species. Although female bonobos dominate males and selectively mate with males who do not exhibit aggression toward them, competition between
2952-550: A similar level of aggressiveness. Bonobos live in a male philopatric society where the females immigrate to new communities while males remain in their natal troop. However, it is not entirely unheard of for males to occasionally transfer into new groups. Additionally, females with powerful mothers may remain in their natal clan. Alliances between males are poorly developed in most bonobo communities, while females will form alliances with each other and alliances between males and females occur, including multisex hunting parties. There
3075-483: A weaker spatial memory compared to chimpanzees, with adult bonobos performing comparably to juvenile chimpanzees. The George Washington University The George Washington University ( GW or GWU ) is a private federally-chartered research university in Washington, D.C. , United States. Originally named Columbian College , it was chartered in 1821 by the United States Congress and
3198-447: A wide range of behaviors, including aggressive behavior and more cyclic sexual behavior similar to chimpanzees, even though bonobos show more sexual behavior in a greater variety of relationships. An analysis of female bonding among wild bonobos by Takeshi Furuichi stresses female sexuality and shows how female bonobos spend much more time in estrus than female chimpanzees. Some primatologists have argued that de Waal's data reflect only
3321-856: A year of giving birth, though the female is probably not fertile at this point. Female bonobos carry and nurse their young for four years and give birth on average every 4.6 years. Compared to common chimpanzees, bonobo females resume the genital swelling cycle much sooner after giving birth, enabling them to rejoin the sexual activities of their society. Also, bonobo females which are sterile or too young to reproduce still engage in sexual activity. Mothers will help their sons get more matings from females in oestrus. Adult male bonobos have sex with infants, although without penetration. Adult females also have sex with infants, but less frequently. Infants are not passive participants. They quite often initiate contacts with both adult males and females, as well as with peers. They have also been shown to be sexually active even in
3444-439: Is a confirmed case of a grown male bonobo adopting his orphaned infant brother. A mother bonobo will also support her grown son in conflicts with other males and help him secure better ties with other females, enhancing her chance of gaining grandchildren from him. She will even take measures such as physical intervention to prevent other males from breeding with certain females she wants her son to mate with. Although mothers play
3567-452: Is a documented incident in captivity involving a dominant female abducting an infant from a lower-ranking female, treating the infant roughly and denying it the chance to suckle. During the kidnapping, the infant's mother was clearly distressed and tried to retrieve her infant. Had the zookeepers not intervened, the infant almost certainly would have died from dehydration. This suggests female bonobos can have hostile rivalries with each other and
3690-670: Is also present on the Mount Vernon and Virginia Campuses. The Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration is a graduate school in the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences . Consistently ranked as one of the top Public Affairs Schools in the United States, it is ranked 11th nationwide by U.S. News & World Report . The Trachtenberg School offers Master of Public Policy , Master of Public Administration , and PhD degrees in Public Policy and Public Administration . The school works in partnership with
3813-484: Is believed that genetic admixture has occurred at least two times within the past 550,000 years. In modern times hybridization between bonobos and chimpanzees in the wild is prevented as populations are allopatric and kept isolated on different sides of the Congo river. Within captivity, hybrids between bonobos and chimpanzees have been recorded. Between 1990 and 1992, five pregnancies were conceived and studied between
Ape House - Misplaced Pages Continue
3936-628: Is dominated by females, and severing the lifelong alliance between mothers and their male offspring may make them vulnerable to female aggression. De Waal has warned of the danger of romanticizing bonobos: "All animals are competitive by nature and cooperative only under specific circumstances" and that "when first writing about their behaviour, I spoke of 'sex for peace' precisely because bonobos had plenty of conflicts. There would obviously be no need for peacemaking if they lived in perfect harmony." Surbeck and Hohmann showed in 2008 that bonobos sometimes do hunt monkey species. Five incidents were observed in
4059-592: Is found in a 500,000 km (190,000 sq mi) area within the Congo Basin of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Central Africa. It is predominantly frugivorous , compared to the often highly omnivorous diets and hunting of small monkeys , duiker and other antelope exhibited by common chimpanzees. Bonobos inhabit primary and secondary forest , including seasonally inundated swamp forest . Because of political instability in
4182-480: Is fruit, but this is supplemented with leaves, honey, eggs, meat from small vertebrates such as anomalures , flying squirrels and duikers , and invertebrates . The truffle species Hysterangium bonobo is eaten by bonobos. In some instances, bonobos have been shown to consume lower-order primates . Some claim bonobos have also been known to practise cannibalism in captivity, a claim disputed by others. However, at least one confirmed report of cannibalism in
