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106-573: The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) forecast benefits of ADHS' completion by FY 2045 as the creation of 47,000 new jobs and $ 4.2 billion in gross regional product (GRP). In 1964, the President 's Appalachian Regional Commission (PARC) reported to Congress that economic growth in Appalachia would not be possible until the region's isolation had been overcome. Because the cost of building highways through Appalachia's mountainous terrain

212-531: A Southern Ohio Medical Center outreach branch opened in Adams County near the SR-32 & SR-41 intersection at Peebles. Pike County's county seat, Jackson, has a developing retail thoroughfare running between SR-32 and its historic downtown. But the corridor's anticipated regional prosperity never occurred. Counties along the corridor still have per capita median incomes below the state average and 20-35% below

318-668: A "highway" as only a way open for use by motor vehicles, but the California Supreme Court has held that "the definition of 'highway' in the Vehicle Code is used for special purposes of that act" and that canals of the Los Angeles neighborhood of Venice are "highways" that are entitled to be maintained with state highway funds. Large scale highway systems developed in the 20th century as automobile usage increased. The first United States limited-access road

424-483: A 1.2-mile (1.9 km) four-lane bypass of the prior US 219 at the Corridor E (I-68) interchange; the remainder of the route to Meyersdale remains a two-lane highway. Corridor O is a highway in the U.S. states of Maryland and Pennsylvania . It is part of U.S. Route 220 (US 220), traveling from Corridor E, near Cumberland, Maryland , north to I-80 , near Bellefonte, Pennsylvania . The part north of

530-604: A US House of Representatives Report in 2002, was a proposed feasibility and the planning study to establish I-175 along Corridor J. However, no allocation of monies was appropriated and no additional discussion has been made since for this briefly proposed interstate along the corridor. Until late 2005, Corridor J was to turn west just north of Cookeville along the planned SR 451 to SR 56 north of Baxter and then use SR 56 and SR 53 via Gainesboro . Corridor J-1 runs from Algood west to SR 56 , then north to Celina via SR 53 and Gainesboro ; it

636-786: A broad network of public and private partnerships, and focuses on innovative, regional strategies to help communities help themselves. ARC targets its resources to the areas of greatest need, with at least half of its grants going to projects that benefit economically distressed areas and counties. ARC's FY 2016 appropriation included $ 50 million in funding through the Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic Revitalization (POWER) Initiative. This multi-agency initiative, launched in 2015, targets federal resources to help diversify economies in communities and regions that have been affected by job losses in coal mining, coal power plant operations, and coal-related supply chain industries due to

742-546: A considerable portion of the Atlantic southeast) forced the state to rethink this plan and upgrade the northern half to four lanes as well. Corridor M is a highway in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . It follows Pennsylvania Route 66 from Interstate 76 near New Stanton to an intersection near Delmont , where it follows U.S. Route 22 until the Interstate 81 interchange near Harrisburg . A large portion near

848-802: A five-year period." A 2021 study found that areas that obtained access to a new highway experienced a substantial increase in top-income taxpayers and a decline in low-income taxpayers. Highways also contributed to job and residential urban sprawl. Highways are extended linear sources of pollution . Roadway noise increases with operating speed so major highways generate more noise than arterial streets. Therefore, considerable noise health effects are expected from highway systems. Noise mitigation strategies exist to reduce sound levels at nearby sensitive receptors . The idea that highway design could be influenced by acoustical engineering considerations first arose about 1973. Air quality issues: Highways may contribute fewer emissions than arterials carrying

954-634: A four-lane highway from SR 53 to SR 60 south of Dahlonega ; this section was built "with APL funds as a local access road". Corridor B is a highway in the states of North Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia , Kentucky , and Ohio . It generally follows U.S. Route 23 (US 23) from Interstate 26 (I-26) and I-40 near Asheville, North Carolina , north to Corridor C north of Portsmouth, Ohio . Corridor B uses I-240 from its south end into downtown Asheville, where it uses US 23 (current and future Interstate 26 ) to Kingsport, Tennessee . The US 23 freeway ends at

1060-403: A highway available to vehicles is also available to foot or horse traffic, a highway available to horse traffic is available to cyclists and pedestrians; but there are exceptional cases in which a highway is only available to vehicles, or is subdivided into dedicated parallel sections for different users. A highway can share ground with a private right of way for which full use is not available to

1166-438: A highway. Recent examples include toll bridges and tunnels which have the definition of highway imposed upon them (in a legal order applying only to the individual structure) to allow application of most traffic laws to those using them but without causing all of the general obligations or rights of use otherwise applicable to a highway. Limited access highways for vehicles, with their own traffic rules, are called "motorways" in

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1272-560: A number of similarly worded definitions such as "a way over which all members of the public have the right to pass and repass without hindrance" usually accompanied by "at all times"; ownership of the ground is for most purposes irrelevant, thus the term encompasses all such ways from the widest trunk roads in public ownership to the narrowest footpath providing unlimited pedestrian access over private land. A highway might be open to all forms of lawful land traffic (e.g. vehicular, horse, pedestrian) or limited to specific modes of traffic; usually

