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103-617: Founded in 1844 as the Apostleship of Prayer and renamed in 2016, this ecclesiastic service became a pontifical work in March 2018 when Pope Francis approved the new statutes. In December 2020, the Pope constituted this Pontifical Society as a Vatican Foundation. It is present in 89 countries with a membership of more than 22 million Catholics worldwide. The International Director of the PWPN

206-546: A cardinal , assigning him the title of cardinal priest of San Roberto Bellarmino , a Jesuit church. Bergoglio was installed there on 14 October. During his trip to Rome for the ceremony, he and his sister María Elena visited their father's hometown in northern Italy. As cardinal, Bergoglio was appointed to five administrative positions in the Roman Curia . He was a member of the Congregation for Divine Worship and

309-572: A janitor as a young man before training to be a chemist and working as a technician in a food science laboratory. After recovering from a severe illness of pneumonia and cysts , he was inspired to join the Jesuits in 1958. He was ordained a Catholic priest in 1969, and from 1973 to 1979 was the Jesuit provincial superior in Argentina. He became the archbishop of Buenos Aires in 1998 and

412-829: A pilgrimage to Jerusalem but his stay was shortened by the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War . After the completion of his term of office, in 1980 he was named the rector of the Philosophical and Theological Faculty of San Miguel where he had studied. Before taking up this new appointment, he spent the first three months of 1980 in Ireland to learn English, staying at the Jesuit Centre at the Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy , Dublin. He served at San Miguel for six years until 1986 when, at

515-632: A "communist turd." His disparaging comments sparked controversy among Catholics. However, following his inauguration, Milei softened his position and formally invited Francis to Argentina. Milei visited the Vatican on 11 February 2024, the day Francis canonized María Antonia de Paz y Figueroa , the first female Argentine saint. Elected at 76 years old, Francis was reported to be healthy and his doctors have said his missing lung tissue, removed in his youth, does not significantly affect his health. The only concern would be decreased respiratory reserve if he had

618-474: A 16th-century Spanish Catholic priest, theologian , and founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). Divided into four thematic "weeks" of variable length, they are designed to be carried out over a period of 28 to 30 days. They were composed with the intention of helping participants in religious retreats to discern the will of God in their lives, leading to a personal commitment to follow Jesus whatever

721-481: A bishop he was no longer subject to his Jesuit superior. From then on, he did not visit Jesuit houses and was in "virtual estrangement from the Jesuits" until after his election as pope. Bergoglio was named Auxiliary Bishop of Buenos Aires in 1992 and consecrated on 27 June 1992 as titular bishop of Auca , with Cardinal Antonio Quarracino , archbishop of Buenos Aires, serving as principal consecrator. He chose as his episcopal motto Miserando atque eligendo . It

824-430: A changing approach to formalities at the Vatican. During his first appearance as pontiff on the balcony of Saint Peter's Basilica , he wore a white cassock , not the red, ermine-trimmed mozzetta used by previous popes. He also wore the same iron pectoral cross that he had worn as archbishop of Buenos Aires, rather than the gold one worn by his predecessors. After being elected and choosing his name, his first act

927-407: A chemical technician's diploma. In that capacity, he spent several years working in the food section of Hickethier-Bachmann Laboratory, where he worked under Esther Ballestrino . Earlier, he was a bouncer and a janitor. When he was 21 years old, after life-threatening pneumonia and three cysts , Bergoglio had part of a lung excised. Bergoglio found his vocation to the priesthood while he

1030-679: A classic work of spiritual literature. Many Jesuits are ready to direct the general public in retreats based on the Exercises . Since the 1980s there has been a growing interest in the Spiritual Exercises among people from other Christian traditions. The Exercises are also popular among lay people both in the Catholic Church and in other denominations, and lay organizations like the Christian life community place

1133-613: A collective apology for his church's failure to protect people from the Junta during the Dirty War. When he turned 75 in December 2011, Bergoglio submitted his resignation as archbishop of Buenos Aires to Pope Benedict XVI as required by canon law . Still, as he had no coadjutor archbishop, he stayed in office, waiting for an eventual replacement appointed by the Vatican. On 21 February 2001, Pope John Paul II made Archbishop Bergoglio

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1236-571: A diary purportedly belonging to an anonymous cardinal who had been present at the conclave. According to the Italian journalist Andrea Tornielli , this number of votes had no precedent for a Latin American papabile . La Stampa reported that Bergoglio was in close contention with Ratzinger during the election, until he made an emotional plea that the cardinals should not vote for him. According to Tornielli, Bergoglio made this request to prevent

1339-469: A longer period without the need of seclusion. The Exercises were designed to be carried out while under the guidance of a spiritual director , but they were never meant only for monks or priests: Ignatius gave the Exercises for 15 years before he was ordained, and years before the Society of Jesus was founded. He saw them as an instrument for bringing about a conversion or change of heart, especially in

