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35-596: In December 1942, lieutenant de vaisseau ( ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant ) Jacques-Yves Cousteau met in Paris for the first time the engineer Émile Gagnan , employee at Air Liquide , a French company specialising in compressed gas. Because of severe fuel restrictions due to the German occupation of France , Gagnan had miniaturized and adapted to gas generators a Rouquayrol - Denayrouze -type regulator. Invented in 1860, adapted to diving in 1864 and mass-produced as of 1865 (when

70-499: A Commando Corps in 1946. Commander Pierre Ponchardier and his Special Air Service Battalion aka SAS-B (also nicknamed Tigers Commandos), created in early 1945, fought in Indochina until 1946 before the battalion was disbanded. Ponchardier was a visionary of modern SOF. Although he was not subordinated to a Sailor Rifleman chain of command, he ran large-scale operations in conjunction and with the support of Compagnie Merlet/Jaubert and

105-458: Is 0-7m or 0-10m depending on the organisation's code of practice. It is 48 cm = 19.2 inches high, 30 cm = 12 inches wide, 19 cm = 7.6 inches thick. It weighs 14.2kg = 31.3 pounds out of water. If the rebreathing loop fails, it can be switched into open-circuit mode bypassing the breathing bag, as bailout . Ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant Ship-of-the-line lieutenant ( French : Lieutenant de vaisseau ; Spanish : Teniente de navío )

140-582: Is a naval officer rank , used in a number of countries. The name derives from the name of the largest class of warship, the ship of the line , as opposed to smaller types of warship ( corvettes and frigates ). It is rated OF-2 within the NATO ranking system and is equivalent to Lieutenant in the Royal Navy and the United States Navy . This article on a military rank or appointment

175-684: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Commando Hubert The Commandos Marine , nicknamed Bérets Verts ( Green Berets ), are the special operation forces (SOF) of the French Navy , headquartered in Lorient , Brittany in western France . They operate under the Special Operations Command (COS) , FORFUSCO , one of the four main forces of the French Navy or any operational command designated by

210-551: Is a model of chest mounted oxygen rebreather for shallow water and special forces operation, which has been used by the French Navy and the Commando Hubert since 15 October 2002. It is made by the diving gear manufacturers Aqualung . Its working parts are in a dark-blue streamlined rounded shell. It can be worn on the front or on the back. It is rated as duration on a filling: oxygen 4 hours or more, soda-lime 7 hours at 21.1 °C (70 °F). Operational depth range

245-785: The Australian Ted Eldred had started to sell the first single-hose regulator, the Porpoise. In 1955 La Spirotechnique launched its first single hose regulator. Designed by Jean Bronnec and Raymond Gauthier, this regulator was the Cristal, named the Aquamatic in English-speaking countries. The first American branch of La Spirotechnique was U.S. Divers Company , which first sold aqualungs (CG45, Mistral), Aquamatic (Cristal) and other La Spirotechnique regulators in

280-706: The Free French Navy went to the Commando training center in Achnacarry , Scotland. Since then, the Commandos Marine have kept by tradition the green beret pulled right with the bronze shield badge on the left, the only such exception in the French armed forces. They have retained the principle of exceptional training without compromise, based on immersion in a highly stressful environment, close to

315-982: The French Army staff. They specialize in offshore operations; operations from sea to land and special operations on land. One of the major characteristics of marine commando units is to be perfectly interoperable with all the resources and units of the navy (vessels, aircraft, submarines). Comprising seven operational units of around 90 men and around 160 in specialized support, their missions include: hostage rescue , evacuation operations , intelligence within enemy lines, (assault on high-value targets ), Navy missions (assault at sea, remote support and destruction, reconnaissance, underwater action) as well as certain missions in support of naval airforce : amphibious operations, guidance and fire support, reinforcement teams, embargo control and State actions at sea against illegal fishing, immigration and trafficking. The Commandos Marine were formed in 1942 during World War II in

350-614: The United Kingdom and were modelled on the British Commandos (who were founded in 1940). They were formed from Free French volunteers from different services, mainly from Navy Fusiliers Marins (protection forces), other navy specialities and even from the army. They were trained at the Commando Training Centre in Achnacarry, Scotland and joined No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando as the 1st and

385-492: The 1950s, the combat swimmer unit of the French Navy have been formed as Commando Hubert , also known as French commando frogmen , the only Commandos Marine unit having combat swimmers. The tip of the spear of the overall Commandos Marine organization, their military capacities are broader than combat swimming operations. They are publicly known to be a Special Mission Unit supporting counter terrorism along with GIGN (see Ouvea cave , MS Pascal Paoli ). Jacques-Yves Cousteau