4305-683: Is home to the first walkable solar-power sidewalk in the world. The project began in 2012 and was completed two years later, inaugurated in October 2014. George Washington University is governed by the GW Board of Trustees, the President of the George Washington University , provost , deans , and department chairs. The university employs over 6,000 faculty members, administrators, and support staff. In 2007, Steven Knapp
4428-542: Is housed in the Corcoran Gallery of Art , the oldest private cultural institution in Washington, D.C. Formerly an independent institution, known as the Corcoran College of Art and Design, the institution later merged the college operations with the George Washington University. The school retained over 20 full-time faculty members, and the college will continue to function as a separate entity within
4551-685: Is located at the intersection of 23rd and I Streets NW due south of Washington Circle , and provides access to the Orange , Blue and Silver lines . The University Hospital is located next to the Metro station entrance. The Foggy Bottom campus contains most of the residence halls in which GW students live. The most notable include Shenkman Hall, Thurston Hall, Madison Hall , Potomac House, Fulbright Hall , Mitchell Hall, Munson Hall , Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Hall , Phillip Amsterdam Hall, Guthridge Hall, Madison Hall, Townhouse Row, South Hall, and
4674-594: Is located primarily on the east side of University Yard. Although teacher education has been offered since the university's founding in 1904, the Graduate School of Education and Human Development officially started in 1909. The school turned its focus to graduate education in 1994. The George Washington University College of Professional Studies (CPS) was founded during the Trachtenberg Presidency. The Graduate School of Political Management
4797-653: Is not restricted to each other, and humans have also been attacked by bonobos, and suffered serious, albeit non-fatal, injuries. Bonobos are far less violent than chimpanzees, though, as lethal aggression is essentially nonexistent among bonobos while being not infrequent among chimpanzees. It has been hypothesized that bonobos are able to live a more peaceful lifestyle in part because of an abundance of nutritious vegetation in their natural habitat, allowing them to travel and forage in large parties. Recent studies show that there are significant brain differences between bonobos and chimpanzees. Bonobos have more grey matter volume in
4920-784: Is notable for its academic diversity, and offers a wide range of majors and courses of study. The Columbian College contains the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration, the School of Media and Public Affairs, and the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design. The Columbian College is primarily housed in Philips Hall, Rome Hall, Smith Hall of Art, MPA Building, Monroe Hall, Hall of Government, 1922 F Street, Corcoran Hall, Bell Hall, Samson Hall, Lisner Hall, and many other places around campus. The college
5043-451: Is provided. These physical characteristics and its posture give the bonobo an appearance more closely resembling that of humans than the common chimpanzee does. The bonobo also has highly individuated facial features, as humans do, so that one individual may look significantly different from another, a characteristic adapted for visual facial recognition in social interaction. Multivariate analysis has shown bonobos are more neotenized than
Ape House - Misplaced Pages Continue
5166-462: Is relatively smaller than that of the common chimpanzee with less prominent brow ridges above the eyes. It has a black face with pink lips, small ears, wide nostrils, and long hair on its head that forms a parting. Females have slightly more prominent breasts , in contrast to the flat breasts of other female apes, although not so prominent as those of humans. The bonobo also has a slim upper body, narrow shoulders, thin neck, and long legs when compared to
5289-407: Is shooting. In order to free the apes from these horrendous conditions, Isabel joins forces with journalist, John Thigpen. The two work to free the apes and get them back "home." People conduct language studies with six bonobos at the Great Ape Language Lab. Scientist Isabel Duncan and journalist John Thigpen are at the core of the novel as the main characters. John was sent to write a report about on
5412-529: Is similar to that of a heterosexual mounting: one of the males sits "passively on his back [with] the other male thrusting on him", with the penises rubbing together because of both males' erections. In another, rarer form of genital rubbing, two bonobo males hang from a tree limb face-to-face while penis fencing . This also may occur when two males rub their penises together while in face-to-face position. Another form of genital interaction (rump rubbing) often occurs to express reconciliation between two males after
5535-710: Is the Bible of Freemason George Washington. Freemasonry symbols are prominently displayed throughout the campus, including the foundation stones of many of the university buildings. During the 19th century, most of the university's students came from the South . As the American Civil War commenced in 1861, many left their studies to join the Confederate States Army . However, the college was still fractured. Professor of anatomy A. Y. P. Garnett left
5658-602: Is the first university founded under Washington, D.C.'s jurisdiction. It is one of the nation's six federally chartered universities. GW is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Research Activity." It is the only member of the Association of American Universities in Washington, D.C. The university offers degree programs in seventy-one disciplines, enrolling around 11,500 undergraduate and 15,000 graduate students . The school's athletic teams,
5781-475: Is the oldest law school in the District of Columbia. The medical school is the 11th-oldest medical school in the nation and the first established in the nation's capital. The Columbian College was founded in 1821 and is the oldest unit of the university. The Elliott School of International Affairs was formalized in 1898. In the 1930s, the university was a major center for theoretical physics . George Gamow ,