1442-716: A missionary perspective: devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Father Ramiére formalized and structured the Apostleship of Prayer and is considered, after Father Gautrelet, a second founder. The practices of the Apostleship of Prayer spread widely among local farmers and young Christians in the countryside around Vals-près-le-Puy. In just a few years, this prayer proposal gained popularity throughout France and reached millions of followers worldwide. Apostleship of Prayer groups formed in Catholic parishes and institutions while

1545-479: A political rival to the day he died in October 2010. Bergoglio's relations with Kirchner's widow and successor, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , have been similarly tense. In 2008, Bergoglio called for national reconciliation during disturbances in the country's agricultural regions, which the government interpreted as a support for anti-government demonstrators. The campaign to enact same-sex marriage legislation

1648-405: A remark of St. Ignatius in the 19th "introductory observation" in his book, the retreat in daily life does not require an extended stay in a retreat house and the learned methods of discernment can be tried out on day-to-day experiences over time. Also, some break the 30 days into two or three sections over a two-year period. Most retreat centers offer shorter retreats with some of the elements of

1751-477: A respiratory infection. In the past, one attack of sciatica in 2007 prevented him from attending a consistory and delayed his return to Argentina for several days. Francis is the first Jesuit pope. This was a significant appointment, because of the sometimes tense relations between the Society of Jesus and the Holy See . He came in second to Cardinal Ratzinger on all the ballots in the 2005 conclave and at

1854-451: A review of how the period went. The exercitant reports back to the spiritual director who helps interpret the exercitant's experiences and proposes material for the next day. Ignatius observes that God "deals directly" with the well-disposed person and the director should not give advice to the retreatant that might interfere with God's workings. After the first week Ignatius recommends a form of contemplation which he calls "application of

1957-460: A tally of the frequency of sins or defects during each day. In it, the letter 'g' will indicate days, with 'G' for Sunday. Three kinds of thoughts: "my own" and two from outside, one from the "good spirit" and the other from the "bad spirit". Ignatius' book is not meant to be used by the retreatant but by a director or spiritual guide. Each day the exercitant uses the material proposed by the director for four or five hour-long periods, each followed by

2060-581: A traffic collision. His niece, Cristina Bergoglio , is a painter based in Madrid , Spain. In the sixth grade, Bergoglio attended Wilfrid Barón de los Santos Ángeles, a school of the Salesians of Don Bosco , in Ramos Mejía , Buenos Aires Province. He attended the technical secondary school Escuela Técnica Industrial Nº 27 Hipólito Yrigoyen, named after a past Argentine president , and graduated with

2163-417: A way of understanding and living one's relationship with God in the world as practiced by members of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). Although he originally designed them to take place in the setting of a secluded retreat , during which those undergoing the exercises would be focused on nothing other than the Exercises , Ignatius also provided a model in his introductory notes for completing the Exercises over

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2266-465: Is Frédéric Fornos, SJ, who was appointed in 2016. The Apostleship of Prayer was founded in 1844 in the south of France. The initiative was first proposed by a Jesuit priest, Francis Xavier Gautrelet , who at the time was the spiritual director of Jesuit students in Vals-près-le-Puy in the south of France. On the eve of the feast day of Saint Francis Xavier (2 December 1844), he outlined

2369-471: Is drawn from Saint Bede 's homily on Matthew 9:9–13: "because he saw him through the eyes of mercy and chose him". On 3 June 1997, Bergoglio was appointed coadjutor archbishop of Buenos Aires and succeeded as metropolitan archbishop after Quarracino's death on 28 February 1998. As archbishop, he established new parishes, restructured the archdiocese, led pro-life efforts, and formed a commission on divorces. One of Bergoglio's major initiatives as archbishop

2472-780: Is head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State . He is the first pope to be a member of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuit Order), the first from the Americas and the Southern Hemisphere , and the first born or raised outside Europe since the 8th-century papacy of the Syrian pope Gregory III . Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina , Bergoglio worked for a time as a bouncer and

2575-472: Is less formal than that of his immediate predecessors: a style that news coverage has referred to as "no frills", noting that it is "his common touch and accessibility that is proving the greatest inspiration". On the night of his election, he took a bus back to his hotel with the cardinals, rather than be driven in the papal car. The next day, he visited Cardinal Jorge María Mejía in the hospital and chatted with patients and staff. At his first media audience,

2678-633: Is no information and Justice couldn't prove it. I was in the APDH during all the dictatorship years and I received hundreds of testimonies. Bergoglio was never mentioned. It was the same in the CONADEP . Nobody mentioned him as instigator or as anything." Ricardo Lorenzetti , President of the Argentine Supreme Court, also has said that Bergoglio is "completely innocent" of the accusations. Historian Uki Goñi pointed that, during early 1976,