1378-475: A part of what Congress has designated as Appalachia, and do not consider themselves to be Appalachian. The ARC uses an index-based system to classify counties based on economic status, with five categories: distressed, at-risk, transitional, competitive, and attainment. In addition to county classifications, the ARC additionally classifies specific census tracts within non-distressed counties as distressed if they meet

1484-812: A plan to extend I-68 to Moundsville, West Virginia , and the plan to link the Mon–Fayette Expressway , a toll highway which meets I-68 east of Morgantown, to Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Corridor F is a highway in the U.S. states of Tennessee and Kentucky . It travels from Interstate 75 (I-75) in Caryville, Tennessee , northeasterly to Corridor B ( U.S. Route 23 (US 23)) near Kentucky . Corridor F uses US 25W and Tennessee State Route 63 (SR 63) from I-75 to Corridor S ( US 25E ) in Harrogate, Tennessee . There, it turns northwest along US 25E, passing through

1590-525: A population of more than 25 million people. The Appalachian Regional Commission has 14 members: the governors of the 13 Appalachian states and a federal co-chair, who is appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate . A professional staff carries out the work of the Commission. The current federal co-chair is Gayle Conelly Manchin . Manchin was appointed by President Joe Biden and confirmed by

1696-428: A project and formally approves it. ARC is designed as a federal-state partnership that employs a flexible "bottom up" approach, enabling local communities to tailor support to their individual needs. ARC relies on local regional planning agencies (local development districts) to develop effective strategies for local economic development. ARC has made investments in such essentials of comprehensive economic development as

1802-409: A public highway is also known as " The King's Highway ". The core definition of a highway is modified in various legislation for a number of purposes but only for the specific matters dealt with in each such piece of legislation. This is typically in the case of bridges, tunnels and other structures whose ownership, mode of use or availability would otherwise exclude them from the general definition of

1908-669: A public road is not included in the relevant statistics. The United States has the world's largest network of highways, including both the Interstate Highway System and the United States Numbered Highway System . At least one of these networks is present in every state and they interconnect most major cities. It is also the world's most expensive mega-project, as the entirety of the Interstate Highway System

2014-540: A record of decision is expected in 2017. The 27.1-mile (43.6 km) gap in North Carolina is located from Andrews to Stecoah . Broken in three projects, the plan outlines a new four-lane expressway that will bypass north of the Nantahala Gorge and connect Robbinsville . At a total cost to NCDOT estimated at $ 443 million, it is currently in reprioritization. Since the corridor's establishment,

2120-508: A report on diseases of despair , which found that deaths due to drug overdose , suicide , and alcoholic liver disease were higher than average, especially in the parts of Appalachia under the most economic stress. From September 1967 to 2008, the Commission published a magazine Appalachia (ISSN 0003-6595), which was bimonthly from September 1967 to the fall of 1986. Then it was quarterly between summer 1987 and summer/fall 1995, and annual from 2004 to 2008. Highway A highway

2226-768: A safe and efficient highway system; education, job-training, and health care programs; water and sewer systems; and entrepreneurial and capital market development. ARC has helped cut the number of high-poverty counties in Appalachia from 295 in 1960 to 91 in 2015, reduce the infant mortality rate by two-thirds, and double the percentage of high school graduates. From 2010 to 2015, ARC programs helped create or retain over 101,000 jobs in Appalachia through projects that include entrepreneurship, education and training, health care, telecommunications, business development, and basic infrastructure. Grants during that period leveraged almost $ 2.7 billion in private investments. ARC commissioned

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2332-711: A settlement agreement was reached, providing the framework for resumption of final design, right-of-way acquisition and construction activities on the Corridor H highway project. Corridor H is the only corridor highway that remains incomplete in the State of West Virginia. It begins at I-79 in Weston and will end at I-81 in Strasburg when complete. Virginia's portion of Corridor H runs from the West Virginia state line to I-81 at Strasburg, Virginia. The building of Corridor H

2438-510: A southbound traveler can eliminate 40 miles (64 km), and $ 7.75 in tolls, re-entering the interstate system at the West Virginia Turnpike ( I-64 and I-77 ) at milepost 48. Originally, this corridor was built as a four-lane divided highway for only the portion south of US 60 ; however, the large amount of traffic (as part of the direct route from the cities of Toronto , Buffalo , and Pittsburgh to Florida and

2544-576: Is a connector from Corridor C near Chillicothe southeast to Corridor D near Jackson, Ohio , along US 35 . It has been completed as a four-lane highway. Corridor D travels east–west from Interstate 275 (I-275), near Cincinnati , Ohio , to I-79 , near Bridgeport, West Virginia . The corridor uses Ohio State Route 32 (SR-32) and U.S. Route 50 (US 50). Decades after its completion Corridor D has provided mixed results- beneficial infrastructure improvements, but ARC's goal for regional prosperity still unmet. Economic growth

2650-450: Is a highway in the U.S. state of Ohio . It is part of U.S. Route 23 (US 23), traveling from the north end of Corridor B near Lucasville north to Interstate 270 (I-270) south of Columbus . As of 2005, most of the road is a four-lane divided highway , but there are a few gaps yet to be built. Corridor C is part of the I-73 / I-74 North–South Corridor. Corridor C-1

