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33-532: It was the eighth aqueduct to supply Rome and together with Aqua Anio Novus , Aqua Anio Vetus and Aqua Marcia , it is regarded as one of the "four great aqueducts of Rome". Its mainsprings, the Caeruleus and Curtius, were situated 300 paces to the left of the 38th milestone of the Via Sublacensis . The total length was approximately 69 kilometres (43 mi), most of which was underground. The flow

66-606: A channel immediately superposed on the latter. It terminated at a great tank on the Esquiline Hill near the temple of Minerva Medica. The Aqua Anio Novus had the highest water level of all the aqueducts that came into Rome which allowed it to reach the highest districts, but also necessitated a route that was higher than the others with taller bridges. It was built of tuff and brick. Aqua Anio Novus bridges visible today include: Ponte degli Arci, Ponte Arcinelli, Ponte Sant Antonio and Ponte Barucelli. The Ponte S. Antonio

99-533: A debt to repay." He was also a member of the College of Augurs . He died in 103 or 104, a date based on Pliny the Younger writing to his friends that he was elected to the college of augurs to fill the vacancy Frontinus' death had created. Frontinus's chief work is De aquaeductu , in two books, an official report to the emperor on the state of the aqueducts of Rome . It presents a history and description of

132-480: A few small arches except for the main high and narrow one for the Acqua Nera. It had originally been built of tuff in opus quadratum . In the second half of the 1st century it was reinforced in opus mixtum , visible at the two east end buttresses. At the beginning of the 3rd century nine rectangular buttresses were added at regular intervals on the north side while on the south side only three were added near

165-411: A few small arches except for the main high and narrow one for the Acqua Nera. It had originally been built of tuff in opus quadratum. In the second half of the 1st century it was reinforced in opus mixtum, visible at the two east end buttresses. At the beginning of the 3rd century nine rectangular buttresses were added at regular intervals on the north side while on the south side only three were added near

198-687: A few years later, Frontinus was appointed suffect consul . While governor of Britain, he subjugated the Silures of South Wales and is thought to have likewise campaigned against the Brigantes . He was succeeded by Gnaeus Julius Agricola , the father-in-law of the famous historian Tacitus , in 77. Birley believes it "is fair to speculate" that Frontinus was with Domitian during the German campaign of 83. An inscription at Hieropolis in Phrygia , as well as

231-513: A number of coins of Smyrna , attests that he was proconsul of Asia in AD 86. In 97, he was appointed curator aquarum (supervisor of the aqueducts ) by the emperor Nerva , an office only conferred upon persons of very high standing. In this capacity, he followed another distinguished Roman statesman, Agrippa , the friend, ally and son-in-law of Augustus, who organised in 34 BC a campaign of public repairs and improvements, including renovation of

264-486: Is considered one of the most beautiful bridges of aqueducts supplying Rome. It crosses the Acqua Raminga stream and is named after an ancient sanctuary now disappeared. The central and original nucleus of the bridge was of opus quadratum , of which the imposing central arch stands out, 32 m high and 10 m span. Spurs are visible on the various pylons, which were used to hook and support the scaffolding both during

297-492: Is likely Frontinus had a sister, who was the other's mother. Frontinus had at least one daughter, the wife of Quintus Sosius Senecio (cos. 99, II 107) and mother of Sosia Polla. In AD 70, Frontinus participated in the suppression of the Rhineland revolt, and later recorded that he received the surrender of 70,000 Lingones . Between that date and being appointed governor of Britain to succeed Quintus Petillius Cerialis

330-557: Is locally found as a layer immediately above the tuff on which the bridge rests. The Ponte Barucelli (also known as Ponte Diruto) is made up of two monumental bridges 8 m apart for the aqua Claudia (to the north) the Anio Novus (to the south) to cross the Acqua Nera stream. Both date to between 38 and 52 AD. They were later strengthened with buttresses and reinforcements, becoming two huge continuous and connected structures. The Anio Novus bridge, about 85 m long and about 10 m wide, has

363-483: Is regarded as one of the "four great aqueducts of Rome." Frontinus describes its source as near that of the Aqua Claudia and "forty-second milestone on the via Sublacensis , in the district of Simbruvium. The water is taken from the river which, even without the effect of rainstorms, is muddy and discoloured, because it has rich and cultivated fields adjoining it and in consequence loose banks." Its flow at