2781-658: Is now part of EYM. The renewal process for the PWPN worked to increase access to digital communication to reach young people. Consequently, several media initiatives and apps were launched, including Click To Pray app, the Pope Video , an eRosary and the Way of the Heart app. Pope Francis God Schools Relations with: Pope Francis ( Latin : Franciscus ; Italian : Francesco ; Spanish : Francisco ; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio ; 17 December 1936)

2884-400: Is often seen as the goal of Ignatian spirituality, to find God in all things. The "weeks" represent stages in a process of wholehearted commitment to the service of God. Morning, afternoon, and evening will be times of the examinations. The morning is to guard against a particular sin or fault, the afternoon is a fuller examination of the same sin or defect. There will be a visual record with

2987-631: Is set to be published in January 2025. Pope Francis was born as Jorge Mario Bergoglio on 17 December 1936 in Flores , a neighbourhood of Buenos Aires . He was the eldest of five children of Mario José Bergoglio (1908–1959) and Regina María Sívori (1911–1981). Mario Bergoglio was an Italian immigrant accountant born in Portacomaro ( Province of Asti ) in Italy's Piedmont region. Regina Sívori

3090-481: Is wrong to assert that our capture took place at the initiative of Father Bergoglio (…) the fact is, Orlando Yorio and I were not denounced by Father Bergoglio." Bergoglio told his authorized biographer, Sergio Rubin , that after the priests' imprisonment, he worked behind the scenes for their release; Bergoglio's intercession with dictator Jorge Rafael Videla on their behalf may have saved their lives. Bergoglio also told Rubin that he had often sheltered people from

3193-686: The Crónica newspaper. Fernando de la Rúa replaced Carlos Menem as president of Argentina in 1999. As an archbishop, Bergoglio celebrated the annual Mass at the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral on the First National Government holiday, 25 May. In 2000, Bergoglio criticized the perceived apathy of society. During Argentina's economic depression , the Catholic Church criticized

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3296-500: The National Catholic Reporter , John L. Allen Jr. reported that Bergoglio was a frontrunner in the 2005 conclave. In September 2005, the Italian magazine Limes published claims that Bergoglio had been the runner-up and main challenger to Cardinal Ratzinger at that conclave and that he had received 40 votes in the third ballot, but fell back to 26 at the fourth and decisive ballot. The claims were based on

3399-427: The Exercises at the center of their spirituality . The Exercises are seen variously as an occasion for a change of life and as a school of contemplative prayer. The most common way for laypersons to go through the Exercises now is a "retreat in daily life", which involves a five- to seven-month programme of daily prayer and meetings with a spiritual director. Also called the "19th annotation exercises" based on

3502-513: The LGBT community , and has stated that while blessings of same-sex unions are not permitted, the individuals can be blessed , as long as the blessings are not given in a liturgical context. Francis is a critic of unbridled capitalism , consumerism , and overdevelopment ; he has made action on climate change a leading focus of his papacy. Widely interpreted as denouncing the death penalty as intrinsically evil, he has termed it "an attack on

3605-815: The Pallottine community murdered in the San Patricio Church massacre . At the same time, Bergoglio ordered an investigation into the murders themselves, which had been widely blamed on the National Reorganization Process , the military junta that ruled Argentina at the time. Bergoglio was the subject of allegations regarding the Argentine Navy 's kidnapping of two Jesuit priests, Orlando Yorio and Franz Jalics , in May 1976, during Argentina's Dirty War . He feared for

3708-684: The Synod of Bishops , and, according to the Catholic Herald , created "a favourable impression as a man open to communion and dialogue". Cardinal Bergoglio was known for his personal humility, doctrinal conservatism, and commitment to social justice . His simple lifestyle , including living in a small apartment rather than the elegant bishop's residence, using public transportation, and cooking his own meals, enhanced his reputation for humility. He limited his time in Rome to "lightning visits." He

3811-675: The death penalty , helped to restore full diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba , negotiated a deal with China to define how much influence the Communist Party has in appointing Chinese bishops , and has supported the cause of refugees during the European and Central American migrant crises, calling on the Western World to significantly increase immigration levels. In 2022, he apologized for

3914-520: The 1980 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, said: "Perhaps he didn't have the courage of other priests, but he never collaborated with the dictatorship. … Bergoglio was no accomplice of the dictatorship." Graciela Fernández Meijide , member of the Permanent Assembly for Human Rights , also said that there was no proof linking Bergoglio with the dictatorship. She told the Clarín newspaper: "There

4017-601: The Church 's role in the " cultural genocide " of the Canadian indigenous peoples . On 4 October 2023, Francis convened the beginnings of the Synod on Synodality , described as the culmination of his papacy and the most important event in the Catholic Church since the Second Vatican Council . In October 2024, it was revealed that Pope Francis would be the first sitting pope to publish a memoir, Hope , which