5904-592: Is unknown, but it is almost certainly much shorter. Formerly the bonobo was known as the "pygmy chimpanzee", despite the bonobo having a similar body size to the common chimpanzee. The name "pygmy" was given by the German zoologist Ernst Schwarz in 1929, who classified the species on the basis of a previously mislabeled bonobo cranium, noting its diminutive size compared to chimpanzee skulls. The name "bonobo" first appeared in 1954, when Austrian zoologist Eduard Paul Tratz and German biologist Heinz Heck proposed it as
6027-526: The Corcoran Gallery of Art , the oldest private art museum in Washington, D.C. and independent college of art and design. The college of art and design became The Corcoran School of the Arts and Design under the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences. The National Gallery of Art will acquire many of the 17,000 pieces of art from the Corcoran and the rest will be donated to other museums around
6150-621: The Elliott School of International Affairs , the School of Public Health and Health Services , and the Graduate School of Education & Human Development to offer a variety of concentrations for its graduates. The School of Media and Public Affairs (SMPA), although run separately, belongs to the Columbian College of Arts in Sciences. It offers two undergraduate degrees, Journalism and Mass Communication and Political Communication and
6273-853: The George Washington Revolutionaries , play in the NCAA Division I Atlantic 10 Conference . GW also annually hosts numerous political events, including the World Bank and International Monetary Fund 's Annual Meetings . Several notable individuals have served as trustees, including two presidents, John Quincy Adams and Ulysses S. Grant , and Alexander Graham Bell . Notable alumni , faculty , and affiliates include 16 foreign heads of state or government , 28 United States senators , 27 United States governors , 18 U.S. Cabinet members , five Nobel laureates, two Olympic medalists , two Academy Award winners, and
SECTION 50
#17327831042736396-679: The Richard B. and Lynne V. Cheney Cardiovascular Institute in 2006. Others notable patients include former First Lady Laura Bush , who was treated for a pinched nerve. SMHS is primarily housed in the GW Hospital , Ross Hall, and many other centers along K Street and throughout the city. GW was once home to the George Washington Dental College , but this department would close in 1921 due to budget constraints. The School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS)
6519-534: The University of Miami , was named the President of the George Washington University . In July 2020, the university began forming special committees to look at possible name changes to an on-campus building and the school moniker. In a statement on the university's website, LeBlanc said one of the panels would examine the Colonials moniker, which critics said conjured up racism, violence, and genocide. In 2022,
6642-544: The White House , was a staging ground for student anti-war demonstrations. In 1996, the university purchased the Mount Vernon College for Women in the city's Palisades neighborhood that became the school's coeducational Mount Vernon Campus. The campus was first utilized in 1997 for women only but became co-educational in a matter of years. The Mount Vernon campus is now totally integrated into
6765-458: The common chimpanzee , the bonobo is the closest extant relative to humans . As the two species are not proficient swimmers, the natural formation of the Congo River (around 1.5–2 million years ago) possibly led to the isolation and speciation of the bonobo. Bonobos live south of the river, and thereby were separated from the ancestors of the common chimpanzee, which live north of the river. There are no concrete figures regarding population, but
6888-429: The pygmy chimpanzee (less often the dwarf chimpanzee or gracile chimpanzee ), is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus Pan (the other being the common chimpanzee , Pan troglodytes ). While bonobos are, today, recognized as a distinct species in their own right, they were initially thought to be a subspecies of Pan troglodytes , because of the physical similarities between
7011-638: The Colonials name was officially retired. The following year, in 2023, the new nickname, the George Washington Revolutionaries , was announced. Another panel looked into renaming the Marvin Center, which was named after former school President Cloyd Heck Marvin , a segregationist . In January 2022, LeBlanc was succeeded by former Washington University in St. Louis Chancellor Mark S. Wrighton as interim university president. A year later, in January 2023,
7134-413: The District of Columbia. Each academic unit has a distinct identity within the broader university. The Graduate School of Political Management and the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design were organized outside of the university, later to join in 1987 and 2014, respectively. The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences (CCAS) is the oldest and largest college in the university. It was founded in 1821; at
7257-872: The Foggy Bottom and Mount Vernon campuses. The GW library system contains the Gelman Library , the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library, the Burns Law Library, Eckles Library (named for Charles Ellison Eckles and Anita Heurich Eckles), and the Virginia Science and Technology Library. The GW Library System is a constituent member of the Washington Research Library Consortium , which allows for resource sharing among
7380-457: The GW School of Medicine and Health Sciences with programs in adult nurse practitioner , family nurse practitioner, nursing leadership and management, and clinical research administration. The first MSN class was admitted in 2004. Meanwhile, approval was also obtained to develop a Department of Nursing Education. As the first and only chair of the department, Ellen Dawson, Ph.D., RN, ANP, led
