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39-844: (Redirected from Appalachicola ) Apalachicola may refer to: Apalachicola band , an association of Native American towns along the Apalachicola River in Florida in the early 19th century Apalachicola Province , an association of Native American towns on the Chattahoochee River in Alabama and Georgia that became the Lower Towns of the Muscogee Confederacy Apalachicola (tribal town) ,

78-529: A Native American town that was the namesake of the Apalachicola Province Places [ edit ] Apalachicola, Florida Apalachicola River Apalachicola Bay Apalachicola National Forest Apalachicola Regional Airport Port of Apalachicola Railroad [ edit ] Apalachicola and Alabama Railroad Apalachicola Northern Railroad Ships [ edit ] Apalachicola  (YTB-767) ,

117-697: A force which defeated the Yamasees at Salkechuh (also spelled Saltketchers or Salkehatchie) on the Combahee River . Eventually, Craven was able to drive the Yamasees across the Savannah River back into Spanish Florida . After the war, the Yamasees migrated southwards to the region around St. Augustine and Pensacola , where they formed an alliance with the Spanish colonial administration. These Yamasees continued to inhabit Florida until 1727, when

156-739: A result of duplicitous colonial mercantile practices. Infuriated by the practices of the colonists, the Yamasees resolved to go to war against them, forming a pan-tribal coalition and initiating a two-year long war by attacking the colonial settlement of Charles Town on April 15, 1715. Bolstered by the large number of Indian tribes they had managed to enlist into their coalition, the Yamasees staged large-scale raids against other colonial settlements in Carolina as well, leading to most colonists abandoning frontier settlements and seeking refuge in Charles Town. South Carolina Governor Charles Craven led

195-467: A town named Attapulgus. Econchatimico's people were assigned a reservation of 4 miles (6.4 km) along the Florida side of the Chattahoochee River, extending 1 mile (1.6 km) from the river, above where that river joined the Flint River to form the Apalachicola River. Neamthla's Mikasukis never did move to their assigned reservation on Rocky Comfort Creek. Due to friction between Neamathla and

234-590: A tugboat in the United States Navy. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Apalachicola . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apalachicola&oldid=1144252827 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

273-662: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Apalachicola band Various towns which were or had been part of the Muscogee Confederacy moved into northern Florida in the late 18th and early 19th century. Some of those towns settled along the Apalachicola River. At the start of the First Seminole War in late 1817, Andrew Jackson led United States army and militia troops into Spanish Florida to attack Native American groups that had been raiding into

312-523: Is partially preserved in works by missionary Domingo Báez. Diego Peña was told in 1716-1717 that the Cherokee of Tuskegee Town also spoke Yamasee. Hann (1992) asserted that Yamasee is related to the Muskogean languages. This was based upon a colonial report that a Yamasee spy within a Hitchiti town could understand Hitichiti and was not detected as a Yamasee. Francis Le Jau stated in 1711 that

351-504: Is probably a loanword , as it seems also to have been absorbed into the Timucua language . Thus, the connection of Yamasee with Muskogean is unsupported. A document in a British colonial archive suggests that the Yamasees originally spoke Cherokee, an Iroquoian language, but had learned another language. For a time they were allied with the Cherokee but are believed to have been a distinct people. In 1715 Col. George Chicken stated that he

390-649: The English colony of the Carolina (present day South Carolina ). They established several villages, including Pocotaligo, Tolemato, and Topiqui, in Beaufort County . A 1715 census conducted by Irish colonist John Barnwell counted 1,220 Yamasees living in ten villages near Port Royal . Migration by the Yamasees to Charles Town (in the colony of Carolina ) beginning in 1686 was likely in pursuit of trading opportunities with English colonists, or to escape

429-599: The Second Spanish period these towns on the upper Apalachicola River had merged into the Apalachicola band. Yellow Hair had been the principal chief over five towns, but by the time the United States acquired Florida, he had been replaced by John Blunt. John Blunt, Yellow Hair, Mulatto King (Boyd equates Mulatto King with Young's Black King of Tamatles), and Neamathla , leader of a Mikasuki town east of

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468-560: The Treaty of Moultrie Creek , Neamathla, whose town was then located between Lake Miccosukee and Tallahassee , was chosen by the Seminoles and other peoples in Florida as their chief negotiator. The treaty established a main reservation in interior central and southern Florida, but let Neamathla's town and the Apalachicola band towns led by Mulatto King, Emathlochee, John Blunt and Tuski-Hajo, and Econchatomico remain on small reservations in

507-481: The American Southeast. The Yamasees also conducted raids on the Spanish colonial settlement of St. Augustine . Indian captives of the Yamasees were transported to colonial settlements throughout Carolina, where they were sold to white colonists; frequently, many of these captives were then resold to West Indian slave plantations. Many Yamasees soon became indebted to the colonists they traded with, as

546-594: The Apalachicola River, met with Andrew Jackson in 1821 to discuss their fate under American control. Econchatimico ("Red Ground (town) King"), was the chief of a town on the Chattahoochee in Alabama in 1818, when a party led by William McIntosh attacked it. The town of Ekanachatti had been abandoned by 1821, with its people moving south along the Chattahoochee River , to a town called Tock-to-ethla (Totoawathla or Totowithla, "River Junction"), which