4120-641: The Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepción, a high school in Santa Fe , from 1964 to 1965. In 1966, he taught the same courses at the Colegio del Salvador in Buenos Aires. In 1967, Bergoglio began his theological studies at Facultades de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel . On 13 December 1969, he was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Ramón José Castellano . He served as the master of novices for

4223-860: The Discipline of the Sacraments , the Congregation for the Clergy , the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life , the Pontifical Council for the Family and the Commission for Latin America . Later that year, when Cardinal Edward Egan returned to New York following the September 11 attacks , Bergoglio replaced him as relator (recording secretary) in

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4326-655: The Holy See), French, Portuguese, and English, and he understands the Piedmontese language and some Genoese . Francis chose not to live in the official papal residence in the Apostolic Palace , but to remain in the Vatican guest house , in a suite in which he can receive visitors and hold meetings. He is the first pope since Pope Pius X to live outside the papal apartments. Francis still appears at

4429-492: The International Eucharist Congress of Lourdes called for “a great Eucharistic league of the very young, who from childhood onwards would reawaken a general movement towards Holy Communion ". Beginning at that Eucharistic Congress, groups known as “Eucharistic leagues” or “Children’s Prayer Crusades” were formed. Some of these were connected to the Apostleship of Prayer. The Eucharistic Crusade

4532-524: The Lord's vineyard. He also spent much of his time praying in a cave nearby , where he practiced rigorous asceticism. During this time Ignatius experienced a series of visions, and formulated the fundamentals of his Spiritual Exercises . He would later refine and complete the Exercises when he was a student in Paris. The Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius form the cornerstone of Ignatian Spirituality :

4635-640: The Pope had established the Worldwide Prayer Network Foundation as an entity with a juridical identity. The PWPN includes a branch specifically dedicated to young people aged between seven and 18, known as the Eucharistic Youth Movement (EYM). The EYM helps its members to deepen their relationship with Jesus according to the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius . The origins of the EYM go back to 1914, when

4738-497: The Reformation times in which he lived. After the Society of Jesus was formed, the Exercises became the central component of its training program. They usually take place during the first year of a two-year novitiate and during a final year of spiritual studies after ordination to the priesthood. The Exercises have also impacted the founders of other religious orders, even becoming central to their work. Ignatius considered

4841-562: The Saturday after his election, the pope explained his papal name choice, citing Saint Francis of Assisi as "the man who gives us this spirit of peace, the poor man", and he added "[h]ow I would like a poor Church, and for the poor". In addition to his native Spanish, he speaks fluent Italian (the official language of Vatican City and the "everyday language" of the Holy See) and German. He is also conversant in Latin (the official language of

4944-560: The State of the City of the Vatican . In December 2020, the Pope constituted this Pontifical Society as a Vatican Foundation. On 28 June 2019, Pope Francis welcomed a delegation of his Worldwide Prayer Network to the Vatican on the 175th anniversary of the founding of the original Apostleship of Prayer. More than 6,000 delegates attended, along with another 7,500 members following on Facebook live . The Holy See announced on 3 December 2020 that

5047-412: The allegations. The complaint was ultimately dismissed. The priests were tortured, but were found alive five months later, drugged and semi-naked. Yorio accused Bergoglio of effectively handing them over to the death squads by declining to tell the authorities that he endorsed their work. Yorio, who died in 2000, said in a 1999 interview that he believed that Bergoglio did nothing "to free us, in fact just

5150-416: The church's shepherds must have the "smell of the sheep", always staying close to the People of God)." On 13 December 2023, in an interview with Mexican broadcaster Televisa , Francis said that his " great devotion " was to the Salus populi Romani icon at the Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. Francis also told the news outlet that his tomb was already prepared at the basilica near the icon. Francis will be

5253-483: The conclave from delaying too much in the election of a pope. As a cardinal, Bergoglio was associated with Communion and Liberation , a Catholic evangelical lay movement of the type known as associations of the faithful . He sometimes made appearances at the annual gathering known as the Rimini Meeting held during the late summer months in Italy. In 2005, Cardinal Bergoglio authorized the request for beatification —the third step toward sainthood —for six members of

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5356-439: The conquest of self and the regulation of one’s life in such a way that no decision is made under the influence of any inordinate attachment." "Discernment" is very important to Ignatian thought. Through the process of discernment, the believer is led toward a direct connection between one's thought and action and the grace of God. As such, discernment can be considered a movement toward mystical union with God, and it emphasizes