7503-769: The GW School of Nursing was re-established and is now the university's tenth academic institution, with Jean Johnson and Ellen Dawson as the founding deans. The George Washington University Law School was established in 1826 and is the oldest law school in the District of Columbia . Supreme Court Justices Clarence Thomas , William Strong , David J. Brewer , Willis Van Devanter and John Marshall Harlan were among those who served on its faculty. Chief Justice John Roberts , Justice Sonia Sotomayor , Justice Samuel Alito , and Justice Antonin Scalia presided over its moot court in 2006, 2007 and 2009, respectively. The law school
SECTION 60
#17327831042737626-530: The GW community, serving as a complement to the Foggy Bottom campus. In 1999, GW hosted the Town Hall with President Clinton , the first presidential town hall to ever be webcast live. In December 2006, the university appointed Johns Hopkins University provost Steven Knapp as the 16th President of the George Washington University , and his presidency began August 1, 2007. In 2017, Thomas LeBlanc , provost of
7749-513: The MSN program to accreditation in time for the graduation of the first class in 2006. Also, she spearheaded the development of both the doctor of nursing practice (DNP) program and the 15-month (four consecutive semesters) accelerated second-degree bachelor of nursing science (ABSN) program located in Ashburn, VA. The first classes for these degrees were admitted in 2007 and 2009, respectively. In 2010,
7872-423: The absence of any stimulation or learning from adults. Infanticide, while well documented in chimpanzees , is apparently absent in bonobo society. Although infanticide has not been directly observed, there have been documented cases of both female and male bonobos kidnapping infants, sometimes resulting in infants dying from dehydration. Although male bonobos have not yet been seen to practice infanticide, there
7995-542: The ape lab, but he gets involved significantly after the lab is blown up by a bomb and the animals go missing. He discovers that a reality television show is airing called Ape House which the apes are a part of. Isabel and John team up to save the apes and are helped by a variety of colorful characters. The novel received generally mixed reviews, with the Los Angeles Times , The New York Times , Entertainment Weekly , and The Washington Post , all finding
8118-432: The beginning of the university's history, there was no distinction between this college and the university. The School of Media and Public Affairs (SMPA), and the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration (SPPPA) belong to this college, although they are run separately. The Columbian College was among the first American institutions to grant a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), in 1888. The Columbian College
8241-521: The behavior of captive bonobos, suggesting that wild bonobos show levels of aggression closer to what is found among chimpanzees. De Waal has responded that the contrast in temperament between bonobos and chimpanzees observed in captivity is meaningful, because it controls for the influence of environment. The two species behave quite differently even if kept under identical conditions. A 2014 study also found bonobos to be less aggressive than chimpanzees, particularly eastern chimpanzees. The authors argued that
8364-624: The business school along with the Norma Lee and Morton Funger Hall. As of January 2018 , GW's undergraduate business program was ranked 42nd nationally and its International Business program was ranked ninth by U.S. News & World Report . Founded in 1824, the School of Medicine and Health Sciences (SMHS) , or simply the George Washington School of Medicine, was the first school of medicine in Washington, D.C. In 1981, George Washington University Hospital became
8487-477: The center of the national spotlight when President Ronald Reagan was rushed to the emergency room after an attempted assassination. GW Hospital's emergency department was later renamed the Ronald Reagan Institute of Emergency Medicine. Other politicians, such as former Vice President Dick Cheney , come to GW for routine and emergency procedures. Cheney and wife Lynne Cheney helped to start
8610-450: The common chimpanzee, American psychologist and primatologist Robert Yerkes had already noticed an unexpected major behavioural difference in the 1920s. Bonobos and chimpanzees are the two species which make up the genus Pan , and are the closest living relatives to humans ( Homo sapiens ). According to studies published in 2017 by researchers at The George Washington University , bonobos, along with common chimpanzees, split from
8733-422: The common chimpanzee, taking into account such features as the proportionately long torso length of the bonobo. Other researchers challenged this conclusion. Primatologist Frans de Waal states bonobos are capable of altruism , compassion , empathy , kindness, patience, and sensitivity , and described "bonobo society" as a " gynecocracy ". Primatologists who have studied bonobos in the wild have documented
8856-498: The common chimpanzee. Bonobos are both terrestrial and arboreal. Most ground locomotion is characterized by quadrupedal knuckle-walking . Bipedal walking has been recorded as less than 1% of terrestrial locomotion in the wild, a figure that decreased with habituation , while in captivity there is a wide variation. Bipedal walking in captivity, as a percentage of bipedal plus quadrupedal locomotion bouts, has been observed from 3.9% for spontaneous bouts to nearly 19% when abundant food
