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77-691: In 2014, a full-scale marble replica was installed at the Chimei Museum Tainan , Taiwan . The museum commissioned the French artist Gills Perrault in 2008 to reproduce the Fountain. It took three years to create a plaster cast, using laser measurements, and another three years to carve the marbles in Carrara , Italy. 48°48′26″N 2°06′39″E  /  48.8073°N 2.1107°E  / 48.8073; 2.1107 This article about

154-612: A French building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a building or structure in Taiwan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chimei Museum The Chimei Museum ( Chinese : 奇美博物館 ; pinyin : Qíměi Bówùguǎn ; Wade–Giles : Chʻi²-mei³ Po²-wu⁴-kuan³ ) is a private museum established in 1992 by Shi Wen-long of Chi Mei Corporation in Rende District , Tainan , Taiwan . The museum's collection

231-616: A change in the court artists and general artistic fashion. The 1730s represented the height of Rococo development in France exemplified by the works of Antoine Watteau and François Boucher . Rococo still maintained the Baroque taste for complex forms and intricate patterns, but by this point, it had begun to integrate a variety of diverse characteristics, including a taste for Oriental designs and asymmetric compositions. The Rococo style spread with French artists and engraved publications. It

308-556: A collection of European paintings from the 13th to the 20th century, presenting the development of western art. The historic weapon exhibition presents weapons from prehistoric time , the Bronze Age , the Iron Age to modern times. The collection features few artifacts from Taiwan or areas close to it as the main idea of the collection is to allow Taiwanese people to see artwork and pieces that they otherwise would have to travel

385-414: A continuous, though disrupted, tradition from antiquity until the present time. Until the mid-19th century it was primarily concerned with representational and traditional modes of production, after which time more modern , abstract and conceptual forms gained favor. Initially serving imperial, private, civic, and religious patronage, Western painting later found audiences in the aristocracy and

462-653: A deep intense tonality. The illusion of glowing light with a porcelain-like finish characterized Early Netherlandish painting and was a major difference to the matte surface of tempera paint used in Italy. Unlike the Italians, whose work drew heavily from the art of ancient Rome, the northerners retained a stylistic residue of the sculpture and illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages (especially its naturalism). Another important Netherlandish painter of this period

539-453: A family of 10 children, Shi found escape at a "small local museum in Tainan." He later founded Chi Mei Museum in 1992 with the idea of building a museum for all, especially the underprivileged and those "who don't have a chance to travel and see museums abroad." The museum was designed by architect Tsai Yi-cheng based on a design brief that it inspire a cultural renaissance by incorporating

616-407: A few years in the late 1880s Pissarro adopted some of his methods. Van Gogh's turbulent method of paint application, coupled with a sonorous use of color, predicted Expressionism and Fauvism , and Cézanne, desiring to unite classical composition with a revolutionary abstraction of natural forms, would come to be seen as a precursor of 20th-century art. The spell of Impressionism was felt throughout

693-452: A hieratic feeling and icons were and still are seen as a representation of divine revelation. There were many frescos , but fewer of these have survived than mosaics . Byzantine art has been compared to contemporary abstraction , in its flatness and highly stylised depictions of figures and landscape. Some periods of Byzantine art, especially the so-called Macedonian art of around the 10th century, are more flexible in approach. Frescoes of

770-534: A higher level through the use of perspective , the study of human anatomy and proportion, and through their development of an unprecedented refinement in drawing and painting techniques. A somewhat more naturalistic High Renaissance style emerged in Venice . Painters of the Venetian school , such as Giovanni Bellini , Giorgione , Titian , and Veronese , were less concerned with precision in their drawing than with

847-568: A long way and spend a lot of money to see. The museum's founder grew up disadvantaged and wants to ensure that local children can be inspired by global culture even if their families do not have the resources to travel extensively. The museum collects musical instruments of historical significance, in particular violins and other string instruments by Antonio Stradivari , Guarneri del Gesù , Jacob Stainer , Amati , Rogeri , Joseph Guarneri Filius Andrea , Vincenzo Rugeri , Seraphin , Gagliano , Guadagnini and other famous artisans. The collection