5459-403: The cost. Their underlying theology has been found agreeable to other Christian denominations who make use of them and also for addressing problems facing society in the 21st century. The first printed edition of the Spiritual Exercises was published in Latin in 1548, after being given papal approval by Pope Paul III . However, Ignatius's manuscripts were in Spanish, so this first edition

5562-400: The dictatorship on church property, and once gave his own identity papers to a man who looked like him, so he could flee Argentina. The interview with Rubin, reflected in the biography El jesuita , is the only time Bergoglio has spoken to the press about those events. Alicia Oliveira , a former Argentine judge, has also reported that Bergoglio helped people flee Argentina during the rule of

5665-405: The dictatorship" in the 1970s, during the Dirty War . Bergoglio regularly celebrated the Holy Thursday foot-washing ritual in jails, hospitals, retirement homes, and slums. In 2007, shortly after Benedict XVI introduced new rules for pre-Vatican II liturgical forms, Cardinal Bergoglio established a weekly Mass in this extraordinary form of the Roman Rite . On 8 November 2005, Bergoglio

5768-449: The discretion of Jesuit superior-general Peter Hans Kolvenbach , he was replaced by someone more in tune with the worldwide trend in the Society of Jesus toward emphasizing social justice, rather than his emphasis on popular religiosity and direct pastoral work. He spent several months at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Frankfurt, Germany, considering possible dissertation topics. He settled on exploring

5871-474: The evil in one's present life. An evil spirit usually brings confusion and doubt, but may also prompt complacency to discourage change. The human soul is continually drawn in two directions: towards goodness but at the same time towards sinfulness. According to the theologian Hans Urs von Balthasar , "choice" is the center of the Exercises , and they are directed to choosing God's will, a deepening self-abandonment to God. The Exercises "have as their purpose

5974-480: The examen , or spiritual self-review, to be the most important way to continue to live out the experience of the Exercises after their completion. Ignatius identified the various motives that lead a person to choose one course of action over another as "spirits". A major aim of the Exercises is the development of discernment ( discretio ), the ability to discern between good and evil spirits. A good spirit can bring love, joy, peace, but also desolation to reveal

6077-418: The first pope since Pope Leo XIII to be buried outside the Vatican. Bergoglio was elected pope on 13 March 2013, the second day of the 2013 papal conclave , taking the papal name Francis. Francis was elected on the fifth ballot of the conclave. The Habemus papam announcement was delivered by the cardinal protodeacon , Jean-Louis Tauran . Cardinal Christoph Schönborn later said that Bergoglio

6180-414: The government's austerity measures, which worsened poverty. De la Rúa asked the church to facilitate dialogue between economic and political leaders to address the crisis. Although he claimed to have spoken with Bergoglio about participating, Bergoglio reportedly said the meeting was canceled due to a misunderstanding by De la Rúa's assistant. Bishop Jorge Casaretto doubts this, noting that De la Rúa only made

6283-422: The idea to them in meditation . This initiative was later developed into the Apostleship of Prayer, which is now known as the Pope's Worldwide Prayer Network. The concrete practice that Father Gautrelet suggested to his students to keep this spirit alive was a prayer every morning to offer up the day . In 1861, Jesuit Father Henri Ramière provided a new dynamism for the Apostleship and framed this proposal in

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6386-435: The introduction of the “Pope’s Worldwide Prayer Network”, which was finally established in 2015 with a new logo. On Sunday 8 January 2017, during the Angelus in St Peters Square , Pope Francis used the new name for the first time when he urged the faithful the world over to unite with him in prayer. “I would also like to invite you to join in the Pope’s Worldwide Prayer Network, which spreads, also through social networks,

6489-400: The inviolability and dignity of the person", "inadmissible", and committed the Church to its abolition , saying that there can be "no going back from this position". In international diplomacy, Francis has criticized the rise of right-wing populism , called for the decriminalization of homosexuality (though still considering same-sex acts as sinful), called for the worldwide abolition of

6592-480: The junta. Since Francis became pope, Gonzalo Mosca and José Caravias have related to journalists accounts of how Bergoglio helped them flee the Argentine dictatorship. Oliveira described the future pope as "anguished" and "very critical of the dictatorship" during the Dirty War. Oliveira met with him at the time and urged Bergoglio to speak out—he told her that "he couldn't. That it wasn't an easy thing to do." Artist and human rights activist Adolfo Pérez Esquivel ,

6695-434: The military junta still had a good image among society, and that the scale of the political repression was not known until much later; Bergoglio would have had little reason to suspect that the detention of Yorio and Jalics could end up in their deaths. When Bergoglio became pope, an alleged photo of him giving the sacramental bread to dictator Jorge Rafael Videla became popular in social networks. It has also been used by

6798-427: The mystical experience of the believer. This aspect of the Spiritual Exercises reflects the trend toward mysticism in Catholic thought which flourished during the time of the Counter-Reformation (e.g., with Teresa of Ávila , Francis de Sales , and Pierre de Bérulle ). However, while discernment can be understood as a mystical path, it is also more prosaically a method of subjective ethical thought, emphasizing