2756-1014: Is a highway in the U.S. states of Tennessee and Kentucky . It travels from the end of Interstate 24 (I-24) in Chattanooga, Tennessee , north to I-75 in London, Kentucky . Corridor J uses U.S. Route 27 (US 27) from Chattanooga north to Soddy-Daisy . There it turns northwest on State Route 111 (SR 111), eventually curving to the north via Dunlap , Sparta , and Cookeville to Livingston . Then it turns northwest on SR 52 to Celina and northeast on SR 53 to Kentucky. Upon crossing into Kentucky, Corridor J becomes Kentucky Route 61 (KY 61), heading north to Burkesville . There it turns east on KY 90 , which it follows to Burnside . Corridor J turns north on US 27 at Burnside, quickly turning northeast on KY 914 to bypass downtown Somerset and then east on KY 80 to London . Listed in

2862-464: Is a significant negative externality which is difficult to evaluate quantitatively, making it difficult (but not impossible) to include in transport economics-based research and analysis. Congestion is considered a negative externality by economists. A 2016 study found that for the United States, "a 10% increase in a region's stock of highways causes a 1.7% increase in regional patenting over

2968-432: Is any public or private road or other public way on land. It includes not just major roads, but also other public roads and rights of way . In the United States, it is also used as an equivalent term to controlled-access highway , or a translation for motorway , Autobahn , autostrada , autoroute , etc. According to Merriam-Webster , the use of the term predates the 12th century. According to Etymonline , "high"

3074-413: Is being popular in many cities to combat most of the social problems caused from highways. In transport, demand can be measured in numbers of journeys made or in total distance travelled across all journeys (e.g. passenger-kilometres for public transport or vehicle-kilometres of travel (VKT) for private transport ). Supply is considered to be a measure of capacity. The price of the good (travel)

3180-500: Is currently an attempt in the U.S. House of Representatives to extend this corridor, in the form of House bill H.R.1544 - Corridor N Extension Act of 2011. The act would extend Corridor N north from its current terminus at Corridor M to Corridor T in southwestern New York . The bill has not yet been brought before Congress for debate. As of January 2019, Corridor N has been completed as a controlled-access highway from just north of Ebensburg to Meyersdale . In late 2021 Maryland opened

3286-557: Is evident in the corridor's western counties; several new hospitals, large car dealerships and several fast food restaurants were added along the highway. The Brown County Campus of Southern State Community College opened near Mount Orab, in a region where " there were no (previous) options for students, they had to drive an hour ". The Mercy Health Mount Orab Medical Center and the Adams County Regional Medical Center were built alongside SR-32. In 2006

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3392-467: Is in the sense of "main". In North American and Australian English , major roads such as controlled-access highways or arterial roads are often state highways (Canada: provincial highways ). Other roads may be designated " county highways " in the US and Ontario . These classifications refer to the level of government (state, provincial, county) that maintains the roadway. In British English , "highway"

3498-504: Is measured using the generalised cost of travel, which includes both money and time expenditure. The effect of increases in supply (capacity) are of particular interest in transport economics (see induced demand ), as the potential environmental consequences are significant (see externalities below). In addition to providing benefits to their users, transport networks impose both positive and negative externalities on non-users. The consideration of these externalities—particularly

3604-620: Is not part of the official system, but has been assigned by the Georgia Department of Transportation . Historically, highway investment has served as the basis for many US regional development policies and in 2008 the ADHS was deemed one of the more comprehensive programs to use the approach. To evaluate the effectiveness of such investments, land change modeling was used to compare 1976 "pre-" and 2002 "post-" highway conditions. The study focused on Ohio's SR-32 portion of Corridor D and

3710-428: Is primarily a legal term. Everyday use normally implies roads, while the legal use covers any route or path with a public right of access, including footpaths etc. The term has led to several related derived terms, including highway system , highway code , highway patrol and highwayman . Major highways are often named and numbered by the governments that typically develop and maintain them. Australia's Highway 1

3816-780: Is proposed that the part of the corridor be renumbered as SR 451 . The corridor serves as an alternate route for Corridor J, avoiding Livingston . The entire route is two-lane with wide shoulders, allowing for possible expansion if needed. Corridor K is a highway in the U.S. states of Tennessee and North Carolina . Overlapped entirely by U.S. Route 74 (US 74), it also has shorter concurrences with US 19 , US 64 , APD-40 (US 64 Bypass), US 129 and US 441 . The corridor connects Interstate 75 (I-75) in Cleveland, Tennessee (northeast of Chattanooga ), easterly to Corridor A ( US 23 ) near Dillsboro, North Carolina . There are two gaps in

3922-773: Is the longest national highway in the world at over 14,500 kilometres (9,000 mi) and runs almost the entire way around the continent. China has the world's largest network of highways, followed closely by the United States. Some highways, like the Pan-American Highway or the European routes , span multiple countries. Some major highway routes include ferry services, such as US Route 10 , which crosses Lake Michigan . Traditionally highways were used by people on foot or on horses . Later they also accommodated carriages , bicycles and eventually motor cars , facilitated by advancements in road construction . In

4028-666: The Cumberland Gap Tunnel into Kentucky. It leaves US 25E in Pineville, Kentucky , turning northeasterly along US 119 , past an intersection with Corridor I ( Kentucky Route 15 (KY 15)) in Whitesburg , to its end at Corridor B. Corridor G is a highway in the U.S. states of Kentucky and West Virginia that follows the route of U.S. Route 119 (US 119) from Pikeville, Kentucky , to Charleston, West Virginia . Construction on