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420-483: The 1st RFM and his Flotilla. He died of his wounds 25 January 1946. Lieutenant (junior grade) Alain de Penfentenyo was a Navy officer, commanding officer of an LCVP platoon, killed in action during a riverine raid on the Donai river, 14 February 1946 (Indochina). Lieutenant (junior grade) Louis de Montfort was a Company Merlet platoon commander. After his commander was wounded and evacuated de Montfort took command and

455-835: The 1st RFM. His audacity, the innovation of the TTPs and the course of actions he applied in guerrilla warfare and COIN set the spirit and were disseminated to the overall Commandos Marine organisation. By a 19 May 1947 decision, the Ministry of the Navy decision created five "Commando Marine" units, organised and designed as the former British Commandos. The French Navy transformed several Fusiliers Marins companies (Sailor Riflemen) already combatting in Indochina (including Company Jaubert) or based aboard French Navy destroyers (to become Commando Trepel and Commando de Penfentenyo) and gradually renewed their personnel with commando-qualified recruits after

490-497: The 8th Troops. To commemorate this, the beret of the French naval commandos is worn pulled to the right with the badge worn over the left eye or temple, the opposite of all other French military units. The 1st BFMC ( Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos , Commando Sailor Riflemen Battalion) took part in the Normandy Landing on D-Day under the command of Lieutenant Commander Philippe Kieffer , on Sword , and were for

525-569: The CG45. In April 1955 it launched the Mistral, a single-stage regulator that was cheaper to build and easier to breathe than the CG45. The Mistral became the brand's spearhead and set off to establish scuba diving across the world. The CG45 and the Mistral were twin-hose regulators , but La Spirotechnique wanted to create a single-hose regulator , to let divers exchange their mouthpieces in narrow underwater caves and hollows, not knowing that in 1952

560-746: The Commando School who monitor and punish failure with extra-hard physical activity. Some of the firearms utilized are: Heckler & Koch USP , Glock 17 , PAMAS G1 (French licensed copy of the Beretta 92 ), Heckler & Koch MP5 , HK416 and the FAMAS rifle (but only for training). Their personnel are distributed between seven commandos of around 90 men, with the exception of commando Ponchardier which comprises around 160 personnel, named after former commando officers killed in action , and are dedicated maritime counter-terrorist units: Since

595-734: The K-Gun Troop (French) operating in support of Troop 1 and 8 (French) integrated for D-Day to the No. 4 Commando. He was killed 6 June 1944, in the first hour of combat, when the French Troops were maneuvering to seize the Casino of Ouistreham near Sword. Commander François Jaubert was a Navy officer, commanding the Riverine Flotilla in Indochina, severely wounded during a joint operation with Compagnie Merlet, Ponchardier SAS-B and

630-722: The Ministry of the French Navy ordered the first apparatuses), the Rouquayrol-Denayrouze regulator was being commercialized in 1942 by the Bernard Piel Company, who had inherited the patent. Cousteau requested Gagnan to adapt his new own regulator to diving and both men patented in 1943 the first modern diving regulator . Early in 1943 Cousteau and Gagnan ordered Air Liquide to make at its factory in Boulogne-Billancourt two scuba set prototypes that Cousteau and Frédéric Dumas used to shoot

665-796: The Navy or other services. They must go through the same training pipeline to earn the green beret and be deployed overseas. Commando training is the gateway to the Special Operations Forces for the Sailor Riflemen. Conducted at the Fusilier Marins school at Lorient on the Atlantic coast, it provides upon successful completion entry to the commandos and the right to wear the green beret. Lasting 20 weeks, it includes one week of commando testing, six weeks of screening and preparatory training, four weeks of evaluation,

700-528: The Navy, mainly Sailor Riflemen ( Fusiliers Marins ) and Naval Artillery. This unit later renamed as Company Merlet (the name of its founder and commanding officer, Lieutenant (Navy) Jean Merlet), fought in Italy before embarking for Indochina in September 1945. It was renamed Company Jaubert, then naturally became Commando Jaubert, the first unit to be constituted as Commando when the French Navy decided to create

735-504: The Siroco Center (commando course) was commissioned. Commando François and Commando Hubert were formed from scratch. Although Commando Jaubert was already trained for parachute and airborne operations, Commando Hubert became the official paratrooper commando unit for the French Navy. For this reason, they integrated by preference and priority former Ponchardier SAS-B members, who were already jump qualified. Each Commando Marine bears

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770-611: The United States. At some point La Spirotechnique used the word Aqua Lung to change its name, or to use it as an alternate name. Nowadays U.S. Divers Company is known as Aqua Lung America. Aqualung Group is based nowadays in Carros , near Nice and owns its own international branches around the world, like Aqua Lung America. Spirotechnique produced the DC55 passive addition sem-closed rebreather. FROGS (Full Range Oxygen Gas System)