6901-456: The national day elsewhere the following year and the Mass in the cathedral was suspended. In 2006, Bergoglio helped the fellow Jesuit Joaquín Piña to win the elections in the Misiones Province and prevent an amendment of the local constitution that would allow indefinite re-elections. Kirchner intended to use that project to start similar amendments at other provinces, and eventually to the national constitution. Kirchner considered Bergoglio as

7004-439: The new pope, and only did so in a passing reference within a routine speech. Due to the pope's popularity in Argentina, Cristina Kirchner made what the political analyst Claudio Fantini called a " Copernican shift " in her relations with him and fully embraced the Francis phenomenon. On the day before his inauguration as pope, Bergoglio, now Francis, had a private meeting with Kirchner. They exchanged gifts and lunched together. This

7107-405: The newspaper Página/12 . The photo was soon proved to be false. It was revealed that the priest, whose face is not visible in the photo, was Carlos Berón de Astrada. The photo was taken at the church "Pequeña Obra de la Divina Providencia Don Orione" in 1990, not during the Dirty War, and after Videla's presidential pardon. The photo was produced by the agency AFP and it was initially published by

7210-417: The opposite". Jalics initially refused to discuss the complaint after moving into seclusion in a German monastery. Two days after the election of Francis, Jalics issued a statement confirming the kidnapping and attributing the cause to a former lay colleague who became a guerrilla, was captured, then named Yorio and Jalics when interrogated. The following week, Jalics issued a second, clarifying statement: "It

7313-415: The original idea took on a visible structured form as an ecclesiastic association. Between 1890 and 1896, Pope Leo XIII became interested in participating in this immense network of Catholics offering their lives and their dedication to spiritually supporting the mission of the Church. He incorporated the Apostleship as a special mission of the Pope and entrusted the association to the Society of Jesus in

7416-556: The original manuscripts of St. Ignatius. The culmination of this work was a "critical edition" of the Exercises published by the Jesuit order in 1919, in the Monumenta Historica Societatis Jesu series. A critical edition from 1847 that incorporates Roothaan's studies can be found online. An authoritative Spanish-Latin text, based on the critical edition, was published in Turin by Marietti, in 1928. This

7519-641: The original manuscripts. After recovering from a leg wound incurred during the Siege of Pamplona in 1521, Ignatius made a retreat with the Benedictine monks at their abbey high on Montserrat in Catalonia , northern Spain , where he hung up his sword before the statue of the Virgin of Montserrat . The monks introduced him to the spiritual exercises of Garcias de Cisneros , which were based in large part on

7622-742: The painting to Argentina, but in an interview for the German newsweekly Die Zeit in 2017, Pope Francis stated that he had never been to Augsburg. As a student at the Salesian school, Bergoglio was mentored by Ukrainian Greek Catholic priest Stefan Czmil . Bergoglio often rose hours before his classmates to serve Divine Liturgy for Czmil. In 1992, Jesuit authorities asked Bergoglio not to live in Jesuit residences due to ongoing tensions with leaders and scholars, concerns about his "dissent," views on Catholic orthodoxy, opposition to liberation theology , and his role as auxiliary bishop of Buenos Aires. As

7725-493: The person of the Father General . He also began to commend a monthly prayer intention to the Apostleship of Prayer where he expressed his concerns and asked all Catholics to pray for them. From 2010 onwards, a process of reflection and discernment commenced with national directors and coordinators looking to adapt the Apostleship of Prayer to the 21st century. A proposal was presented to Pope Francis in 2014 and suggested

7828-534: The poor, and commitment to interreligious dialogue . He is known for having a less formal approach to the papacy than his predecessors, for instance choosing to reside in the Domus Sanctae Marthae guesthouse rather than in the papal apartments of the Apostolic Palace used by previous popes. Francis has made women full members of dicasteries in the Roman Curia . He maintains that the Catholic Church should be more sympathetic toward members of

7931-408: The prayer intentions I propose for the Church each month. In this way, the Apostleship of Prayer moves forward and communion grows” . Examples of the Pope's monthly intentions include "true human fraternity" (January 2022) and "the abolition of torture " (June 2023). In 2018, Pope Francis declared the PWPN, formerly known as the Apostleship of Prayer, a pontifical work with official headquarters in

8034-551: The presence of various political and religious leaders from around the world. In his homily Francis focused on the Solemnity of Saint Joseph , the liturgical day on which the Mass was celebrated. Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola The Spiritual Exercises ( Latin : Exercitia spiritualia ), composed 1522–1524, are a set of Christian meditations , contemplations , and prayers written by Ignatius of Loyola ,