8979-595: The community. Parties of males 'patrol' for the neighboring males that might be traveling alone, and attack those single males, often killing them. This does not appear to be the behavior of bonobo males or females, which seem to prefer sexual contact over violent confrontation with outsiders. While bonobos are more peaceful than chimpanzees, it is not true that they are unaggressive. In the wild, among males, bonobos are more aggressive than chimpanzees, having higher rates of aggressive acts, about three times as much. Although, male chimpanzees are more likely to be aggressive to
9102-530: The country. In May 2014, GW opened the Milken Institute School of Public Health , a nine-story building that received LEED certification for sustainability features including a green roof, rainwater collection system, and special heating and air conditioning technologies that helps mass air displacement. The Textile Museum reopened to the public in March 2015 after the institution merged with
9225-413: The decision-maker and leader of the group. Female bonobos typically earn their rank through experience, age, and ability to forge alliances with other females in their group, rather than physical intimidation, and top-ranking females will protect immigrant females from male harassment. While bonobos are often called matriarchal, and while every community is dominated by a female, some males will still obtain
9348-463: The estimate is between 29,500 and 50,000 individuals. The species is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and is most threatened by habitat destruction , human population growth and movement (as well as ongoing civil unrest and political infighting), with commercial poaching being, by far, the most prominent threat. Bonobos typically live 40 years in captivity; their lifespan in the wild
9471-477: The first bonobo genome was published in 2012, a high-quality reference genome became available only in 2021. The overall nucleotide divergence between chimpanzee and bonobo based on the latter is 0.421 ± 0.086% for autosomes and 0.311 ± 0.060% for the X chromosome. The reference genome predicts 22,366 full-length protein-coding genes and 9,066 noncoding genes, although cDNA sequencing confirmed only 20,478 protein-coding and 36,880 noncoding bonobo genes, similar to
9594-527: The first commencement was considered an important event for the young city. In attendance were President Monroe, John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay , the Marquis de Lafayette , and other dignitaries. Like much of Washington, D.C., George Washington University traces its origins back to the Freemasons . The Bible that the President of the George Washington University uses to swear an oath on upon inauguration
9717-443: The first time at 13 or 14 years of age. Bonobo reproductive rates are no higher than those of the common chimpanzee. However, female bonobo oestrus periods are longer. During oestrus , females undergo a swelling of the perineal tissue lasting 10 to 20 days. The gestation period is on average 240 days. Postpartum amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) lasts less than one year and a female may resume external signs of oestrus within
9840-467: The graduate program is currently ranked seventh in the world. ESIA is primarily housed in Elliott Hall at 1957 E St. The history of nursing education at GW spans more than 100 years. In 2002, Jean Johnson, Ph.D., RN, FAAN, then senior associate dean for Health Sciences, met with the nursing faculty to assess GW's capacity to create GW's degree programs. The faculty moved forward to develop an MSN in
9963-418: The group. Although a male bonobo is dominant to a female in a dyadic interaction, depending on the community, socially-bonded females may be co-dominant with males or dominant over them, even to the extent that females can coerce reluctant males into mating with them. At the top of the hierarchy is a coalition of high-ranking females and males typically headed by an old, experienced matriarch who acts as
10086-430: The groups. Contrary to expectations, these interactions resembled those within a single group. During these encounters, the bonobos engaged in behaviors such as grooming, food sharing, and collective defense against threats like snakes. Notably, the two groups, while displaying cooperative tendencies, maintained distinct identities, and there was no evidence of interbreeding or a blending of cultures. The cooperation observed
10209-606: The human line about 8 million years ago; moreover, bonobos split from the common chimpanzee line about 2 million years ago. Nonetheless, the exact timing of the Pan – Homo last common ancestor is contentious, but DNA comparison suggests continual interbreeding between ancestral Pan and Homo groups, post-divergence, until about 4 million years ago. DNA evidence suggests the bonobo and common chimpanzee species diverged approximately 890,000–860,000 years ago following separation of these two populations possibly because of acidification and
10332-536: The immediate female bonobo community and sometimes outside of it. Ethologist Jonathan Balcombe stated that female bonobos rub their clitorises together rapidly for ten to twenty seconds, and this behavior, "which may be repeated in rapid succession, is usually accompanied by grinding, shrieking, and clitoral engorgement"; he added that it is estimated that they engage in this practice "about once every two hours" on average. As bonobos occasionally copulate face-to-face, "evolutionary biologist Marlene Zuk has suggested that
10455-472: The incentive for infanticide essentially disappears. This is a reproductive strategy that seems specific to bonobos; infanticide is observed in all other great apes except orangutans . Bonobos engage in sexual activity numerous times a day. It is unknown how the bonobo avoids simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and its effects. Observations in the wild indicate that the males among the related common chimpanzee communities are hostile to males from outside
