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54-511: The expositions featured a large exhibit hall designed by architect John R. Graf , a Tennessee marble bandstand designed by architect R. F. Graf , and a building constructed by Knoxville College students to exhibit the city's African American history. The expositions saw the first airplane and zeppelin flights in East Tennessee, and helped boost the careers of local artists Lloyd Branson and Catherine Wiley . William J. Oliver

108-554: A crystalline texture, and is typically not foliated ( layered ), although there are exceptions. In geology , the term marble refers to metamorphosed limestone , but its use in stonemasonry more broadly encompasses unmetamorphosed limestone. Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material . The word "marble" derives from the Ancient Greek μάρμαρον ( mármaron ), from μάρμαρος ( mármaros ), "crystalline rock, shining stone", perhaps from

162-476: A recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. Dust, debris and temperature fluctuations from working marble can endanger the eye health of employees. For the staff involved in marble processing, it is necessary to provide eye protection equipment, and it is recommended to improve the education of all workers on occupational health risks and strengthen preventive measures. As

216-570: A growth of 12% annually for the 2000–2006 period, compared to 10.5% annually for the 2000–2005 period. The largest dimension marble application is tile. The stone and marble industry is one of the largest industries in Palestine, contributing 20-25% of its total industrial revenues, generating USD $ 400–$ 450 million in revenue annually. The industry employs 15,000–20,000 workers across the West Bank across 1200–1700 facilities, and amounts to 4.5% of

270-469: A large finishing mill, was founded in South Knoxville in 1914. By 1908, Tennessee ranked third in the nation in marble production, behind Vermont and Georgia . While 80% of marble quarried in the state was used in furniture and interior decoration, it was best known as a monumental building material. Monuments and buildings constructed of Tennessee marble during the early 20th century include

324-524: A marble mining derrick on the Knoxville flag . The community of Concord , located west of Knoxville, became a key marble transloading center, where blocks were transferred from boats to rail cars for transport out of the region. By 1885, Concord was home to ten marble-related companies. The Ross Quarry supplied marble for the J.P. Morgan Library in New York in the 1900s. The Candoro Marble Works ,

378-646: A potential hazard. Mitigations such as dust filters, or dust suppression are suggested, but more research needs to be carried out on the efficacy of safety measures. In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit ( permissible exposure limit ) for marble exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set

432-673: A quarry in Hawkins County . Marble Hall, a house built by the company's director, Orville Rice, contained numerous Tennessee marble interior elements and acted as a showplace for the company. In 1850, Tennessee Governor William Trousdale chose the Rogersville Marble Company's marble as the state's representative stone for the construction of the Washington Monument . During this same period, marble from Hawkins County, either from Rice's quarry or

486-400: A relative resistance to shattering. Also, the low index of refraction of calcite allows light to penetrate 12.7 to 38 millimeters into the stone before being scattered out, resulting in the characteristic waxy look which brings a lifelike luster to marble sculptures of any kind, which is why many sculptors preferred and still prefer marble for sculpting the human form. Construction marble is

540-470: A rival quarry south of Rogersville , was used in U.S. Capitol extension projects (William Dougherty, the construction superintendent for the Washington Monument, was instrumental in obtaining the marble). Transporting the quarried blocks out of the region presented a major challenge for these early companies. Mule teams, often led by local African American entrepreneurs, carried the blocks to

594-554: A silver medal, Joseph Knaffl exhibited work, Lloyd Branson 's "Hauling Marble" won a gold medal as did Ella Sophonisba Hergesheimer . William Posey Silva also displayed work. The "Negro Building" at the Appalachian Exposition was praised for its beauty, it was designed by architect John Henry Michael from Knoxville College , with business partner William Stacy, and it was constructed by Knoxville College students. The two story, 6,000 square foot "Negro Building"

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648-434: A stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine that is capable of taking a polish. More generally in construction , specifically the dimension stone trade, the term marble is used for any crystalline calcitic rock (and some non-calcitic rocks) useful as building stone. For example, Tennessee marble is really a dense granular fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician limestone, that geologists call