8137-636: The president in advancing necessary legislation. During police repression of the riots of December 2001 , he contacted the Ministry of the Interior and asked that the police distinguish rioters and vandals from peaceful protesters. When Bergoglio celebrated Mass at the cathedral for the 2004 First National Government holiday, President Néstor Kirchner attended and heard Bergoglio request more political dialogue, reject intolerance, and criticize exhibitionism and strident announcements. Kirchner celebrated

8240-441: The priests' safety and had tried to change their work prior to their arrest; contrary to reports, he did not try to throw them out of the Jesuit order. In 2005, Myriam Bregman , a human rights lawyer, filed a criminal complaint against Bergoglio, as superior in the Society of Jesus of Argentina, accusing him of involvement in the kidnapping. Her complaint did not specify how Bergoglio was involved; Bergoglio's spokesman flatly denied

8343-495: The province there and became a professor of theology. Bergoglio completed his final stage of spiritual training as a Jesuit, tertianship , at Alcalá de Henares , Spain, and took final, solemn vows as a Jesuit, including the fourth vow of obedience to missioning by the pope, on 22 April 1973. He was named provincial superior of the Society of Jesus in Argentina that July, for a six-year term which ended in 1979. In 1973, shortly after being named provincial superior, he had made

8446-674: The religious career. As a Jesuit novice he studied humanities in Santiago , Chile. After his novitiate in the Society of Jesus, Bergoglio officially became a Jesuit on 12 March 1960, when he made the religious profession of the initial, perpetual vows of poverty, chastity and obedience of a member of the order. In 1960, Bergoglio obtained a licentiate in philosophy from the Colegio Máximo de San José in San Miguel , Buenos Aires Province. He taught literature and psychology at

8549-642: The request in newspaper interviews, not formally to the church. In the 2001 elections , the Justicialist Party won a majority in Congress and appointed Ramón Puerta as Senate president. With Vice-President Carlos Álvarez having resigned, the opposing party was next in line . Bergoglio met with Puerta and was positively impressed. Puerta assured him that the Justicialist Party was not planning to oust De la Rúa and promised to support

8652-421: The role of one's own mental faculties in deciding right and wrong. The original, complete form of the Exercises is a retreat of about 30 days in silence and solitude. The Exercises are divided into four "weeks" of varying length with four major themes: sin and God's mercy, episodes in the life of Jesus, the passion of Jesus, and the resurrection of Jesus together with a contemplation on God's love. This last

8755-600: The senses." For this you “place yourself in a scene from the Gospels. Ask yourself, "What do I see? What do I hear? What do I feel, taste and smell?” The purpose of these Exercises is that we might gain the empathy to "follow and imitate more closely our Lord." From this comes the widespread use of the magis concept in Ignatian circles, pursuing spiritual growth and progress rather than sudden transformation. The Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola are considered

8858-685: The teachings of the Brothers of the Common Life , the promoters of the " devotio moderna ". From Montserrat, he left for Barcelona but took a detour through the town of Manresa , where he eventually remained for several months, continuing his convalescence at a local hospital. During this time he discovered The Imitation of Christ of Thomas à Kempis , the crown jewel of the "devotio moderna", which however gave little grounding for an apostolic spirituality, an omission Ignatius later tried to supply in his Constitutions with its focus on labor in

8961-512: The time appeared as the only other viable candidate. He is also the first from the Americas, and the first from the Southern Hemisphere . Many media reported him as being the first non-European pope, but he is actually the 11th; the previous was Gregory III from Syria, who died in 741. Moreover, although Francis was not born in Europe, he is ethnically European ; his father and maternal grandparents were from northern Italy. As pope, his manner

9064-545: The window of the Apostolic Palace for the Sunday Angelus . As a Jesuit pope, he has been "making clear that a fundamental task of the faithful is not so much to follow rules but to discern what God is calling them to do. He is altering the culture of the clergy, steering away from what he has named as "clericalism" (which dwells on priestly status and authority) and toward an ethic of service (Francis says

9167-566: The work of the German / Italian theologian Romano Guardini , particularly his study of 'Contrast' published in his 1925 work Der Gegensatz . He returned to Argentina earlier than expected to serve as a confessor and spiritual director to the Jesuit community in Córdoba . It was believed that while in Germany, he saw the painting of Mary, Untier of Knots in Augsburg and brought a copy of

9270-480: Was a housewife born in Buenos Aires to a family of northern Italian (Piedmontese-Genoese) origin. Mario José's family left Italy in 1929 to escape the fascist rule of Benito Mussolini . According to María Elena Bergoglio (born 1948), the pope's only living sibling, they did not emigrate for economic reasons. His other siblings were Oscar Adrián (1938–deceased), Marta Regina (1940–2007), and Alberto Horacio (1942–2010). Two great-nephews, Antonio and Joseph, died in