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924-471: A means of personal expression in the work of painters like Francisco de Goya , John Constable , and J. M. W. Turner . Romantic painters turned landscape painting into a major genre, considered until then as a minor genre or as a decorative background for figure compositions. Some of the major painters of this period are Eugène Delacroix , Théodore Géricault , J. M. W. Turner, Caspar David Friedrich and John Constable. Francisco Goya's late work demonstrates

1001-551: A native and nearly insular realism, as richly embodied in the figurative work of Thomas Eakins , the Ashcan School , and the landscapes and seascapes of Winslow Homer , all of whose paintings were deeply invested in the solidity of natural forms. The visionary landscape, a motive largely dependent on the ambiguity of the nocturne, found its advocates in Albert Pinkham Ryder and Ralph Albert Blakelock . In

1078-483: A new verisimilitude in depicting this naturalism. The medium of oil paint was already present in the work of Melchior Broederlam (who died in 1409), but Robert Campin (previously known as the Master of Flémalle ) and van Eyck brought its use to new heights and employed it to represent the naturalism for which they were aiming. With this new medium, the painters of this period were capable of creating richer colors with

1155-415: A new character and slim, fashionably dressed court women were shown in their landscapes. This style soon became known as International Gothic style and was dominant from 1375 to 1425 with and tempera panel paintings and altarpieces gaining importance. The Renaissance (French for 'rebirth'), a cultural movement roughly spanning the 14th through the mid-17th century, was driven by Renaissance humanism and

1232-551: A particularly informative glimpse into the way society in ancient Greece functioned. Many fine examples of black-figure vase painting and red-figure vase painting still exist. Some famous Greek painters who worked on wood panels and are mentioned in texts are Apelles , Zeuxis and Parrhasius ; however, with the single exception of the Pitsa panels , no examples of ancient Greek panel painting survive, only written descriptions by their contemporaries or later Romans. Zeuxis lived in

1309-598: A rather larger number of copies of them from the Early Medieval period. The rise of Christianity imparted a different spirit and aim to painting styles. Byzantine art , once its style was established by the 6th century, placed great emphasis on retaining traditional iconography and style, and gradually evolved during the thousand years of the Byzantine Empire and the living traditions of Greek and Russian Orthodox icon -painting. Byzantine painting has

1386-475: A strong Byzantine influence and an aspiration to recover classical monumentality and poise. Walls of Romanesque and Gothic churches were decorated with frescoes as well as sculpture and many of the few remaining murals have great intensity, and combine the decorative energy of Insular art with a new monumentality in the treatment of figures. Far more miniatures in Illuminated manuscripts survive from

1463-506: Is divided into five categories: Fine arts (including painting, sculpture, decorative arts and period furniture); Musical instruments ; Natural history and fossils ; Arms and armor ; Antiquities and artifacts . The museum is known for housing the world's largest violin collection and for its significant collections of ancient weapons and sculptures. Forbes magazine , in its February 1996 article on private collectors in Asia, called

1540-616: Is known for his collection of antique violins housed in the museum. Besides being an entrepreneur, Shi is also an amateur violinist who has performed in public many times. To improve the level of classical music and western art in Taiwan, he founded the Chi Mei Culture Foundation in 1977 and has been providing scholarships through the Chimei Arts Award to developing artists in both classical music and fine arts since 1988. Born in 1928 during wartime to

1617-464: Is noted for the Guarneri del Gesù " Ole Bull " violin of 1744, which is believed to be the last work of the famed artisan. As of 2019 , the museum houses more than 1,370 violins and has allowed more than 3,000 violinists to borrow from the collection, with more than 220 violins out on loan. The museum loans the antique instruments to distinguished musicians free of charge. In 1999, Yo-Yo Ma borrowed

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1694-603: Is open to the public from 9:30 am to 5:30 pm, and it is closed on Wednesdays and other designated days. The museum is accessible within walking distance from Bao'an Station of the Taiwan Railways . Western painting Art of Central Asia Art of East Asia Art of South Asia Art of Southeast Asia Art of Europe Art of Africa Art of the Americas Art of Oceania The history of Western painting represents