702-457: Is a rock resulting from metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks , most commonly limestone or dolomite . Metamorphism causes variable re-crystallization of the original carbonate mineral grains. The resulting marble rock is typically composed of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate crystals . Primary sedimentary textures and structures of the original carbonate rock ( protolith ) have typically been modified or destroyed. Pure white marble

756-512: Is bonded to the surface of the marble. This is harder, more glossy and stain resistant compared to the original surface. The other often used method of finishing marble is to polish with oxalic acid (H 2 C 2 O 4 ), an organic acid. The resulting reaction is as follows: In this case the calcium oxalate (CaC 2 O 4 ) formed in the reaction is washed away with the slurry, leaving a surface that has not been chemically changed. The haloalkaliphilic methylotrophic bacterium Methylophaga murata

810-559: Is currently the only major producer of Tennessee marble. The company was operating six quarries as of 2007. Sculptor Jack Rich described Tennessee marble as an "excellent sculptural stone," though difficult to work with due to its hardness . Two of the best known Tennessee marble sculptures, E.C. Potter 's lions, "Patience" and "Fortitude," stand outside the entrance of the New York Public Library Main Branch . The Piccirilli Brothers also worked with

864-583: Is found, occurs in a series of belts that follow the natural folds and faults of the ridges and valleys. While these belts can be up to 75 miles (121 km) long, they are rarely more than a few miles wide. In 1911, the Tennessee State Geological Survey identified six primary Holston Formation belts containing Tennessee marble: the Luttrell, Black Oak, Concord, Knoxville, Bays Mountain, and French Broad belts. A seventh belt,

918-591: Is the most well-known color, the stone also occurs in gray, dark brown ("cedar"), and variegated shades. The use of Tennessee marble declined after World War II , when cheaper building materials became widely available. There are currently only six active quarries, all operated by the Tennessee Marble Company. The stone has most recently been used in the floor of the United States Capitol Visitor Center and for

972-572: Is the result of metamorphism of a very pure ( silicate -poor) limestone or dolomite protolith. The characteristic swirls and veins of many colored marble varieties, sometimes called striations , are usually due to various mineral impurities such as clay , silt , sand , iron oxides , or chert which were originally present as grains or layers in the limestone. Green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally magnesium-rich limestone or dolomite with silica impurities. These various impurities have been mobilized and recrystallized by

1026-533: Is very high, because the internal structure of the rock is very uniform after long-term natural aging, and the internal stress disappears, so the marble will not be deformed due to temperature, and has strong wear resistance. It is a very popular building material. The following table is a summary of the features of Marble. White marble has been prized for its use in sculptures since classical times . This preference has to do with its softness, which made it easier to carve, relative isotropy and homogeneity, and

1080-565: The Holston Formation . Ashgabat , the capital city of Turkmenistan , was recorded in the 2013 Guinness Book of Records as having the world's highest concentration of white marble buildings. The extraction of marble is performed by quarrying . Blocks are favoured for most purposes, and can be created through various techniques, including drilling and blasting, water jet and wedge methods. Limestones are often commercially and historically referred to as marble, which differs from

1134-705: The Holston River , where they were loaded onto flatboats and transported downstream. By the early 1850s, at least two marble quarries were in operation in Knox County, one of which supplied marble for the Tennessee State Capitol . The arrival of railroads in the region, namely the predecessor lines of the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railway , provided a major boost for the industry and helped Knox County overtake Hawkins as

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1188-606: The Ramsey House on the outskirts of Knoxville and the "Old Stone House" near modern Friendsville . Visitors to East Tennessee were reporting the existence of marble beds in the region as early as the 1810s, and state geologist Gerard Troost provided an extensive description of Tennessee marble deposits in an 1831 report to the Tennessee General Assembly . The Rogersville Marble Company, founded in 1838, produced monuments and furniture stone extracted from

1242-849: The St. Paul Public Library in Minnesota, the Richard C. Lee U.S. Courthouse in New Haven, Connecticut , and the Firemen's Memorial in Manhattan . The rise of modern architecture and a preference for the use of concrete, coupled with the onset of the Great Depression , led to a decline in the Tennessee marble industry by the end of the 1920s. The stone experienced a brief resurgence in