4134-655: The Pennsylvania Turnpike ( I-70 / I-76 ) near Bedford is also I-99 . Corridor O-1 begins at Corridor O at Port Matilda, Pennsylvania , and travels northwesterly along US 322 to I-80 near Clearfield . Corridor P is a highway in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . It travels from a point near Mackeyville , eastward to Milton , via Williamsport . Corridor P-1 begins at Corridor M ( US 22 / US 322 ) near Duncannon and travels north for 51.01 miles (82.09 km) along US 11 / US 15 and PA 147 , meeting Corridor P at

4240-541: The State Route ;400 (SR 400) freeway from I-285 to the SR ;141 interchange southwest of Cumming . From here to Nelson , near the north end of I-575 , Corridor A has not been constructed; its proposed path is near that of the cancelled Northern Arc . It begins again with a short piece of SR 372 , becoming SR 515 when it meets I-575. SR 515 is a four-lane divided highway all

4346-473: The 15 counties in close proximity; Adams, Athens, Brown, Clermont, Gallia, Highland, Hocking, Jackson, Meigs, Morgan, Pike, Ross, Scioto, Vinton, and Washington Counties. Using data acquired from the Landsat system of earth observational satellites, the comparison revealed slight, yet significant, levels of urban expansion within a 6 mi (10 km) band surrounding the new highway. Beyond this band land use

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4452-419: The 1920s and 1930s, many nations began investing heavily in highway systems in an effort to spur commerce and bolster national defence. Major highways that connect cities in populous developed and developing countries usually incorporate features intended to enhance the road's capacity, efficiency, and safety to various degrees. Such features include a reduction in the number of locations for user access ,

4558-467: The ARC due to the collapse of the steel industry in the region in the early 1980s, and the continuing unemployment problems in the region since . Additionally, certain regions generally considered to be part of Appalachia, such as most of Virginia's portion of the Shenandoah Valley , are not included in the ARC's charter. The inclusion of northeastern Mississippi and northwestern Alabama in

4664-472: The ARC was created to combat—flooding, environmental degradation , poverty, and geographic isolation, among others. The ARC does not precisely correspond to what is considered Appalachia by the general public. For instance, parts of Mississippi were included in the commission because of similar problems with unemployment and poverty. In 2008, the Youngstown, Ohio region was declared part of Appalachia by

4770-471: The ARC's charter was additionally in part based on an altered Rand McNally map submitted to Congress and the governor of Mississippi at the suggestion of local developer George Thompson Pound, depicting mountains in the two states that did not exist. This was done for two main reasons—to undermine the direct funding of black communities in the affected areas in favor of preserving white supremacy , and to engage in historical negationism , made possible due to

4876-432: The ARC's inclusion of northeastern Mississippi and northwestern Alabama in Appalachia. Respondents residing outside of Appalachia were more likely to define the region broadly, in agreement with the ARC, and respondents from within the region were more likely to define it restrictively. The majority of responses defined Appalachia as an area encircling the locations possessing the highest amount of negative characteristics that

4982-677: The Appalachian governors placed top priority on a modern highway system as the key to economic development. As a result, Congress authorized the construction of the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS) in the Appalachian Development Act of 1965. The ADHS was designed to generate economic development in previously isolated areas of the 13 Appalachian states, supplement the interstate system, and provide access to areas within

5088-503: The Appalachian region by reducing the costs of trade. The 2021 ADHS Cost-to-Complete Estimate Report reiterated previous compilations that construction investments made between 1965–2015 contributed to the annual generation of over $ 19.6 B additional Appalachian business sales, representing $ 9+ B added GRP. Usage of the ADHS was saving 231 million hours of travel time annually, equivalent to a $ 10.7 B savings in transportation costs and worker productivity per year. The increased economic activity

5194-481: The Appalachian region. One of the ARC's Co-Chairs is also quoted as saying that Biden's proposed American Jobs Plan provides $ 1B in infrastructure repair to help distressed communities. [1] As mandated by Congress, ARC helps coordinate federal, state, and local initiatives to spur economic development in Appalachia. Each year, Congress appropriates funds, which ARC allocates among its member states. The Appalachian governors submit to ARC their state spending plans for

5300-470: The Senate on April 29, 2021, by voice vote. The 2024 states' co-chair is Tennessee governor Bill Lee . Grassroots participation is provided through 73 local development districts, which are multi-county organizations with boards made up of elected officials, business people, and other local leaders. The ARC is a planning, research, advocacy, and funding organization. It does not have any governing power within

5406-554: The Tennessee–Virginia state line, but US 23 is a four-lane divided highway through Virginia and into northeastern Kentucky. At Greysbranch, Kentucky, Corridor B leaves US 23 to turn east on Kentucky Route 10 (KY 10) over the two-lane Jesse Stuart Memorial Bridge into Ohio. The short Ohio State Route 253 (OH 253) connects the bridge to US 52 , a freeway that takes Corridor B north to Wheelersburg . US 52 continues west to Portsmouth ,