1771-721: The Pawle Stradivarius cello for a concert in Taipei . In 2015, Yu-Chien Tseng won the silver prize (no gold prize was awarded) at the 15th International Tchaikovsky Competition with the Castelbarco-Tarisio Guarnerius violin from the museum. As of 2021 the collection was the world's largest. The museum has offered reproductions such as canvas posters, simulating sculptures made from bonded marble powder, stationery items and many classic CD recordings performed by top Taiwanese musicians on

1848-720: The Early Renaissance . In the Flanders area of the Low Countries, following developments made in the illumination of manuscripts , especially by the Limbourg Brothers , who died in 1416, artists became fascinated by the tangible in the visible world and began representing objects in an extremely naturalistic way. The adoption of oil painting whose first use on panel paintings was traditionally, but erroneously, credited to Jan van Eyck , made possible

1925-541: The 1490s, traveled to Italy to see works of the Italian High Renaissance and they incorporated the features of the Italian art into their own to varying degrees. A generation later, the start of genre painting as a subject for large works began with Peter Aertsen and Pieter Bruegel . A later generation of Northern Renaissance painters who traveled to Rome and adopted much of the idealized approach of

2002-401: The 17th century. Among the greatest painters of the Baroque are Rubens , Velázquez , Rembrandt , Frans Hals , Johannes Vermeer , Le Nain , Jusepe de Ribera , Poussin , Tour , and Claude Lorraine , who focused on landscape painting. Poussin, Claude and La Tour, all French, adopted a "classical" Baroque style with less focus on emotion and greater attention to the outine of the figures in

2079-513: The 19th century commercial galleries became established and continued to provide patronage in the 20th century. Western painting reached its zenith in Europe during the Renaissance, in conjunction with the refinement of drawing, use of perspective , ambitious architecture, tapestry , stained glass , sculpture, and the period before and after the advent of the printing press . Following

2156-904: The 5th century BC and was said to be the first to use sfumato . According to Pliny the Elder , the realism of his paintings was such that birds tried to eat the painted grapes. Apelles is described as the greatest painter of antiquity , and is noted for perfect technique in drawing, brilliant color, and modeling. Roman art was influenced by Greece and can in part be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting. However, Roman painting does have important unique characteristics. Surviving Roman paintings include wall paintings and frescoes , many from villas in Campania , in Southern Italy at sites such as Pompeii and Herculaneum . Such painting can be grouped into 4 main "styles" or periods and may contain

2233-634: The Chimei Museum "one of the world's most surprising art collections." The museum moved to its current venue on Wenhua Road in 2014, and it is open to the public except on designated days. The museum was first established and housed in an administration building of the Chi Mei Corporation in 1992 by the company's founder Shi Wen-long, then relocated to the Tainan Metropolitan Park in 2014, and reopened in 2015. Shi

2310-574: The Italian Renaissance became known as Romanists . Renaissance painting reflects the revolution of ideas and science ( astronomy , geography ) that occurred in this period, the Reformation , and the invention of the printing press . Printmaking became increasingly important, and practiced by many painters. Dürer, considered one of the greatest of printmakers, states that painters are not mere artisans but thinkers as well. With

2387-583: The Minoan culture remain rather mysterious. Sinclair Hood described an "essential quality of the finest Minoan art, the ability to create an atmosphere of movement and life although following a set of highly formal conventions". The largest and best collection of Minoan art is in the Heraklion Archaeological Museum ("AMH") near Knossos , on the northern coast of Crete. Minoan art and other remnants of material culture , especially

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2464-1126: The Palaeologian Renaissance of the early 14th century survive in the Chora Church in Istanbul. In post-Antique Catholic Europe the first distinctive artistic style to emerge that included painting was the Insular art of the British Isles, where the only surviving examples are miniatures in Illuminated manuscripts such as the Book of Kells . These are most famous for their abstract decoration, although figures, and sometimes scenes, were also depicted, especially in Evangelist portraits . Carolingian and Ottonian art also survives mostly in manuscripts, although some wall-painting remain, and more are documented. The art of this period combines Insular and "barbarian" influences with

2541-497: The Rococo era Jean-Baptiste Greuze (the favorite painter of Denis Diderot ), excelled in portraits and history paintings , and Maurice Quentin de La Tour and Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun were highly accomplished portrait painters . La Tour specialized in pastel painting, which became a popular medium during this period. William Hogarth helped develop a theoretical foundation for Rococo beauty. Though not intentionally referencing