585-818: The Apalachicola band merged in Indian Territory with other Muscogee peoples and their descendants are enrolled in the federally recognized Muscogee Nation . Yamassee The Yamasees (also spelled Yamassees , Yemasees or Yemassees ) were a multiethnic confederation of Native Americans who lived in the coastal region of present-day northern coastal Georgia near the Savannah River and later in northeastern Florida . The Yamasees engaged in revolts and wars with other native groups and Europeans living in North America, specifically from Florida to North Carolina. The Yamasees, along with

624-636: The Catholic Christian Indians of Spanish Florida . Pirate attacks on the Spanish missions in 1680 forced the Yamasees to migrate again. Some moved to Florida. Others returned to the Savannah River lands, which were safer after the Westo had been destroyed. In 1687, some Spaniards attempted to send captive Yamasees to the West Indies as slaves. The tribe revolted against the Spanish missions and their Native allies, and moved into

663-841: The Guale, are considered from linguistic evidence by many scholars to have been a Muskogean language people. For instance, the Yamasee term "Mico", meaning chief, is also common in Muskogee. After the Yamasees migrated to the Carolinas , they began participating in the Indian slave trade in the American Southeast . They raided other tribes to take captives for sale to European colonists . Captives from other Native American tribes were sold into slavery, with some being transported to West Indian plantations. Their enemies fought back, and slave trading

702-554: The Mississippi. In 1833, the United States negotiated separate treaties with Mulatto King (Vacapasacy) and Tustenuggy Hajo, successor to Emathlochee, and with Econchatimico, for their people to also give up their reservations in Florida and move west of the Mississippi. Most of the Apalachicolas moved to Indian Territory soon after, although Econchatimico was still living at Port Jackson (on his former reservation) in 1838. In

741-544: The Spanish, choosing to maintain stronger contacts with British colonists instead. The "prince" returned to Charles Town in 1715, right around the period when the Yamasee War broke out, and shortly after his family had been taken captive by Carolinian raiders and sold into slavery. The Yamasee Archeological Project was launched in 1989 to study Yamasee village sites in South Carolina. The project hoped to trace

780-584: The Spanish. In Charles Town, some Yamasee families looked toward Christian missionaries to educate their children in reading and writing as well as converting them to Christianity. Christian missionaries in Carolina may have had some success in converting the Yamasees and Guale because they had both become familiar with Spanish missionaries and were more open to conversion than other tribes. For decades, Yamasee raiders (frequently equipped with European firearms and working in concert with Carolinian settlers) conducted slave raids against Spanish-allied Indian tribes in

819-636: The United States, and providing sanctuary to slaves who had run away from plantations in the United States. Captain Hugh Young, a topographical engineer serving under Jackson, wrote a report on the Native American towns in or near the part of Florida in which Jackson's army operated. He listed several towns along the Apalachicola River and the lowest reach of the Chattahoochee River , which he described as "Creeks", i.e., Muscogee language-speakers. The towns listed by Young included: A Spanish map from

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858-617: The Yamasee understood Creek . He also noted that many Indians throughout the region used Creek and Shawnee as lingua francas , or common trading languages. In 1716-1717, Diego Peña obtained information that showed that Yamasee and Hitchiti-Mikasuki were considered separate languages. The Yamasee language, while similar to many Muskogean languages, is especially similar to Creek , for they share many words. Many Spanish missionaries in La Florida were dedicated to learning native languages, such as Yamasee, in an effort to communicate for

897-450: The Yamasees as a multi-ethnic amalgamation of several remnant Indian groups, including the Guale , La Tama , Apalachee , Coweta , and Cussita Creek. Historian Chester B. DePratter describes the Yamasee towns of early South Carolina as consisting of lower towns, consisting mainly of Hitchiti-speaking Indians, and upper towns, consisting mainly of Guale Indians. The Yamasees were one of

936-448: The Yamasees soon began to transport their captives to Carolina to sell in Charles Town's slave markets. They soon began to conduct raids specifically to take captives and sell them in Carolina. In 1713, Anglican missionaries in South Carolina sponsored the journey of a Yamasees man (whose actual name is unknown, as he was generally referred to as the "prince" or "Prince George") from Charles Town to London . Historians have noted that

975-566: The combination of a smallpox epidemic and raids by Col. John Palmer (leading fifty Carolinian militiamen and one hundred Indians) eventually led many of the remaining Yamasees to disperse, with some joining the Seminole or Creek . Still others remained near St. Augustine until the Spanish relinquished control of the city to the British. At that time, they took with them around 90 Yamasees to Havana. Steven J. Oatis and other historians describe

1014-525: The government, and to Neamathla's reservation being far removed from the main Seminole reservation, Neamathla was replaced as head chief of the reservation with John Hicks. Neamathla and his people soon moved to Alabama. The land reserved for Neamathla's people was surveyed and sold to white settlers in 1827. The United States Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. Seminole chiefs on