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396-528: The Stratagems (Latin: Strategemata ), is a collection of examples of military stratagems from Greek and Roman history, for the use of generals. He draws on his own experience as a general in Germania under Domitian , but similarities between the anecdotes he records and versions of other Roman authors like Valerius Maximus and Livy suggest that he drew mainly on literary sources. The authenticity of

429-762: The Porta Maggiore , the other being the Aqua Anio Novus . It is described in some detail by Frontinus in his work published in the later 1st century, De aquaeductu . Nero extended the aqueduct with the Arcus Neroniani to the Caelian hill and Domitian further extended it to the Palatine , after which the Aqua Claudia could provide all 14 Roman districts with water. The section on

462-411: The aqueducts of Rome . Due to a lack of either a titulus honorarius or sepulcralis , there is no outline of Frontinus' life, the names of his parents, or of his wife. Some details can be inferred from chance mentions: He is thought to be of Narbonese origins, and originally of the equestrian class . From the nomenclature of the name of Publius Calvisius Ruso Julius Frontinus (consul c. 84), it

495-516: The Caelian hill was called arcus Caelimontani . Visible remaining bridges include the Ponte sul Fosso della Noce, Ponte San Antonio, Ponte delle Forme Rotte, Ponte dell`Inferno, Ponte Barucelli. The bridge has a single arch in opus quadratum , reinforced in the late period in brickwork. The specus (channel) is about 1 m wide and is also built in opus quadratum, but with a very porous stone which

528-455: The aqueduct Aqua Marcia and an extension of its pipes to cover more of the city. The following year Frontinus held a second consulship as suffect in February, with Trajan as his colleague, and two years later he was made consul ordinarius with Trajan. Birley notes, "This exceptional honour underlines the high regard in which he [Frontinus] was held, and suggests, further, that Trajan had

561-579: The aqueduct to 58 miles and 700 paces. The lakes were created by dams in the river, and were the tallest of any built by the Romans. They were swept away by the river in the Medieval period. The aqueduct was split into two channels above Tivoli and combined again near Gericomo. From its filtering tank near the seventh milestone of the Via Latina , it was carried on the arches of the Aqua Claudia, in

594-511: The aqueduct. [REDACTED] Media related to Aqua Claudia at Wikimedia Commons Aqua Anio Novus Aqua Anio Novus ( Latin for "New Anio aqueduct") was an ancient Roman aqueduct supplying the city of Rome . Like the Aqua Claudia , it was begun by emperor Caligula in 38 AD and completed in 52 AD by Claudius , who dedicated them both on August 1. Together with the Aqua Anio Vetus , Aqua Marcia and Aqua Claudia, it

627-460: The bed of the stream, later increased by five on the west bank in poor opus latericium and two on the east in opus mixtum. Later the two bridges were connected by three brick arches and with buttresses. 41°53′29″N 12°30′55″E  /  41.89139°N 12.51528°E  / 41.89139; 12.51528 Frontinus Sextus Julius Frontinus (c. 40 – 103 AD) was a prominent Roman civil engineer, author, soldier and senator of

660-414: The bed of the stream, later increased by five on the west bank in poor opus latericium and two on the east in opus mixtum. Later the two bridges were connected by three brick arches and with buttresses. The aqueduct went through at least two major repairs. Tacitus suggests that the aqueduct was in use by AD 47. An inscription from Vespasian suggests that Aqua Claudia was used for ten years, then failed and

693-452: The construction of the bridge, but above all during the numerous restorations. In the post-Severan period it was reinforced by covering it almost completely with brick-clad opus caementicium and adding small arches at the bottom of the bridge. On the east side of the bridge, on the south pillar near the stream, is a part of a supporting arch never completed, a sign that the bridge underwent several design changes during its construction. On

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726-505: The fourth book has been challenged. One example he gives of control of river water during a siege reads: Lucius Metellus, when fighting in Hither Spain , diverted the course of a river and directed it from a higher level against the camp of the enemy, which was located on low ground. Then, when the enemy were in a panic from the sudden flood, he had them slain by men whom he had stationed in ambush for this very purpose. He appears as