2618-695: The Romantic interest in the irrational, the work of Arnold Böcklin evokes mystery, the work of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in England combines assiduous devotion to nature with nostalgia for medieval culture, and the paintings of Aesthetic movement artist James Abbott McNeill Whistler evoke sophistication, decadence , and the philosophy of "art for art's sake". In the United States the Romantic tradition of landscape painting

2695-506: The art. Blondel decried the "ridiculous jumble of shells, dragons, reeds, palm-trees and plants" in contemporary interiors. By 1785, Rococo had passed out of fashion in France, replaced by the order and seriousness of Neoclassical artists such as Jacques-Louis David , whose imposing history paintings depicting both historical and contemporary events embodied the ideals of the French Revolution . After Rococo there arose in

2772-482: The best of western culture. Because of this the museum has a large number of domes , pilasters , and columns . It is energy efficient and has a LEED Silver rating. The museum's main building cost NT$ 2 billion to build. The museum has a complete luthier 's workshop to support the instrument collection. The museum has several exhibition areas, including fine arts , natural history and fossils , arms and armour, musical instruments, and sculptures. The museum has

2849-649: The century. In place of the balanced compositions and rational approach to perspective that characterized art at the dawn of the 16th century, the Mannerists sought instability, artifice, and doubt. The calm Virgins of Raphael and serene expressions of Leonardo's subjects are replaced by the troubled expressions of Pontormo and the emotional intensity of El Greco . Restless and unstable compositions, often extreme or disjunctive effects of perspective, and stylized poses are characteristic of Italian Mannerists such as Tintoretto , Pontormo, and Bronzino , and appeared later in

2926-527: The chiaroscuro and dark backgrounds derived from Caravaggio and the Utrecht Caravaggists lose their theatrical quality. Dutch Baroque painting is often referred to as Dutch Golden Age Painting . During the 18th century, Rococo painting followed as a lighter extension of Baroque, often frivolous and erotic and using light pastel colours. Rococo developed first in the decorative arts and interior design in France. Louis XV 's succession brought

3003-506: The conventional subject matter and licked finish of academic art , but inspired many younger artists. The leading Barbizon School painter Jean-François Millet also painted landscapes and scenes of peasant life. Loosely associated with the Barbizon School was Camille Corot , who painted in both a romantic and a realistic vein; his work prefigures Impressionism , as did the paintings of Johan Jongkind and Eugène Boudin (who

3080-516: The depiction of volume in his figures, and in portraying emotions on the faces of his figures in the 1420s. Then, artists such as Paolo Uccello , Fra Angelico , Piero della Francesca , Andrea Mantegna , Filippo Lippi , and Sandro Botticelli , in the Early Renaissance period lasting to about 1495, and then Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo Buonarroti , and Raphael during the High Renaissance from about 1495 to 1520, took painting to

3157-798: The depth of discovery and the complexity of innovations of the Renaissance, the rich heritage of Western painting continued from the Baroque period to Contemporary art . The history of painting reaches back in time to artifacts from pre-historic artists, and spans all cultures. The oldest known paintings are at the Grotte Chauvet in France, claimed by some historians to be about 32,000 years old. They are engraved and painted using red ochre and black pigment and show horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo, mammoth, or humans often hunting. Prehistoric European cave paintings share common themes with other prehistoric paintings that have been found throughout

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3234-401: The development of easel painting in the Renaissance, painting gained independence from architecture. Easel paintings—movable pictures which could be hung easily on walls—became a popular alternative to paintings fixed to furniture, walls or other structures. Following centuries dominated by religious imagery, secular subject matter slowly returned to Western painting. Artists included visions of

3311-577: The first examples of trompe-l'œil , pseudo-perspective, and pure landscape. Almost the only painted portraits surviving from the ancient world are a large number of coffin-portraits of bust form found in the Egyptian cemetery of Al-Fayum . Although these were neither of the best period nor the highest quality, they are impressive in themselves, and give an idea of the quality that the finest ancient work must have had. A very small number of miniatures from Late Antique illustrated books also survive, and