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5512-427: The U.S., many of these effects are from racist planning practices from before the advent of civil rights . This would result in the vast majority of displacement and social effects mostly going to people like African Americans. In recent times, the use of freeway removal or the public policy of urban planning to demolish freeways and create mixed-use urban areas, parks, residential, commercial, or other land uses

5618-671: The UK. Scots law is similar to English law with regard to highways but with differing terminology and legislation. What is defined in England as a highway will often in Scotland be what is defined by s.151 Roads (Scotland) Act 1984 (but only "in this act" although other legislation could imitate) simply as a road , that is: The word highway is itself no longer a statutory expression in Scots law but remains in common law. In American law,

5724-407: The authorized distance – were complete, open to traffic, or under construction. Many of the remaining miles will be among the most expensive to build. The ARC (the state governors) remain involved prioritizing, sequencing remaining corridor work. By 2040, 100% of ADHS' project miles are expected to be complete and open to traffic or, at least, partially complete. Corridor Z across southern Georgia

5830-569: The categorization of the ARC's service area into areas that were distinctly labeled as being part of Appalachia or separate from it, which had addressed the fact that not all of the area the ARC serves is Appalachian. Beginning in about 1960, the Council of Appalachian Governors, a group of the ten governors of the Appalachian states of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, united to seek federal government assistance for

5936-505: The center of the route has not yet been upgraded to a four-lane divided highway. Projects currently under way in Pennsylvania include: Corridor N is a highway in the U.S. states of Maryland and Pennsylvania . It is a designated portion of U.S. Route 219 (US 219), traveling from Corridor E ( I-68 / US 40 ) near Grantsville, Maryland , north to Corridor M ( US 22 near Ebensburg, Pennsylvania ). There

6042-444: The changing economics of America's energy production. The Trump Administration's proposed budget for FY 2018 would have eliminated funding for the ARC. However, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell assured constituents no funding would be cut from the ARC. In contrast, President Biden's first budget included $ 253,000,000 for the ARC. Biden's stimulus proposal budgeted an additional $ 5.3 Billion in direct aid to local governments in

6148-676: The cities of Ducktown and Bryson City , and features the Ocoee National Forest Scenic Byway , in Tennessee, and the Nantahala Byway, in North Carolina; treating travelers with grand vistas and various recreational activities. Corridor L is a highway in the U.S. state of West Virginia . It follows the path of U.S. Route 19 (US 19) between Beckley and Sutton . By exiting onto Corridor L from Interstate 79 (I-79) at milepost 57,

6254-649: The coal industry with movements like the Roving Pickets illustrated the need for federal government intervention in Appalachia. Another catalyst that helped lead to the creation of the ARC was the 1962 book Night Comes to the Cumberlands : A Biography of a Depressed Area by Harry M. Caudill on the poverty and history of the Cumberland area of Appalachia, predominantly in Kentucky . This book brought

6360-533: The corridor, one in each state. The 20.1-mile (32.3 km) gap in Tennessee is the Ocoee Scenic Byway along the Ocoee River from Parksville to Ducktown . Plans outline a new alternate route for this section since the current route does not meet the purpose and need to support the regional transportation goals of a safe, reliable and efficient east–west route. Currently in environmental study,

6466-611: The differences between various areas in Appalachia, the ARC splits their service area into different regions—Northern, North Central, Central, South Central, and Southern. The ARC's definitions take into account political boundaries, physical geography, demographics, economic activity, and transportation activity. Previously, the ARC's subregions only consisted of Northern, Central, and Southern. These classifications were revised in 2009 in order to make subregional analysis more specific. As part of this process, in 2005, several new subregion schemes were proposed. Notably, two proposals involved

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6572-510: The east end of Corridor K near Sylva . From Sylva to its end at I-40 near Clyde , Corridor A uses the Great Smoky Mountains Expressway , which carries US 23 most of the way and US 74 for its entire length. Corridor A-1 uses US 19 / SR 400 from the point that Corridor A leaves it, at SR 141 near Cumming , northeast to SR 53 near Bright . SR 400 continues northeast as

6678-414: The effects dependent on the pre-existing nature of the corridor, its population and workforce, its economic profile and proximity to surrounding business centers or markets. Case study excerpts from five corridors were: A 2016–2019 study reported that the cumulative ADHS construction efforts had led to economic net gains of $ 54 billion (approximately 0.4 percent of national income) and had boosted incomes in

6784-455: The fact that the freeway serves no large metropolitan areas, I-68 provides a major transportation route in western Maryland and northern West Virginia and also provides an alternative to the Pennsylvania Turnpike for westbound traffic from Washington, D.C. and Baltimore . There have been several major planned road projects that would affect the freeway's corridor, which, due to major funding issues, are unlikely to be completed. These include

6890-469: The federal government's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ). Italy was the first country in the world to build controlled-access highways reserved for fast traffic and for motor vehicles only. The Autostrada dei Laghi ("Lakes Highway"), the first built in the world, connecting Milan to Lake Como and Lake Maggiore , and now parts of the A8 and A9 highways, was devised by Piero Puricelli and

