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33-419: In Ancient Greece, an apologia was primarily used as a legal defense: The accuser would present a kategoria , or accusation, and the defendant would present his apologia , or defense. In modern usage, apologia describes a formal defense of an idea or belief, rather than against a legal charge. In both ancient and modern uses it different from an apology , or expression of regret. The main difference between

66-780: A Welshman , was a Baptist , and his mother, who was English , was an Anglican . Davies was brought up in Yeovil , Somerset, but proud of his Welsh descent. He served as a regular soldier in the Somerset Light Infantry during the Malayan Emergency , the Suez Crisis , and the EOKA campaign in Cyprus . Davies was a Baptist who converted to Catholicism while still a student in the 1950s. While initially

99-484: A commitment to do better in the future. Some Western scholars believe that integrative communication is key for forgiveness. The integrative communication approach avoids conflict by having those involved reveal their emotions in a calm manner. Depending on the communication in the relationship, people will either avoid the other person, seek revenge, or forgive. Satisfying conversations are associated with delayed apologies and attributions of understanding. Communicating

132-624: A crisis, there are multiple implications and ethical standards organizations and groups might follow. The three elements of an apology are: Most philosophers believe that apologies require the person apologizing to hold certain emotions, namely regret or remorse. (The relevant difference between regret and remorse is that people who feel remorse believe that the situation was caused by their actions or inactions, whereas people can feel regret for situations beyond their control or outside of their involvement. ) Others believe, however, that this might not be necessary in all situations. The way an apology

165-552: A critical generic approach to the feasibility of apologia. Halford Ryan advocates that apologia should be understood as part of a pair with kategoria ( κατηγορία ), an accusatory speech that motivates apologia as a defensive response. Ryan argues that these should be treated as a single rhetorical speech set. Ware and Linkugel (1973) identified four common strategies seen in apologetic discourse, which are denial, bolstering, differentiation, and transcendence. The etymology of apologia ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : ἀπολογία )

198-404: A lower cost, especially for severe injuries. The forced apology , in which the perceived offender is coerced into making an apology, has a long history. As a form of ritual public humiliation , the 18th-century philosopher Immanuel Kant approved of the forced apology. Kant thought that a monetary fine was not a fit punishment for insults delivered by a wealthy person of high social status to

231-433: A person of low social status, because the social cost of making any apology to a low-status person was much greater than the financial cost of a fine. Instead, Kant argued that legally forcing the guilty party to make a humiliating public apology to the poor or low-status person was a more appropriate punishment, because it punished the man who had humiliated someone with being humiliated himself. In modern Western cultures,

264-404: A sincere apology and displaying regret captures a genuine and positive response while acknowledging the recipient's feelings. When a group is at fault, such as a business, the effects of an apology might depend upon the person who makes the apology. For example, people will be more empathetic if an employee apologizes for a business error, but they may feel a better sense of justice if the head of

297-788: A supporter of the Second Vatican Council , Davies became critical of the liturgical changes that followed in its wake, which he argued were a result of distortions and misreadings of the Council's mandates for liturgical reform . Davies later supported the French Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre , founder of the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX), writing a three-volume series titled Apologia Pro Marcel Lefebvre in which he defended Lefebvre against accusations of disobedience and schism for refusing to celebrate

330-538: A three-volume work entitled Apologia Pro Marcel Lefebvre , defending the SSPX founder, Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre . Davies wrote in his introduction to the first volume that the use of the term apologia in the title is used as a "reasoned explanation", rather than literal apology, in the same vein as the early Christian apologists. Sharon Downey argued in 1993 that apologia has undergone significant changes because its function has changed throughout history. Downey takes on

363-429: Is "too little, too late, or too transparently tactical" can backfire and result in more damage. A public leader may refuse to apologize to avoid being seen as incompetent. Some US states have adopted laws that allow healthcare providers to apologize for bad outcomes without the apology being considered evidence of wrongdoing for malpractice claims. These laws are associated with claims being settled more quickly and at