1053-496: The largest slave raiding tribes in the American Southeast during the late 17th century, and have been described as a "militaristic slaving society", having acquired firearms from European colonists. Their use of slave raids to exert dominance over other tribes is partially attributed to the Yamasee aligning with European colonists in order to maintain their own independence. It was typical of Native Americans to take captives during warfare, particularly young women and children, though

1092-406: The late 1830s, Econchatimico lost a number of slaves due to fraudulent claims by a white planter and actions by slave stealers. Small bands of people in the Florida panhandle, called Creeks, Seminoles, or Apalachicolas, were captured in the late 1830s and also sent west to the Indian Territory. In 1839, 300 "Apalachicolas" were sent as a group from Pensacola west by steamer and schooners. The people of

1131-500: The main reservation in Florida were pressured or tricked into signing the Treaty of Payne's Landing in 1832, which called for their removal to west of the Mississippi River . The Apalachicola Band was not a party to that treaty. Later in 1832, the United States negotiated a treaty with John Blunt and Davy, successor to Tuski Hadjo, for the people of Yawolla, or Iola, to give up their reservation in Florida and move west of

1170-520: The motivation of the "prince" to visit London was a form of "religious diplomacy" on the part of the missionaries to further ties between the Yamasee and British colonists. The missionaries hoped that if the "prince" converted to Christianity while in London, it would ensure the Yamasee would become firm allies of the British colonists. Around the period that the "prince" travelled to London, the Yamasees were largely unwilling to be culturally assimilated by

1209-607: The panhandle. Neamathla's and Emathlochee's people, however, were not then living on the reservation assigned to them in the treaty. Collectively, these reservations along the Apalachicola River were called the Northern Division of the Seminole Reservation, and the people who were living on them, or were to move to them, were called the "Apalachicola band". Neamathla's people were assigned a reservation of 2 square miles (5.2 km ) on Rocky Comfort Creek,

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1248-475: The people's origins and inventory their artifacts. The project located a dozen sites. Pocosabo and Altamaha have since been listed as archeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places . The name "Yamasee" perhaps comes from Muskogee yvmvsē , meaning "tame, quiet"; or perhaps from Catawban yį musí: , literally "people-ancient". Little record remains of the Yamasee language. It

1287-433: The period shows the towns of Aldea de Tomathly (Tamatles), Aldea de Ochesees (Ocheeses), and Yawolla (Ehawhohasles) in the same order as Young's report. Tamasle, or Tamatles, was originally a Yamassee town, but had been at least partly assimilated into Muscogee culture and language by this time. Worth identifies Ehawhohasles or Yawolla with the town known as " Iola ", with John Blount as its leader. By end of

1326-419: The purpose of conversion. It also allowed the missionaries to learn about the people's own religion and to find ways to convey Christian ideas to them. There is limited, inconclusive evidence suggesting the Yamasee language was similar to Guale . It is based on three pieces of information: Linguists note that the Spanish documents are not originals and may have been edited at a later date. The name Chiluque

1365-522: The site of Emathloochee's Tophulga. The people led by John Blunt and Tuski Hadjo were assigned a reservation of 4 miles (6.4 km) along the Apalachicola, extending 2 miles (3.2 km) from the river. The people led by the Mulatto King (Vacapasacy) and Yellow Hair, were assigned a reservation of 4 miles (6.4 km) along the Apalachicola River, extending 1 mile (1.6 km) from the river. Emathlochee's people moved to this reservation, settling in

1404-492: The village of Altamaha . In 1570, Spanish explorers established missions in Yamasee territory. The Yamasees were later included in the missions of the Guale province. Starting in 1675, the Yamasees were mentioned regularly on Spanish mission census records of the missionary provinces of Guale (central Georgia coast) and Mocama (present-day southeastern Georgia and northeastern Florida). The Yamasees usually did not convert to Christianity and remained somewhat separated from

1443-482: Was a large cause of the Yamasee War . The Yamasees lived in coastal towns in what are now southeast Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. The Yamasees migrated from Florida to South Carolina in the late 16th century, where they became friendly with European colonists. The Yamasees were joined by members of the Guale , a Mississippian culture chiefdom, and their cultures intertwined. The Hernando de Soto expedition of 1540 traveled into Yamasee territory, including

1482-420: Was probably at a site later called Port Jackson, in the reservation later assigned to Econchatimico. The town had 38 men when the reservation was established. Another Muscogee town, led by Emathlochee, named Attapulgas, migrated into Florida late in the second Spanish period, settling in a town called Tophulga on Rocky Comfort Creek , near present-day Tallahassee, Florida. At the 1823 conference that resulted in

1521-754: Was told that the Yammasses were the ancient people of the Cherokee. The name of the Yamasees survives in the town of Yemassee, South Carolina , in the Lowcountry close to where the Yamasee War began. It is also used for the title of William Gilmore Simms ' 1835 historical novel The Yemassee: A Romance of Carolina , and by extension, Yemassee , the official literary journal of the University of South Carolina . There are currently self-identified Yamasee descendants in Florida and elsewhere, and

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