6996-649: The first major improvement for the corridor happened in 1979, when bypasses were completed for Murphy and Andrews . In 1986, US 74 was extended west from Asheville , overlapping all of Corridor K. Its last major improvement was in 2005, with the widening of NC 28 at Stecoah, and the first completed section of the Nantahala Gorge bypass. Now at 74.8% of the corridor completed, it features four-lane divided highway predominantly expressway grade, with sections in and around Cleveland , Cherokee and Dillsboro at freeway grade . The corridor also connects

7102-472: The five strategic investment goals articulated in its 2016–2020 strategic plan adopted in November 2015: The bulk of ARC funds, which come from a federal appropriation, support grant making across a broad range of categories. All grants require performance measures. A regional research and evaluation program helps inform the agency's work. ARC emphasizes the leveraging of private-sector investments, relies on

7208-715: The four-lane is open from the Grant - Tucker county line to Wardensville as of July 2016. Corridor I is a highway in the U.S. state of Kentucky . It travels from Interstate 64 (I-64) southeasterly along the Mountain Parkway and Kentucky Route 15 (KY 15) to Corridor F ( U.S. Route 119 (US 119)) in Whitesburg . Corridor I meets Corridor R (Mountain Parkway) near Campton and Hal Rogers Parkway and KY 80 in Hazard . Corridor J

7314-459: The freeway from Keysers Ridge to the eastern end of the freeway at Hancock. The construction of I-68 began in 1965 and lasted for about 25 years, being completed on August 2, 1991. While the road was being built, it was predicted that the completion of the road would improve the economic situation along the corridor. The two largest cities connected by the highway are Morgantown and Cumberland, both with populations of fewer than 30,000 people. Despite

7420-431: The general public: for example farm roads which the owner may use for any purpose but for which the general public only has a right of use on foot or horseback. The status of highway on most older roads has been gained by established public use, while newer roads are typically dedicated as highways from the time they are adopted (taken into the care and control of a council or other public authority). In England and Wales,

7526-666: The highway is known as the National Freeway , a homage to the historic National Road , which I-68 parallels between Keysers Ridge and Hancock . The freeway mainly spans rural areas, and crosses numerous mountain ridges along its route. A road cut constructed for it through Sideling Hill exposed geological features of the mountain and has become a tourist attraction. US 219 and US 220 travel concurrently with I-68 in Garrett County and Cumberland, Maryland , respectively, and US 40 overlaps with

7632-494: The history of white settlers, with no attention paid towards the native Chickasaws who had once inhabited the region or the current black residents. Funding and development directed to the region after the establishment of the ARC largely eschewed black residents and communities as a result of the efforts of Pound and Southern Democrats , and was instead directly sent to local ruling whites. Today, few residents of northeastern Mississippi and northwestern Alabama are aware they are

7738-414: The interchange of Interstate 80 and I-180 near Milton . Appalachian Regional Commission The Appalachian Regional Commission ( ARC ) is a United States federal–state partnership that works with the people of Appalachia to create opportunities for self-sustaining economic development and improved quality of life. Congress established ARC to bring the region into socioeconomic parity with

7844-462: The method which the ARC used to fund communities within its charter. An area home to a large number of black Americans with an extensive history was effectively forced into a region known for its predominantly white culture and lack of slavery within American history, in spite of the protest of black residents. As part of the scheme, attractions were to be built in the area with ARC funds celebrating

7950-410: The mountainous portions of their states, which lagged behind the rest of the United States in income, education, health care, and transportation. During the 1960 Presidential campaign , candidate John F. Kennedy met with the governors to hear their concerns and observed living conditions in West Virginia that convinced him of the need for federal assistance to address the region's problems. Unrest in

8056-566: The national average; the gaps are not narrowing. Interstate 68 (I-68) is a 112.6-mile (181.2 km) Interstate highway in the U.S. states of West Virginia and Maryland , connecting I-79 in Morgantown to I-70 in Hancock . I-68 is also Corridor E of the Appalachian Development Highway System. From 1965 until the freeway's construction was completed in 1991, it was designated as U.S. Route 48 (US 48). In Maryland,

8162-463: The negative ones—is a part of transport economics. Positive externalities of transport networks may include the ability to provide emergency services , increases in land value and agglomeration benefits . Negative externalities are wide-ranging and may include local air pollution , noise pollution , light pollution , safety hazards , community severance and congestion . The contribution of transport systems to potentially hazardous climate change

8268-513: The network. In South Korea , in February 1995 a bus lane (essentially an HOV -9) was established between the northern terminus and Sintanjin for important holidays and on 1 July 2008 bus lane enforcement between Seoul and Osan (Sintanjin on weekends) became daily between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. On 1 October this was adjusted to 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. weekdays, and 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. weekends. In Hong Kong , some highways are set up with bus lanes to solve

8374-432: The number of intersections. They can also reduce the use of public transport , indirectly leading to greater pollution. High-occupancy vehicle lanes are being added to some newer/reconstructed highways in the United States and other countries around the world to encourage carpooling and mass transit. These lanes help reduce the number of cars on the highway and thus reduces pollution and traffic congestion by promoting

8480-408: The perceptions of Appalachia's boundaries and the ARC's definition, published in the academic journal Southeastern Geographer, asked respondents to draw an encircled area identifying what they considered to be Appalachia on a map. The study found less than 20% of respondents agreed that southern New York was part of Appalachia, as designated by the ARC, and that less than 10% of respondents agreed with