1296-597: The "History of the World" relief at the Pennsylvania State Capitol . Other notable Tennessee marble works include Frances Rich 's nurses' memorial ("Spirit of Nursing") at Arlington National Cemetery ; Bruno Louis Zimm 's Slocum Memorial Fountain in New York's Tompkins Square Park ; Joseph Emile Renier's Pomona at Brookgreen Gardens in South Carolina; and Cliff Fragua 's statue of

1350-803: The 170-ton "First Amendment" tablet that initially adorned the facade of Washington's Newseum , as well as the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Tennessee marble is found in the Appalachian Ridge-and-Valley Province , a series of alternating elongate ridges and valleys that lie between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau . The Holston Formation, in which Tennessee marble

1404-721: The 1930s as New Deal federal construction projects encouraged the use of locally quarried building materials. Buildings completed during this period include the National Gallery of Art (West Building), the Knoxville Post Office , and the Tennessee Supreme Court Building in Nashville. By the 1950s, only five Tennessee marble companies remained in operation. Some companies had turned to secondary products such as lime , which

1458-511: The Appalachian Exposition in 1911. The National Conservation Exposition succeeded the exposition in 1913, and a few years later the predecessor to the Tennessee Valley Fair followed with an annual event. The East Tennessee Historical Society 's Museum of East Tennessee History has memorabilia from the event. Tennessee marble Tennessee marble is a type of crystalline limestone found only in East Tennessee , in

1512-820: The Galbraith in Hawkins County, is considered an extension of the Black Oak. The Luttrell belt, the westernmost of the Holston Formation belts, stretches along Copper Ridge from Beaver Creek in Fountain City northeast to Galbraith Springs (about 10 miles (16 km) west of Rogersville ) in Hawkins County. The Black Oak belt stretches along Black Oak Ridge from Monroe County to the Corryton area in north Knox County. The Concord belt, one of

1566-678: The Knoxville Marble Company to assume control of this quarry and provided marble for the construction of the Mullett-designed Customs House in St. Louis in the 1870s. By 1882, 11 quarries were in operation in Knox County. This number had doubled within a decade, as the rising popularity of Neoclassical architecture brought about a rapid increase in demand for marble. Knoxville, the industry's chief financial and production center, became known as "The Marble City" during this period and even included

1620-554: The Pueblo leader Po'pay in the National Statuary Hall . One of the best-known paintings by Knoxville artist Lloyd Branson , Hauling Marble , was inspired by the Tennessee marble industry. Marble Marble is a metamorphic rock consisting of carbonate minerals (most commonly calcite (CaCO 3 ) or dolomite (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ) that have recrystallized under the influence of heat and pressure. It has

1674-444: The cleaning of marble products. Crystallization refers to a method of imparting a glossy, more durable finish on to a marble floor (CaCO 3 ). It involves polishing the surface with an acidic solution and a steel wool pad on a flooring machine. The chemical reaction below shows a typical process using magnesium fluorosilicate (MgSiF 6 ) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) taking place. The resulting calcium hexafluorosilicate (CaSiF 6 )

Appalachian Exposition - Misplaced Pages Continue

1728-584: The confluence of the French Broad and Holston rivers ("Forks-of-the-River"). While true marble is metamorphic , Tennessee marble is sedimentary and is therefore classified as limestone. Tennessee marble was formed from the accumulation of bryozoan and other primordial marine lifeforms 460 million years ago, during the Ordovician period. Even when polished, the stone retains a fossiliferous texture, with bryozoan and crinoid fossils being among

1782-487: The excavated material will be waste, this is often then used as chips for flooring or wall finish, and uses for which high-calcium limestone is suitable. Marble sludge waste can be used as a mineral filler in water-based paints. Using ground calcium carbonate as a filler in paint production can improve the brightness, hiding power and application performance of paint, and can also replace expensive pigments such as titanium dioxide . Recycling of marble waste leads to