3388-787: The human subject. Both Manet and Degas reinterpreted classical figurative canons within contemporary situations; in Manet's case the re-imaginings met with hostile public reception. Renoir, Morisot, and Cassatt turned to domestic life for inspiration, with Renoir focusing on the female nude. While Sisley most closely adhered to the original principals of the Impressionist perception of the landscape, Monet sought challenges in increasingly chromatic and changeable conditions, culminating in his series of monumental works of Water Lilies painted in Giverny . Post-Impressionists such as Paul Cézanne and

3465-459: The last decade of the century. Caravaggio is recognized as one of the greatest Baroque painters and an heir of the humanist painting of the High Renaissance . His realistic approach to the human figure, painted directly from life and dramatically spotlit against a dark background, shocked his contemporaries and opened a new chapter in the history of painting. Baroque was the dominant style of painting beginning around 1600 and continuing throughout

3542-459: The late 18th century, in architecture, and then in painting severe neo-classicism , best represented by such artists as David and his heir Ingres . Ingres' work already contains much of the sensuality, but none of the spontaneity, that was to characterize Romanticism . By the mid-19th century, painters became liberated from the demands of their patronage to only depict scenes from religion, mythology, portraiture or history. Art became more purely

3619-539: The late 19th century there also were several, rather dissimilar, groups of Symbolist painters whose works resonated with younger artists of the 20th century, especially with the Fauvists and the Surrealists . Among them were Gustave Moreau , Odilon Redon , Pierre Puvis de Chavannes , Henri Fantin-Latour , Arnold Böcklin , Ferdinand Hodler , Edvard Munch , Félicien Rops , Jan Toorop , and Gustav Klimt , and

3696-594: The middle class. From the Middle Ages through the Renaissance painters worked for the church and a wealthy aristocracy. Beginning with the Baroque era artists received private commissions from a more educated and prosperous middle class. The idea of " art for art's sake " began to find expression in the work of the Romantic painters like Francisco de Goya , John Constable , and J. M. W. Turner . During

3773-414: The modern world, sometimes painted with little or no preparatory study, relying on deftness of drawing and a highly chromatic palette. Monet, Pissarro, and Sisley used the landscape as their primary motif, the transience of light and weather playing a major role in their work. Following a practice that had become increasingly popular by mid-century, they often ventured into the countryside together to paint in

3850-422: The move towards naturalism. Churches were built with more and more windows and the use of colorful stained glass become a staple in decoration. One of the most famous examples of this is found in the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris . By the 14th century Western societies were both richer and more cultivated and painters found new patrons in the nobility and even the bourgeoisie . Illuminated manuscripts took on

3927-475: The movement, he argued in his Analysis of Beauty (1753) that the undulating lines and S-curves prominent in Rococo were the basis for grace and beauty in art or nature (unlike the straight line or the circle in Classicism ). The beginning of the end for Rococo came in the early 1760s as figures like Voltaire and Jacques-François Blondel began to voice their criticism of the superficiality and degeneracy of

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4004-557: The museum entrance. The same-scale replica was unveiled in 2014. The museum commissioned French artist Gills Perrault in 2008 to reproduce the Fountain of Apollo, same as the one in Palace of Versailles . It took three years for modern laser measuring and the plaster mold to be made in France for the reproduction sculpture, and another three years to carve the marbles in the city of Carrara , Italy. The museum address is: No. 66, Section 2, Wenhua Rd., Rende District, Tainan, Taiwan. The museum

4081-419: The open air, but not for the traditional purpose of making sketches to be developed into carefully finished works in the studio. By painting in sunlight directly from nature, and making bold use of the vivid synthetic pigments that had become available since the beginning of the century, they developed a lighter and brighter manner of painting. Manet, Degas, Renoir, Morisot, and Cassatt concentrated primarily on

4158-632: The painting than on colour. Most of these painters traveled to Italy as part of their training and would then take the Baroque style back to their homelands, although in some cases they remained in Italy for large portions of their career (Claude and Poussin). In Italy, the Baroque style is epitomized by religious and mythological paintings in the Grand Manner by artists such as the Carracci , Guido Reni , and Luca Giordano . Illusionistic church ceiling frescoes by Pietro da Cortona seemed to open to