759-430: The intake was 197,000 m a day. The aqueduct was freely used to supply the deficiencies of other aqueducts by using cross-channels at several points along the route controlled by sluice gates, and being turbid, rendered them impure. To improve the quality of the water Trajan connected additional sources from the two uppermost of the three lakes formed by Nero for the adornment of his villa at Subiaco , thus lengthening

792-537: The late 1st century AD. He was a successful general under Domitian , commanding forces in Roman Britain , and on the Rhine and Danube frontiers. A novus homo , he was consul three times. Frontinus ably discharged several important administrative duties for Nerva and Trajan . However, he is best known to the post-Classical world as an author of technical treatises, especially De aquaeductu , dealing with

825-428: The many baths and fountains. However, Frontinus criticized the practice of mixing supplies from different sources, and one of his first decisions was to separate the waters from each system. He was very concerned by leaks in the system, especially those in the underground conduits, which were difficult to locate and mend, a problem still faced by water engineers today. The aqueducts above ground needed care to ensure that

858-435: The masonry was kept in good condition, especially those running on arched superstructures. It was, he said, essential to keep trees at a distance so that their roots would not damage the structures. He reviewed the existing law governing the state aqueducts, as well as the need for enforcement of those statutes . Frontinus also wrote a theoretical treatise on military science, which is lost. His extant work on military matters,

891-415: The previous century; Frontinus refers to the possible influence of Vitruvius on the plumbers. Distribution of the water depended in a complex way on its height entering the city, the quality of the water, and its rate of discharge. Thus, poor-quality water would be sent for irrigation, gardens, or flushing, while only the best would be reserved for drinking water. Intermediate-quality water would be used for

924-419: The quality of water delivered by each, mainly depending on their source, be it river, lake, or spring. One of the first jobs he undertook when he was appointed water commissioner was to prepare maps of the system so that he could assess their condition before undertaking their maintenance. He says that many had been neglected and were not working at their full capacity. He was especially concerned by diversion of

957-507: The supply by unscrupulous farmers and tradesmen, among many others. They would insert pipes into the channel of the aqueducts to tap the supply. He, therefore, made a meticulous survey of the intake and the supply of each line, and then investigated the discrepancies. Lead pipe stamps bearing the name of the owner were also used to prevent such water theft . He was well aware of the seminal work De architectura by Vitruvius , which mentions aqueduct construction and maintenance published in

990-464: The water-supply of Rome, including the laws relating to its use and maintenance. He provides the history, sizes and discharge rates of all of the nine aqueducts of Rome at the time at which he was writing at the turn of the 1st century AD: the Aqua Marcia , Aqua Appia , Aqua Alsietina , Aqua Tepula , Anio Vetus , Anio Novus , Aqua Virgo , Aqua Claudia and Aqua Augusta . Frontinus describes

1023-531: The west side of the bridge, the channel turns at right angles and can be followed for several tens of metres. The Ponte Barucelli (also known as Ponte Diruto) is made up of two monumental bridges 8 m apart for the Anio Novus (to the south) and the aqua Claudia (to the north) to cross the Acqua Nera stream. Both date to between 38 and 52 AD. They were later strengthened with buttresses and reinforcements, becoming two huge continuous and connected structures. The Anio Novus bridge, about 85 m long and about 10 m wide, has

Aqua Claudia - Misplaced Pages Continue

1056-402: Was about 190,000 cubic metres (6,700,000 cu ft) in 24 hours (about 2.3 cubic metres per second (80 cu ft/s)). Directly after its filtering tank, near the seventh mile of the Via Latina , it finally emerged onto arches, which increase in height as the ground falls toward the city, reaching over 30 metres (100 ft). It is one of the two ancient aqueducts that flowed through

1089-517: Was out of use for nine years. The first repair was done by Emperor Vespasian in 71 AD; it was repaired again in 81 AD by Emperor Titus . Alexander Severus reinforced the arches of Nero (CIL VI.1259) where they are called arcus Caelimontani , including the line of arches across the valley between the Caelian and the Palatine. The church of San Tommaso in Formis was later built into the side of

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