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396-421: Is communicated and its timing affect the likelihood of success. The timing of the apology, the importance of the relationship, and the characteristics of the precipitating event are all factors that affect whether an apology will be acknowledged or gain forgiveness. When an apology is given in an effective style, the offender has a greater chance of being forgiven. Apologizing shortly after the incident, or after

429-542: Is derived from the root word apologos ( ἀπόλογος ), ' a speech in defense ' , and the corresponding verb form apologeisthai ( ἀπολογεῖσθαι ), ' to speak in one's defense ' . Apology (act) An apology is a voluntary expression of regret or remorse for actions, while apologizing ( apologising in British English ) is the act of expressing regret or remorse. In informal situations, it may be called saying sorry . The goal of an apology

462-493: Is generally forgiveness , reconciliation, and restoration of the relationship between the people involved in a dispute. The nature of an apology involves at least two people where one has offended the other. Alternatively, it can involve two groups of people, one having previously offended the other. This is seen in the figure, with the Australian Government (an institution) apologizing for previous wrongs to

495-801: The First Apology (c. AD 155) and Second Apology to explain the philosophical basis for Christianity and to encourage the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius and the Roman Senate to stop the persecution and martyrdom of early Christians. The earliest English use of apologia followed from the Greek sense "a speech in defense". Writing in the Renaissance period, Thomas More wrote his Apologye of Syr Thomas More, Knyght, made by him Anno 1533 after he had geuen over

528-533: The Mass of Paul VI . Although Davies opposed Lefebvre's canonically-illicit consecration of four SSPX bishops in 1988 against the wishes of Pope John Paul II , he continued to support Lefebvre's defence of the Tridentine Mass and traditional Church teachings publicly. William D. Dinges, Professor of Religion and Culture at The Catholic University of America , described Davies as "[i]nternationally, one of

561-678: The Anglican church seeking to join the Roman Catholic Church. One of Newman's rivals was Anglican Charles Kingsley of the Broad Church party, who responded to Newman's departure with written attacks impeaching Newman's truthfulness and honor. Newman's response was the flowing, almost poetic prose of the Apologia Pro Vita Sua , offering a spiritual autobiographical defense to Kingsley's accusations. The book

594-505: The Indigenous (a large ethnic group). According to the attribution theory, giving an apology as early as possible leads to less conflict during the discussion and increases communication satisfaction. The way the apology is given affects the outcome and the process of forgiveness. For example, putting genuine emotion into an apology generally helps resolve disputes more quickly and helps rid negative emotions faster. When responding to

627-413: The company makes the apology and offers compensation. In a communication crisis, there is an extensive process for apologizing. The rhetorical concept of kategória involves a community accusing an individual or organization of misconduct that leads to a social legitimation crisis . Trust is broken with wrongful actions and people expect to receive apologies in order to give forgiveness to re-establish

660-498: The dominant meaning, owing in a large part to the publication of the influential work, Apologia Pro Vita Sua , in 1865. John Henry Newman was regarded as a premiere religious figure even before writing his definitive 1864 essay, Apologia Pro Vita Sua (translated as "Apology for One's Own Life" or "A Defense of One's Own Life"). The main subject of the essay was to explain how he, having been raised as an Anglican Christian , had decided to convert to Catholicism . The backdrop for

693-724: The essay was a heated mid-century theological controversy. Newman and other Anglicans were calling for the Anglican church to return to earlier, more disciplined, traditions and an authoritarian hierarchy. Friction during the years from 1833 to 1841 led Newman and his allies in the Oxford Movement to publish a statement, the Tracts for the Times , to which Newman was a contributor. The tensions culminated in Newman's 1845 resignation as Anglican vicar of St. Mary's, Oxford and his departure from

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726-438: The forced apology is dismissed as a meaningless theatrical gesture. It is generally said that an apology must be voluntary to be acceptable. Each conflict is different, and therefore affects the time in which an apology should be made. People perceive wrongful actions in various ways and need time to cope with the circumstances and to process the offense. More research can be done to interpret negative and positive emotions during