10578-415: The lab is blown up, with the bonobos and a scientist (Isabel Duncan) inside. Isabel is badly injured and taken to a hospital. The bonobos escape from the lab only to be sold to a man named Ken Faulks. He is a famous for making pornography and devises a plan to put the apes on the air, in a show called Ape House . When Isabel discovers the bonobos' predicament, she travels to Lizard, New Mexico, where Ape House
10701-517: The library are open 24 hours a day, seven days per week for use by students, faculty, and staff. The library's seventh floor includes the Special Collections Research Center, National Security Archives , Global Resources Center, and Kiev Library. The National Security Archives (NSA) is a research institution that publishes declassified U.S. government files concerning selected topics of American foreign policy . It
10824-512: The male and female hierarchies leads some to refer to them as gender-balanced in their power structure). Bonobos do not have a defined territory and communities will travel over a wide range. Because of the nomadic nature of the females and evenly distributed food in their environment, males do not gain any obvious advantages by forming alliances with other males, or by defending a home range, as chimpanzees do. Female bonobos possess sharper canines than female chimpanzees, further fueling their status in
10947-502: The males themselves is intense and high-ranking males secure more matings than low-ranking ones. Indeed, the size difference between males and females is more pronounced in bonobos than it is in chimpanzees, as male bonobos do not form alliances and therefore have little incentive to hold back when fighting for access to females. Male bonobos are known to attack each other and inflict serious injuries such as missing digits, damaged eyes and torn ears. Some of these injuries may also occur when
11070-524: The new university would be in a central part of the new national capital, and he hoped the university would educate the most promising students from across the country while reaping the benefits of its location in Washington, D.C. On December 14, 1799, George Washington passed away at his home in Mount Vernon . Washington included a bequest of his shares in the Potomac Company to establish
11193-490: The newest, District House, which opened in 2016. In late 2007, construction began on a large mixed-use residential, office and retail development located on the site of the old GW Hospital (Square 54) and just east of the Foggy Bottom–GW Metrorail station. It was the second-largest undeveloped lot in the District of Columbia at the time of initial construction activity. In 2014, the university assumed ownership of
11316-501: The novel flawed, especially in comparison to Gruen's earlier work. There were some very positive reviews, particularly one from The Dallas Morning News . This article about a 2010s novel is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . See guidelines for writing about novels . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page . Bonobo The bonobo ( / b ə ˈ n oʊ b oʊ , ˈ b ɒ n ə b oʊ / ; Pan paniscus ), also historically called
11439-515: The number of genes annotated in the human genome . Overall, 206 and 1,576 protein-coding genes are part of gene families that contracted or expanded in the bonobo genome compared to the human genome, respectively, that is, these genes were lost or gained in the bonobo genome compared to humans. Researchers have found that both central ( Pan troglodytes troglodytes ) and eastern chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ) share more genetic material with bonobos than other chimpanzee subspecies. It
11562-429: The only non-human animal to have been observed engaging in tongue kissing . Bonobos and humans are the only primates to typically engage in face-to-face genital sex, although a pair of western gorillas has also been photographed in this position. Bonobos do not form permanent monogamous sexual relationships with individual partners. They also do not seem to discriminate in their sexual behavior by sex or age, with
11685-426: The position of the clitoris in bonobos and some other primates has evolved to maximize stimulation during sexual intercourse". The position of the clitoris may alternatively permit GG-rubbings, which has been hypothesized to function as a means for female bonobos to evaluate their intrasocial relationships. Bonobo males engage in various forms of male–male genital behavior. The most common form of male–male mounting
11808-435: The possible exception of abstaining from sexual activity between mothers and their adult sons. When bonobos come upon a new food source or feeding ground, the increased excitement will usually lead to communal sexual activity, presumably decreasing tension and encouraging peaceful feeding. More often than the males, female bonobos engage in mutual genital-rubbing behavior, possibly to bond socially with each other, thus forming
11931-684: The property in Foggy Bottom and leases it to various tenants, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Other institutions in proximity include the U.S. State Department , the Kennedy Center , the U.S. Institute of Peace , the Watergate complex , and embassies of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Mexico, Saudi Arabia , Spain, and Uruguay . The University Yard is the main open space and historic heart of
12054-422: The region, and the general timidity of bonobos, there has been relatively little field work done observing the species in its natural habitat. According to studies published in 2017 by researchers at The George Washington University , the ancestors of the genus Pan split from the human line about 8 million years ago; moreover, bonobos split from the common chimpanzee line about 2 million years ago. Along with
12177-408: The relative peacefulness of western chimpanzees and bonobos was primarily due to ecological factors. Bonobos warn each other of danger less efficiently than chimpanzees in the same situation. Nonetheless, on 12 April 2024, biologists reported that bonobos behave more aggressively than thought earlier. Bonobos are unusual among apes for their matriarchal social structure (extensive overlap between