8586-659: The planning stage, this extra traffic may lead to the new road becoming congested sooner than would otherwise be anticipated by considering increases in vehicle ownership. More roads allow drivers to use their cars when otherwise alternatives may have been sought, or the journey may not have been made, which can mean that a new road brings only short-term mitigation of traffic congestion. Where highways are created through existing communities, there can be reduced community cohesion and more difficult local access. Consequently, property values have decreased in many cutoff neighborhoods, leading to decreased housing quality over time. Mostly in

8692-784: The proposed alignment of Corridor B continues north and northwest along Ohio State Route 823 to US 23 near Lucasville . The part of Corridor B north of SR 253 is also part of the I-73/74 North–South Corridor . Corridor B-1 travels from KY 10 to the north end of the Portsmouth Bypass. In Kentucky, it follows US 23 and US 23 Truck ; after crossing the two-lane Carl Perkins Bridge into Ohio, it uses current and planned SR 852 —a western bypass of Portsmouth—and US 23. Corridors B and B-1 both end near Lucasville , where Corridor C continues north along US 23 to Columbus . Corridor C

8798-553: The region as well as to markets in the rest of the nation. The ADHS is currently authorized at 3,090 miles (4,970 km), including 65 miles (105 km) added in January 2004 by Public Law 108–199. A decade into construction, delays and cost increases mounted, attributed to: Periodic ADHS Completion Plan Reports were compiled to assess construction and the remaining cost-to-complete (C-to-C) forecasts, excerpts listed below. By FY 2023, 2,837 miles (4,566 km) – 91.8 percent of

8904-430: The region. The ARC's geographic range of coverage was defined by Congress broadly, in order to cover as many economically underdeveloped areas as possible; as a result, it extends beyond the geographic area usually thought of as "Appalachia." While Congress did aim to define Appalachia, the ultimate purpose and concern of the ARC is economic development rather than cultural definition. A study conducted in 1981 comparing

9010-420: The rest of the nation. The Appalachian Region, as defined by Congress, includes all of West Virginia and portions of 12 other states: Alabama , Georgia , Kentucky , Maryland , Mississippi , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Tennessee , and Virginia . ARC serves 423 counties and 8 independent cities that encompass roughly 205,000 square miles (530,000 km ), with

9116-491: The road began in 1972 in West Virginia and 1974 in Kentucky, but it was more than two decades before the road was completed in either state. The full length of Corridor G in West Virginia was completed in 1997, but Kentucky's last segment was not opened until 2008. Corridor H is a highway in the U.S. states of West Virginia and Virginia . It travels from Weston , West Virginia to Strasburg , Virginia. In December 1999,

9222-426: The roads around the world each year and was the leading cause of death among children 10–19 years of age. The report also noted that the problem was most severe in developing countries and that simple prevention measures could halve the number of deaths. For reasons of clear data collection, only harm involving a road vehicle is included. A person tripping with fatal consequences or dying for some unrelated reason on

9328-534: The safety performance of roads and streets, and methods used to reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage) on the highway system from traffic collisions . It includes the design, construction and regulation of the roads , the vehicles used on them and the training of drivers and other road-users. A report published by the World Health Organization in 2004 estimated that some 1.2 million people were killed and 50 million injured on

9434-634: The same vehicle volumes. This is because high, constant-speed operation creates an emissions reduction compared to vehicular flows with stops and starts. However, concentrations of air pollutants near highways may be higher due to increased traffic volumes. Therefore, the risk of exposure to elevated levels of air pollutants from a highway may be considerable, and further magnified when highways have traffic congestion . New highways can also cause habitat fragmentation , encourage urban sprawl and allow human intrusion into previously untouched areas, as well as (counterintuitively) increasing congestion, by increasing

9540-607: The situation in Appalachia to national attention. In 1963 President Kennedy formed the President's Appalachian Regional Commission to assist in advancing legislation to bring federal dollars to Appalachia. This legislation, the Appalachian Redevelopment Act, was enacted by Congress in 1965, creating the ARC as a federal agency. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on March 9, 1965. All of ARC's activities must advance at least one of

9646-507: The standards of economic distress set by the ARC. The category at-risk was introduced on ARC maps in 2006; before then only the four other categories were used. The ARC uses several indicators to designate an area as distressed, including median family income and the local poverty rate. Additional factors that go into determining a county's status are the three-year average unemployment rate and per capital market income. In order to better facilitate subregional analysis and in recognition of

9752-488: The use of dual carriageways with two or more lanes on each carriageway, and grade-separated junctions with other roads and modes of transport. These features are typically present on highways built as motorways ( freeways ). The general legal definition deals with right of use, not the form of construction; this is distinct from e.g. the popular use of the word in the US. A highway is defined in English common law by

9858-445: The use of carpooling in order to be able to use these lanes. However, they tend to require dedicated lanes on a highway, which makes them difficult to construct in dense urban areas where they are the most effective. To address habitat fragmentation, wildlife crossings have become increasingly popular in many countries. Wildlife crossings allow animals to safely cross human-made barriers like highways. Road traffic safety describes