759-405: The measure of sincerity is usually the recipient's view of the offender's emotional state, plus a credible commitment to not cause the same problem in the future. Effective apologies clearly express remorse and may name efforts of restitution that the offender commits to undertake. Apologies are more effective when they cost the offender something, whether that cost is financial, social status, or

792-463: The most prolific traditionalist apologists". Davies was a critic of the alleged apparitions of the Blessed Virgin at Medjugorje , which he believed to be false. His unfinished book on the subject, Medjugorje: The First Twenty-One Years , was finally published in 2023 by Arouca Press; it includes a reminiscence from his son Adrian. Davies died on 25 September 2004, aged 68, following

825-456: The office of Lord Chancellour of Englande . In this, he explained his actions as Lord Chancellor under Henry VIII and denied rumors about his treatment of Protestants. In 1590, a parallel meaning emerged meaning a "frank expression of regret". This parallel sense associated with "apologizing" for a wrong, progressively became the predominant usage until the 18th century, when the older Latin meaning re-emerged to be recorded in 1784. This became

858-415: The population. Apologies can be seen as ambiguous and be made in order to satisfy the victim's needs and feel more as an empty gesture. Apologies are not always meant to be sincere and may be used for manipulation purposes. Repeated or frequent apologies can be more offensive than never apologizing. Michael Davies (Catholic writer) Michael Treharne Davies (13 March 1936 – 25 September 2004 )

891-491: The resulting problems were brought to the attention of the offender, can increase the apology's effectiveness. The most effective apology statements focus on the harm done to victims while minimizing descriptions of the offender's context, motivation, or justification . An effective statement apologizes for the offender's own actions, such as "I'm sorry I said that", and not for other people's reactions to those actions ("I'm sorry people were offended"). Sincerity matters, and

924-543: The sense of a legal defense . Socrates believed an apology to be a well-thought justification of accusations made. Socrates represents this act of defending oneself in Plato's Apology . Socrates justified the claims made against him by being direct and honest. Socrates' attempts at justification rather than expressing remorse were unsuccessful, demonstrating the complexity in apologies among individuals. Justin Martyr wrote

957-462: The socio-cultural order. An apology during a crisis response must follow ethical standards in context, sincerity, and truthfulness in a timely and voluntary manner. The content for the communication includes an offer to correct the offense, a request for forgiveness, an expression of regret and admission of full responsibility, as well as true account of the problem. For political and business leaders, public apologies involve some risks. An apology that

990-512: The time of the apology, in response to multiple apologies, when only one apology is received, and on the effects on the relationship after an apology. Communicating an apology varies between relationships, politicians, organizations, and companies because of what is expected by the individual, media, or society. Another important factor is the age of the individuals and what they require to forgive and move on. The communication of an apology's interpretation either verbally or non-verbally will vary among

1023-504: The two is that the act of apologizing is meant to express regret, and the purpose of an apologia is to clearly communicate the rational grounds for a belief or position. As an example, a person might apologize for bumping into another person, but could write an apologia to explain why they believe a specific belief is superior to another specific belief. The Greek philosophers Plato , Isocrates , and Aristotle described apologia as an oratory to defend positions or actions particularly in

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1056-478: Was a British teacher and traditionalist Catholic writer of many books about the Catholic Church following the Second Vatican Council . From 1992 to 2004 he was the president of the international traditionalist Catholic organisation Foederatio Internationalis Una Voce and was responsible for the unification of Una Voce America . Davies was born to Cyril and Annie (née Garnworthy) Davies. His father,

1089-531: Was ultimately very well received by Anglicans and Catholics and was influential in turning public opinion in favor of Newman. The book became a bestseller that remains in print today. Two years after its publication, Newman was ordained by the Roman Catholics and soon became established as one of the foremost exponents of Catholicism in England. In the 1970s, Roman Catholic writer Michael Davies wrote

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