12300-540: The right anterior insula, right dorsal amygdala, hypothalamus, and right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, all of which are regions assumed to be vital for feeling empathy, sensing distress in others and feeling anxiety. They also have a thick connection between the amygdala , an important area that can spark aggression, and the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, which has been shown to help control impulses in humans. This thicker connection may make them better at regulating their emotional impulses and behavior. Bonobo society
12423-712: The spread of savannas at this time. Currently, these two species are separated by the Congo River, which had existed well before the divergence date, though ancestral Pan may have dispersed across the river using corridors which no longer exist. The first Pan fossils were reported in 2005 from the Middle Pleistocene (after the bonobo–chimpanzee split) of Kenya, alongside early Homo fossils. According to A. Zihlman, bonobo body proportions closely resemble those of Australopithecus , leading evolutionary biologist Jeremy Griffith to suggest that bonobos may be
12546-1141: The status of his mother. The mother–son bond often stays strong and continues throughout life. While social hierarchies do exist, and although the son of a high ranking female may outrank a lower female, rank plays a less prominent role than in other primate societies. Relationships between different communities are often positive and affiliative, and bonobos are not a territorial species. Bonobos will also share food with others, even unrelated strangers. Bonobos exhibit paedomorphism (retaining infantile physical characteristics and behaviours), which greatly inhibits aggression and enables unfamiliar bonobos to freely mingle and cooperate with each other. Males engage in lengthy friendships with females and, in turn, female bonobos prefer to associate with and mate with males who are respectful and easygoing around them. Because female bonobos can use alliances to rebuff coercive and domineering males and select males at their own leisure, they show preference for males who are not aggressive towards them. Aging bonobos lose their playful streak and become noticeably more irritable in old age. Both sexes have
12669-548: The two species broadly overlap in body size. Adult female bonobos are somewhat smaller than adult males. Body mass ranges from 34 to 60 kg (75 to 132 lb) with an average weight of 45 kilograms (99 lb) in males against an average of 33 kg (73 lb) in females. The total length of bonobos (from the nose to the rump while on all fours) is 70 to 83 cm (28 to 33 in). Male bonobos average 119 cm (3.90 ft) when standing upright, compared to 111 centimetres (3.64 ft) in females. The bonobo's head
12792-412: The two species. Taxonomically, members of the chimpanzee/bonobo subtribe Panina—composed entirely by the genus Pan —are collectively termed panins . Bonobos are distinguished from common chimpanzees by relatively long limbs, pinker lips, a darker face, a tail-tuft through adulthood, and parted, longer hair on their heads. Some individuals have sparser, thin hair over parts of their bodies. The bonobo
12915-877: The university also operates several other graduate satellite education centers. These include the Alexandria Graduate Education Center in Alexandria, the Graduate Education Center in Arlington , and the Hampton Roads Center in Newport News . The Virginia Science and Technology Campus hosts research and educational partnerships with industry and government officials and offers more than 20 graduate degrees. The Virginia Science and Technology Campus
13038-537: The university could gain more space and valuable land for athletics, such as for the women's soccer team. Now known as the Mount Vernon campus, it is totally integrated into the GW community, serving as a complement to the Foggy Bottom campus. The campus has transportation systems connecting the students to the GW campus in Foggy Bottom. It also includes Eckles Library, six residence halls, Lloyd Gymnasium, The GW-Mount Vernon Athletic Complex and other various campus facilities. The George Washington University also operates
13161-476: The university in 2011 and closed it for renovations two years later. In 1996, the university purchased the Mount Vernon College for Women in the city's Palisades neighborhood that became the school's coeducational Mount Vernon Campus. Initially, the Mount Vernon Campus remained exclusively a women's college until 1999 when GW changed its operations to a co-ed facility. It was purchased so that
13284-548: The university in his last will and testament, though the shares lost their value and no educational institution ever benefited from them. Following his death, his desire was shared and encouraged by U.S. presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , who both expressed the need to carry out Washington's plans. In 1821, the Baptist missionary and leading minister Luther Rice secured funds from James Monroe , John Quincy Adams , John C. Calhoun , and other benefactors for
13407-699: The university libraries of the Washington metropolitan area . The main GW campus consists of 43 acres (170,000 m ) in historic Foggy Bottom and is located a few blocks from the White House , the World Bank , the International Monetary Fund , State Department and the National Mall . Barring a few outlying buildings, the boundaries of campus are delineated by (running clockwise from Washington Circle ) Pennsylvania Avenue , 19th Street, E Street , Virginia Avenue , 24th Street, and New Hampshire Avenue . The university owns much of
13530-554: The university named Ellen Granberg , provost at Rochester Institute of Technology , as the university's new president, with a start date of July 1, 2023. GW has three fully integrated campuses in the Washington, D.C. area: the Foggy Bottom campus, the Mount Vernon campus, and the Virginia Science and Technology campus . The Foggy Bottom Campus houses the vast majority of academic programming. Residence halls exist on