1836-513: The exhibition. In the center of the exhibition grounds, there was a grandstand made of Tennessee marble. The main attractions were the mineral and forest exhibits. Some of the activities held included guest speakers, horse racing, flight performances, and a "Nashville Day." Lawrence Tyson served as president of the 1911 Exposition. Jane Franklin Hommel served as chair of the Women's Congress of

1890-454: The favorite medium for Greek and Roman sculptors and architects (see classical sculpture ), marble has become a cultural symbol of tradition and refined taste. Its extremely varied and colorful patterns make it a favorite decorative material. Places named after the stone include Marblehead, Massachusetts ; Marblehead, Ohio ; Marble Arch , London; the Sea of Marmara ; India's Marble Rocks ; and

1944-503: The geological definition. In 1998, marble production was dominated by 4 countries that accounted for almost half of world production of marble and decorative stone. Italy and China were the world leaders, each representing 16% of world production, while Spain and India produced 9% and 8%, respectively. In 2018 Turkey was the world leader in marble export, with 42% share in global marble trade, followed by Italy with 18% and Greece with 10%. The largest importer of marble in 2018

1998-504: The intense pressure and heat of the metamorphism. Acids react with the calcium carbonate in marble, producing carbonic acid (which decomposes quickly to CO 2 and H 2 O) and other soluble salts : Outdoor marble statues, gravestones , or other marble structures are damaged by acid rain whether by carbonation , sulfation or the formation of "black-crust" (accumulation of calcium sulphate, nitrates and carbon particles). Vinegar and other acidic solutions should be avoided in

2052-509: The late-19th century that Knoxville , the stone's primary finishing and distribution center, became known as "The Marble City." While Tennessee marble is not true marble , its crystalline nature lends it a strong resemblance to marble, especially when polished. The stone occurs in belts of Ordovician -period rocks known as the Holston Formation and is quarried primarily in Knox , Blount , Loudon , Union , and Hawkins counties. While pink

2106-426: The most commonly found. A noticeable feature is the presence of jagged horizontal gray or black lines, or "stylolites." Known as "crowfeet" by quarrymen, these form from residual insoluble materials left over from the natural limestone dissolution processes. The most well-known shades are pink, gray, and cedar, but it also is found in blue, yellow, and cream shades. Along with its aesthetic colors, builders preferred

2160-469: The most heavily quarried, stretches from Sweetwater through Knox County to Strawberry Plains . The Knoxville belt, also heavily quarried, stretches from southeast of Sweetwater to Ruggles Ferry (east of Knoxville) in Knox. The Bays Mountain belt is found along the southwestern end of Bays Mountain in south Knox County and stretches into northern Blount County. The French Broad belt is a u-shaped belt found at

2214-546: The nation's GDP. The vast majority of the industry's exports are to Israel. Marble in the geologic sense does not naturally outcrop in Palestine, and that the vast majority of commercially labeled marble produced in Palestine produced would be geologically considered limestone. Particulate air pollution exposure has been found to be elevated in the marble production industry. Exposure to the dust produced by cutting marble could impair lung function or cause lung disease in workers, such as silicosis . Skin and eye problems are also

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2268-534: The region's primary quarrying and production center. The industry was also aided by an infusion of northern capital in the years following the Civil War . In 1873, federal architect Alfred B. Mullett used Tennessee marble for Knoxville's Post Office and Customs House , sparking a nationwide curiosity in the stone. Mullett acquired the marble from a quarry at Forks-of-the-River. After the building's completion, businessman George Ross and several associates organized

2322-731: The southeastern United States. Long esteemed by architects and builders for its pinkish-gray color and the ease with which it is polished, the stone has been used in the construction of numerous notable buildings and monuments throughout the United States and Canada, including the National Gallery of Art , National Air and Space Museum , and United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. , the Minnesota State Capitol , Grand Central Terminal in New York, and Union Station in Toronto . Tennessee marble achieved such popularity in

2376-406: The stone for its durability, the ease with which it is polished, and the fact that the stone is virtually impervious to stains. Tennessee marble is also easily converted into lime , and mid-20th century lime companies occasionally erected kilns near defunct quarries for this purpose. As early as the late 18th century, Tennessee marble was being harvested for construction purposes, most notably for