9373-525: Was a particularly tense period in their relations. When Bergoglio was elected pope, the initial reactions were mixed. Most of the Argentine society cheered it, but the pro-government newspaper Página/12 published renewed allegations about the Dirty War, and the president of the National Library described a global conspiracy theory. The president took more than an hour before congratulating

9476-554: Was bestowing the Urbi et Orbi blessing on thousands of pilgrims gathered in St. Peter's Square . Before blessing the crowd, he asked those in St. Peter's Square to pray for his predecessor, "the bishop emeritus of Rome" Pope Benedict XVI, and for himself as the new "bishop of Rome". Francis held his papal inauguration on 19 March 2013 in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican. He celebrated Mass in

9579-727: Was created a cardinal in 2001 by Pope John Paul II . He led the Argentine Church during the December 2001 riots in Argentina . The administrations of Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner considered him to be a political rival. Following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI on 28 February 2013, a papal conclave elected Bergoglio as his successor on 13 March. He chose Francis as his papal name in honour of Saint Francis of Assisi . Throughout his public life, Francis has been noted for his humility, emphasis on God's mercy, international visibility as pope, concern for

9682-400: Was devoted to St. Thérèse of Lisieux and enclosed a small picture of her in the letters he wrote, calling her "a great missionary saint". After Pope John Paul II died on 2 April 2005, Bergoglio attended his funeral and was considered one of the papabile for succession to the papacy. He participated as a cardinal elector in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI. In

9785-484: Was edited by the editor of the critical edition, and included convenient marginal numbers for every section, which can be found in all contemporary editions (and inline in this article). An English translation by Louis J. Puhl, S.J., published in 1951, has been widely used by Jesuits, spiritual directors, retreat leaders, and others in the English-speaking world. Puhl translated directly from studies based on

9888-521: Was elected following two supernatural signs, one in the conclave - and hence confidential - and a Latin-American couple, friends of Schönborn at Vatican City, who whispered Bergoglio's name in the elector's ear; Schönborn commented "if these people say Bergoglio, that's an indication of the Holy Spirit". Instead of accepting his cardinals' congratulations while seated on the papal throne , Francis received them standing, reportedly an immediate sign of

9991-687: Was elected president of the Argentine Episcopal Conference for a three-year term (2005–08). He was reelected to another three-year term on 11 November 2008. He remained a member of that commission's permanent governing body, president of its committee for the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina , and a member of its liturgy committee for the care of shrines. While head of the Argentine Catholic bishops' conference, Bergoglio issued

10094-425: Was in fact a translation, although it was made during Ignatius's lifetime and with his approval. Many subsequent editions in Latin and in various other languages were printed early on with widely differing texts. Archival work on the authentic text of the Spiritual Exercises was undertaken at the initiative of the 19th century Jesuit Superior General Jan Roothaan , who himself published a translation and notes from

10197-417: Was named ordinary for those Eastern Catholics in Argentina who lacked a prelate of their own church. Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk said that Bergoglio understands the liturgy, rites, and spirituality of Shevchuk's Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and always "took care of our Church in Argentina" as ordinary for Eastern Catholics during his time as archbishop of Buenos Aires. In 2000, Bergoglio

10300-559: Was on his way to celebrate the Spring Day . He passed by a church to go to confession , and was inspired by the priest. Bergoglio studied at the archdiocesan seminary , Inmaculada Concepción Seminary , in Villa Devoto , Buenos Aires, and, after three years, entered the Society of Jesus as a novice on 11 March 1958. Bergoglio has said that, as a young seminarian, he had a crush on a girl he met and briefly doubted about continuing

10403-405: Was the new pope's first meeting with a head of state, and there was speculation that the two were mending their relations. Página/12 removed their controversial articles about Bergoglio, written by Horacio Verbitsky , from their web page, as a result of this change. Before Javier Milei 's election to the Argentine presidency, he was very critical of Francis, describing him as "imbecile" and

10506-559: Was the only church official to reconcile with Jerónimo Podestá , a former bishop who had been suspended as a priest after opposing the Argentine Revolution military dictatorship in 1972. He defended Podestá's wife from Vatican attacks on their marriage. That same year, Bergoglio said the Argentine Catholic Church needed "to put on garments of public penance for the sins committed during the years of

10609-535: Was to increase the church's presence in the slums of Buenos Aires. Under his leadership, the number of priests assigned to work in the slums doubled. This work led to him being called the "Slum Bishop." Early in his tenure as archbishop, Bergoglio sold the archdiocese's bank shares and moved its accounts to regular international banks. This ended the church's high spending habits, which had nearly led to bankruptcy, and enforced stricter fiscal discipline. On 6 November 1998, while remaining archbishop of Buenos Aires, he

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