13653-575: The university to serve as Jefferson Davis ' physician, and Robert King Stone stayed in Washington, D.C., serving as physician to Abraham Lincoln . The college was temporarily turned into a Union Army military camp during the Civil War. Poet Walt Whitman worked at this camp while visiting his wounded brother. In 1873, following the Civil War, Columbian College was renamed Columbian University and moved to an urban downtown location centered on 15th and H streets . In 1904, Columbian University
13776-455: The university. Along with George Washington's main library, Gelman Library , it constitutes the hub of the main campus. The seven-story Gelman Library building contains over two million volumes and is constructed in the Brutalist architectural style of the 1970s. It features a concrete façade punctuated by windows that are divided by projecting vertical slabs. For most of the year, parts of
13899-547: The university. The school has a historic building facing the White House on 17th Street. The George Washington School of Business was established in 1928 with a $ 1 million gift by the Supreme Council of Scottish Rite Freemasonry Southern Jurisdiction . On February 6, 2006, the chairman and CEO of FedEx , Frederick W. Smith , opened a new complex for the school called Ric and Dawn Duquès Hall, which today houses
14022-402: The weight of a young adolescent female bonobo "is maybe half" that of a human teenager, she has a clitoris that is "three times bigger than the human equivalent, and visible enough to waggle unmistakably as she walks". In scientific literature, the female–female behavior of bonobos pressing vulvas together is often referred to as genito-genital (GG) rubbing . This sexual activity happens within
14145-492: The wild of a dead infant was described in 2008. A 2016 paper reported two more instances of infant cannibalism, although it was not confirmed if infanticide was involved. In 2020, the first whole-genome comparison between chimpanzees and bonobos was published and showed genomic aspects that may underlie or have resulted from their divergence and behavioral differences , including selection for genes related to diet and hormones. A 2010 study found that "female bonobos displayed
14268-639: The wild. They are more tolerant of younger males pestering them yet exhibit heightened aggression towards older males. In a study published in November 2023, scientists reported, for the first time, evidence that groups of primates , particularly bonobos, are capable of cooperating with each other. Researchers observed unprecedented cooperation between two distinct bonobo groups in the Congo's Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve , Ekalakala and Kokoalongo, challenging traditional notions of ape societies. Over two years of observation, researchers witnessed 95 encounters between
14391-595: Was a National Security Archive Freedom of Information Act request that eventually made the Central Intelligence Agency 's so-called " Family Jewels " public. Close to the library is Lisner Auditorium and a large open area between them is known as Kogan Plaza. Southeast of the plaza and located near Monroe Hall and Hall of Government is the Monroe Court, a landscaped area with a large fountain. The Foggy Bottom–GW Washington Metro station
14514-406: Was also a member of the board of trustees. GW is organized into fourteen schools and colleges, each with a different dean and organization. The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences was the original academic unit of the university. The Medical School is the 11th oldest medical school in the nation and the first to open in the District of Columbia. The Law School was also the first law school in
14637-525: Was founded in 1898, as the School of Comparative Jurisprudence and Diplomacy. Under President Lloyd Elliott, the school separated from Columbian College. On September 3, 2003, alumnus Colin Powell opened a new complex for this school at 1957 E Street NW in front of the Department of State . As of February 2015 , its undergraduate program was ranked eighth globally by Foreign Policy magazine, while
14760-543: Was founded on October 1, 1884, as the Corcoran Scientific School of Columbian University. The school separated from the Columbian College in 1962 and was one of the first to accept women for degree candidacy in engineering. The bazooka was invented at the SEAS in 1942. The school moved into the new Science and Engineering Hall in D.C. in March 2015. The Elliott School of International Affairs (ESIA)
14883-454: Was named the university's sixteenth president .; he had previously taught at the University of California, Berkeley and was later the provost at Johns Hopkins University . The current President of the George Washington University is Ellen Granberg . Ulysses S. Grant was a member of the Board of Trustees, and his Grandson, Ulysses S. Grant III , was Vice President of GW. John Quincy Adams
15006-461: Was not arbitrary but evolved through individual bonds formed by exchanging favors and gifts. Some bonobos even formed alliances to target a third individual, demonstrating a nuanced social dynamic within the groups. Sexual activity generally plays a major role in bonobo society, being used as what some scientists perceive as a greeting , a means of forming social bonds, a means of conflict resolution , and postconflict reconciliation . Bonobos are
15129-550: Was renamed George Washington University following an agreement with the George Washington Memorial Association . In honor of George Washington, funds from the memorial association were donated to construct Lisner Auditorium . In 1912, the university moved its principal operations to the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Many of the colleges of the George Washington University are notable for their age and history. The law school
#272727