4235-557: The period, showing the same characteristics, which continue into the Gothic period . Panel painting becomes more common during the Romanesque period, under the heavy influence of Byzantine icons. Towards the middle of the 13th century, Medieval art and Gothic painting became more realistic, with the beginnings of interest in the depiction of volume and perspective in Italy with Cimabue and then his pupil Giotto . From Giotto on,

4312-600: The rare instruments from the Chi Mei Collection since 1997. The museum has also published the hardcover book "Chi-Mei Collection of Fine Violins" featuring 15 world-famous string instruments made by the Italian violin makers of the 17th century. Through the Shining Collection in New York , one can inquire about and purchase these reproductions. A replica of Bassin d'Apollo greets the visitors at

4389-496: The result of a basic need of expression that is innate to human beings, or they may be recordings of the life experiences of the artists and related stories from the members of their circle. Minoan painting is the art produced by the Bronze Age Aegean Minoan civilization from about 3000 to 1100 BC, though the most extensive and finest survivals come from approximately 2300 to 1400 BC. It forms part of

4466-562: The richness of color and unity of effect that could be achieved by a more spontaneous approach to painting. Flemish, Dutch and German painters of the Northern High Renaissance such as Albrecht Dürer , Lucas Cranach , Matthias Grünewald , and Hans Holbein the Younger had a different approach than their Italian counterparts, one that is more realistic and less idealized. Some northern painters, beginning with Dürer in

4543-566: The same periods, even after Crete was occupied by the Mycenaeans, but only some aspects of the tradition survived the Greek Dark Ages after the collapse of Mycenaean Greece . Around 1100 BC, tribes from the north of Greece conquered Greece and its art took a new direction. The culture of ancient Greece is noteworthy for its outstanding contributions to the visual arts. Painting on pottery of ancient Greece and ceramics gives

4620-438: The sequence of ceramic styles, have been used by archaeologists to define the three main phases of Minoan culture (EM, MM, LM), and their many sub-phases. The dates to be attached to these remain much discussed, although within narrowing ranges. The relationship of Minoan art to that of other contemporary cultures and later Ancient Greek art has been much discussed. It clearly dominated Mycenaean art and Cycladic art of

4697-607: The sky. A much quieter type of Baroque emerged in the Dutch Republic , where easel paintings of everyday subjects were popular with middle-class collectors, and many painters became specialists in genre , others in landscape or seascape or still life. Vermeer, Gerard ter Borch , and Pieter de Hooch brought great technical refinement to the painting of domestic scenes, as did Willem Claesz. Heda to still life. In contrast, Rembrandt excelled in painting every type of subject, and developed an individual painterly style in which

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4774-479: The slightly younger Vincent van Gogh , Paul Gauguin , and Georges-Pierre Seurat led art to the edge of modernism . For Gauguin Impressionism gave way to a personal symbolism. Seurat transformed Impressionism's broken color into a scientific optical study, structured on frieze-like compositions. The painting technique he developed, called Divisionism , attracted many followers such as Paul Signac , and for

4851-536: The study of classical sources. In painting, in the 1420s and 1430s leading painters in Italy and the Low Countries separately developed new ways of painting which allowed the paintings to appear more realistic than in the works of established painters, whose style is referred to as International Gothic , or in some cases as Proto-Renaissance (mainly in Italy). This period, lasting until about 1495, became known as

4928-491: The style spread throughout Western Europe. Baroque painting is characterized by great drama, rich, deep color, and intense light and dark shadows with the purpose of the art being to evoke emotion and passion instead of the calm rationality that had been prized during the Renaissance. The earliest Baroque painters included the Caracci brothers, Annibale and Agostino , in the last score of the 16th century, and Caravaggio in

5005-496: The treatment of composition by the best painters also became much more free and innovative. They are considered to be the two great medieval masters of painting in western culture. Cimabue, within the Byzantine tradition, used a more realistic and dramatic approach to his art. His pupil, Giotto, took these innovations to a higher level which in turn set the foundations for the western painting tradition. Both artists were pioneers in