9964-837: The usual principle that a road available to vehicular traffic was also available to horse or pedestrian traffic as is usually the only practical change when non-motorways are reclassified as special roads . The first section of motorway in the UK opened in 1958 (part of the M6 motorway) and then in 1959 the first section of the M1 motorway . Often reducing travel times relative to city or town streets, highways with limited access and grade separation can create increased opportunities for people to travel for business, trade or pleasure and also provide trade routes for goods. Highways can reduce commute and other travel time but additional road capacity can also release latent traffic demand . If not accurately predicted at

10070-433: The way to Blairsville . From Blairsville to North Carolina, the corridor has not been built, and SR 515 is a two-lane road. The short North Carolina Highway 69 (NC 69) takes Corridor A north to U.S. Route 64 (US 64) near Hayesville . Corridor A turns east on US 64, and after some two-lane sections, it becomes a four-lane highway. Corridor A switches to US 23 near Franklin , and meets

10176-456: The word "highway" is sometimes used to denote any public way used for travel, whether a "road, street, and parkway"; however, in practical and useful meaning, a "highway" is a major and significant, well-constructed road that is capable of carrying reasonably heavy to extremely heavy traffic. Highways generally have a route number designated by the state and federal departments of transportation. California Vehicle Code, Sections 360, 590, define

10282-421: The year, which include lists of projects they recommend for funding. The spending plans are reviewed and approved at a meeting of all the governors and the federal co-chair. The next step is approval of individual projects by the ARC federal co-chair. After the states submit project applications to the ARC, each project is reviewed by ARC program analysts. The process is completed when the federal co-chair reviews

10388-576: Was constructed on Long Island, New York, and known as the Long Island Motor Parkway or the Vanderbilt Motor Parkway. It was completed in 1911. It included many modern features, including banked turns , guard rails and reinforced concrete tarmac . Traffic could turn left between the parkway and connectors, crossing oncoming traffic, so it was not a controlled-access highway (or "freeway" as later defined by

10494-412: Was controversial, arousing strong passions for and against. Decades of public debate and legal battles aired the essential question of whether previously isolated areas should be preserved or opened to development. Despite the controversy, about 75 percent of the highway had been completed as of 2013. The highway is open from the Weston exit of I-79 to Kerens , Randolph County and an additional section of

10600-483: Was estimated to cost $ 27 billion in 1955 (equivalent to $ 240 billion in 2023 ). China's highway network is the second most extensive in the world, with a total length of about 3,573,000 kilometres (2,220,000 mi). China's expressway network is the longest Expressway system in the world, and it is quickly expanding, stretching some 85,000 kilometres (53,000 mi) at the end of 2011. In 2008 alone, 6,433 kilometres (3,997 mi) expressways were added to

10706-676: Was helping to maintain or create over 168,000 jobs across the 13 Appalachian states. In 2021 ARC forecast that by 2045 ADHS' construction expenses would yield a return on investment (ROI) of 3.7, meaning $ 3.70 in benefits for every $ 1.00 invested in construction. Employment gains credited to the ADHS were 16,270 new Appalachian jobs as of 1995; 42,190 by 2015. Corridor A is a highway in the states of Georgia and North Carolina . It travels from Interstate 285 (I-285) north of Atlanta northeast of I-40 near Clyde, North Carolina . I-40 continues east past Asheville , where it meets I-26 and Corridor B . In Georgia, Corridor A travels along

10812-428: Was high, the region's local residents had never been served by adequate roads. The existing network of narrow, winding, two-lane roads, snaking through narrow stream valleys or over mountaintops, was slow to drive, unsafe, and in many places worn out. The nation's Interstate Highway System , though extensive through the region, was designed to serve cross-country traffic rather than local residents. The PARC report and

10918-566: Was inaugurated in 1924. This highway, called autostrada , contained only one lane in each direction and no interchanges. The Southern State Parkway opened in 1927, while the Long Island Motor Parkway was closed in 1937 and replaced by the Northern State Parkway (opened 1931) and the contiguous Grand Central Parkway (opened 1936). In Germany, construction of the Bonn-Cologne Autobahn began in 1929 and

11024-628: Was more stable, indicating even minor distance increases from the highway reduced the likelihood of further development. Detrimentally, by 2016 new business growth along the corridor was drawing consumer traffic away from adjacent towns causing revenue loss and unintended consequences for the preexisting town-centered businesses. A 2016 economic assessment of ADHS' construction found regions of Appalachia benefitting differently. Case studies found some boosting tourism income, while others increased industrial activity or commercial/retail activity. Some regions had strong economic growth while others were dormant,

11130-626: Was opened in 1932 by Konrad Adenauer , then the mayor of Cologne . Soon the Autobahn was the first limited-access, high-speed road network in the world, with the first section from Frankfurt am Main to Darmstadt opening in 1935. In the US, the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 (Phipps Act) enacted a fund to create an extensive highway system. In 1922, the first blueprint for a national highway system (the Pershing Map )

11236-576: Was published. The Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 allocated $ 25 billion for the construction of the 66,000-kilometre-long (41,000 mi) Interstate Highway System over a 20-year period. In Great Britain , the Special Roads Act 1949 provided the legislative basis for roads for restricted classes of vehicles and non-standard or no speed limits applied (later mostly termed motorways but now with speed limits not exceeding 70 mph); in terms of general road law this legislation overturned

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