2430-737: The stone, most notably creating the entrance tripods at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, and several statues at the base of the USS Maine National Monument in New York. The Italian-born sculptor Albert Milani (1892–1977), who worked at the Candoro Marble Works in Knoxville, created numerous works using Tennessee marble, including the four eagles atop the Knoxville Post Office and

2484-679: The towns of Marble, Minnesota ; Marble, Colorado ; Marble Falls, Texas , and Marble Hill, Manhattan, New York . The Elgin Marbles are marble sculptures from the Parthenon in Athens that are on display in the British Museum . Total world quarrying production in 2019 was approximately 316 million tonnes; however, quarrying waste accounted for 53% of this total production. In the process of marble mining and processing, around half or

2538-585: The verb μαρμαίρω ( marmaírō ), "to flash, sparkle, gleam"; R. S. P. Beekes has suggested that a " Pre-Greek origin is probable". This stem is also the ancestor of the English word "marmoreal", meaning "marble-like." While the English term "marble" resembles the French marbre , most other European languages (with words like "marmoreal") more closely resemble the original Ancient Greek. Marble

2592-655: The widespread exchange of marble objects, including building elements, sculptures, and sarcophagi . There was a significant increase in the distribution of white marble from the late 1st century BC to the end of the 2nd century AD. A gradual decline in distribution started in the third century AD. According to the United States Geological Survey , U.S. domestic marble production in 2006 was 46,400 tons valued at about $ 18.1 million, compared to 72,300 tons valued at $ 18.9 million in 2005. Crushed marble production (for aggregate and industrial uses) in 2006

2646-753: Was China with a 64% market share, followed by India with 11% and Italy with 5%. White marbles throughout the Mediterranean basin were widely utilized during the Roman period. Extraction centers were unevenly distributed across the Italian Peninsula , mainland Greece , the Aegean Islands , Asia Minor , and smaller hubs like those in the Iberian Peninsula . The need for extensive trade arose due to this imbalance, leading to

2700-465: Was 11.8 million tons valued at $ 116 million, of which 6.5 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate . For comparison, 2005 crushed marble production was 7.76 million tons valued at $ 58.7 million, of which 4.8 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate. U.S. dimension marble demand is about 1.3 million tons. The DSAN World Demand for (finished) Marble Index has shown

2754-601: Was a combination of "Oriental" and Modern styles as per the request by the exposition; it sat alongside a lake, with a dramatic double stairway that led to a mezzanine. H. M. Green (also known as Henry Morgan Green ), the City Physician for Knoxville, served as the chairman of the "Colored Department" at the Appalachian Exposition. In 1911, over $ 35,000 was spent by the Appalachian Exposition Association on providing free attractions for

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2808-455: Was isolated from deteriorating marble in the Kremlin . Bacterial and fungal degradation was detected in four samples of marble from Milan Cathedral ; black Cladosporium attacked dried acrylic resin using melanin. Marble is a rock composed of calcium and magnesium carbonate , mostly white and pink. Common marble varieties are granular limestone or dolomite . The hardness of marble

2862-677: Was often produced in kilns located near the quarries. The rise in foreign competition and changes in demand for building materials led to further decline, and most Tennessee marble companies had closed by the 1980s. The stone was still produced on a smaller scale, however. It was used in the Edward Larrabee Barnes -designed Knoxville Museum of Art , completed in 1990, and the BarberMcMurry -designed Gay Street addition of Knoxville's East Tennessee History Center, completed in 2005. The Tennessee Marble Company, founded in 1993,

2916-589: Was the exposition's president in 1910. Sara Ward Conley loaned historical materials to be exhibited. R. F. Graf designed the Bandstand and the Liberal Arts Building for the Appalachian Exposition. In 1910 Cal Johnson cut down the lone tree at his racetrack to allow a plane to land for the Exposition. The artwork of Catherine Wiley was honored at the exhibition. Bertha E. Perrie earned

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