5082-453: The wider grouping of Aegean art , and in later periods came for a time to have a dominant influence over Cycladic art . Since wood and textiles have decomposed, the best-preserved (and most instructive) surviving examples of Minoan art are its pottery , palace architecture (with frescos which include "the earliest pure landscapes anywhere"), small sculptures in various materials, jewellery, metal vessels, and intricately-carved seals . It

5159-482: The work of Northern Mannerists such as Hendrick Goltzius , Bartholomeus Spranger , and Joachim Wtewael . Baroque painting is associated with the Baroque cultural movement , a movement often identified with Absolutism and the Counter Reformation or Catholic Revival; the existence of important Baroque painting in non-absolutist and Protestant states also, however, underscores its popularity, as

5236-409: The world around them, or the products of their own imaginations in their paintings. Those who could afford the expense could become patrons and commission portraits of themselves or their family. The High Renaissance in Italy gave rise to a stylized art known as Mannerism after 1520, although some painters, such as Titian and Paolo Veronese , continued painting in a High Renaissance style late into

5313-466: The world, including in the United States, where it became integral to the painting of American Impressionists such as Childe Hassam , John Henry Twachtman , and Theodore Robinson . It also exerted influence on painters who were not primarily Impressionistic in theory, like the portrait and landscape painter John Singer Sargent . At the same time in America at the turn of the 20th century there existed

5390-456: The world; implying the universality of purpose and similarity of the impulses that might have inspired the artists to create the imagery. Various conjectures have been made as to the meaning these paintings had to the artists who made them. Prehistoric men may have painted animals to "catch" their soul or spirit in order to hunt them more easily, or the paintings may represent an animistic vision and homage to surrounding nature , or they may be

5467-411: Was Rogier van der Weyden , a pupil of Campin, whose compositions stressed human emotion and drama, demonstrated for instance in his Descent from the Cross , which ranks among the most famous works of the 15th century and was the most influential Netherlandish painting of Christ's crucifixion. Other important artists were Hugo van der Goes (whose work was highly influential in Italy), Dieric Bouts (who

5544-568: Was among the first northern painters to demonstrate the use of a single vanishing point), Petrus Christus , Hans Memling and Gerard David . Collectively, the advances in painting in Europe north of the Alps is known as the Northern Renaissance . In Italian Renaissance painting , the art of Classical antiquity inspired a style of painting that emphasized the ideal. Masaccio is credited with making advances in linear perspective,

5621-495: Was considered by some as the best French painter of the 18th century – the Anti-Rococo . Portraiture was an important component of painting in all countries, but especially in England, where the leaders were William Hogarth , in a blunt realist style, and Francis Hayman , Angelica Kauffman (who was Swiss), Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds in more flattering styles influenced by Anthony van Dyck . In France during

5698-418: Was influenced by the neighbouring cultures of Ancient Egypt and the ancient Near East , which had produced sophisticated urban art for much longer, but the character of the small but wealthy mercantile Minoan cities was very different, with little evidence of large temple-based religion, monarchs, or warfare, and "all the imaginative power and childlike freshness of a very young culture". All these aspects of

5775-667: Was known as the Hudson River School : exponents include Thomas Cole , Frederic Edwin Church , Albert Bierstadt , Thomas Moran , and John Frederick Kensett . Luminism was a movement in American landscape painting related to the Hudson River School. A major force in the turn towards Realism at mid-century was Gustave Courbet , whose unidealized paintings of common people offended viewers accustomed to

5852-596: Was one of the first French landscape painters to paint outdoors). Boudin was an important influence on the young Claude Monet , whom in 1857 he introduced to plein air painting. In the latter third of the century Impressionists such as Édouard Manet , Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir , Camille Pissarro , Alfred Sisley , Berthe Morisot , Mary Cassatt , and Edgar Degas worked in a more direct approach than had previously been exhibited publicly. They eschewed allegory and narrative in favor of individualized responses to

5929-564: Was readily received in the Catholic parts of Germany, Bohemia , and Austria, where it was merged with the lively German Baroque traditions. German Rococo was applied with enthusiasm to churches and palaces, particularly in the south, while Frederician Rococo developed in the Kingdom of Prussia . The French masters Watteau , Boucher and Fragonard represent the style, as do Giovanni Battista Tiepolo and Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin who

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