805-490: The actual SOF course for seven weeks, and two weeks of parachute training. During this period, any mistake can instantly disqualify the candidate. The ultimate goal of this training is to detect individuals with the physical, intellectual and psychological potential needed to serve in the Commandos Marine. The historical roots of commando training date back to the Second World War, when Fusilier-Marins volunteers from

840-602: The beginning of the popularisation of scuba diving. In English-speaking countries the CG45 was commercialized under the name of Aqua-Lung , a word coined by Cousteau himself for that purpose. In the USA during World War II the American military physician Christian J. Lambertsen designed a wartime frogman 's rebreather which in 1952 came to be called the SCUBA (acronym for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus), and later

875-708: The case to the French Ministry of the Navy that a Commando Corps was a capacity required to counter the guerrilla warfare in Indochina. The surviving members of the 1st BFMC formed the core leadership and the cadres for the Commando Training School to be created in Algeria in 1946 (Siroco Center, Matifou Cape). Another branch comes from a Naval Reconnaissance Unit created in December 1944, Company NYO, formed from volunteers from different parts of

910-532: The conditions of combat operations. The prospective Commandos in training are constantly under stress and pressure from instructors leaving them no respite. All activities are timed and scored: marching tens of kilometers with equipment and weapon in all weathers, obstacle courses and night navigation exercises. The training is punctuated by firearms training and assault tactics, climbing and rappelling , boat handling, explosives instruction and hand-to-hand combat . The instructors are experienced operatives assigned to

945-552: The name (changing to 'scuba' and treated as a word) was used to mean any underwater breathing set. In Britain the word "aqualung" became a generic trademark for open-circuit underwater breathing sets and remained so for many years. The word "scuba" became the generic word quickly in the US and eventually in Britain. For more information see Aqua-lung#Trademark issues . From 1946 to 1955 La Spirotechnique sold only one model of regulator,

980-676: The name of an officer killed in action during World War II or during the Indochina campaign: Captain Charles Trepel was an Army officer (artillery), Free French Forces; commanding officer of the 8th Troop (French), No. 10 Commando (Inter-allied). MIA/KIA 28 February 1944 during a night reconnaissance raid in Wassenaar, the Netherlands. Lieutenant Augustin Hubert was an Army officer (infantry), Free French Forces; platoon leader in

1015-580: The occasion integrated in No. 4 Commando. They further participated in the Netherlands campaign, still associated with No. 4 Commando. When the British Commando Units were disbanded at the conclusion of World War II, the two French Troops (forming the 1st BFMC) were repatriated to France to relieve in position the 1st RFM (1st Sailor Riflemen Regiment) departing for Indochina. Most of them demobilised or returned to their services (army or other navy specialities) but Commander Philippe Kieffer made

1050-749: The recruits must have completed the Fusiliers-Marins Basic Training and served at least nine months of service. They have to enter a special forces basic training course, called Stage Commando (commando training) and reputed to be one of the toughest among the NATO Special Operation Forces. In 2016, the Stage Commando had an attrition rate of 82%. The SOF Basic Training is open to sailors or enlisted from other Navy specialties. Commando Kieffer recruits specialists and experts from other specialties in

1085-665: The surprise effect and unveiled General Giap 's plans for the battle of Day . It gave French General de Lattre time to organise his counterattack. This commando unit was disbanded in May 1953. Commando Hubert officially became a combat swimmer unit on 30 March 1953. It was a joint unit composed of Navy and Army (SDEC, secret service) combat swimmers. The army branch later separated to establish their base in Aspretto, Corsica (France) and today in Quélern, Brittany (France). Commando Kieffer

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1120-409: The underwater film Épaves ( Shipwrecks ), directed by Cousteau the same year. They were the first modern diving regulators to be made. In 1946 Air Liquide founded La Spirotechnique, its own division destined to design and mass-produce regulators and other diving equipment. In 1946 La Spirotechnique also launched the CG45, the first modern regulator to be commercialized. The year 1946 represents thus

1155-616: Was a naval officer in World War II and helped to set up France's commando frogmen . France further developed the role of commando frogmen in the First Indochina War . The French intelligence service DGSE also has combat-swimmers brought together in the Centre Parachutiste d'Entraînement aux Opérations Maritimes ( CPEOM , "maritime operations training parachutist center") at Roscanvel. While these are

1190-665: Was created 6 June 2008 in Ouistreham during the D-Day commemoration ceremony. In May 2019, four hostages were freed from terrorists during an operation in Burkina Faso . French commandos took down the location in Burkina Faso which was considered a terrorist camp. Two operatives from "Hubert" Underwater Operations Commando were killed in the operation which took place in the early morning hours of Friday morning. Most of

1225-719: Was killed leading the company in Haiphong, 26 November 1946 (Indochina). Lieutenant Jacques François was a Navy officer, commanding the 1st Amphibious Flotilla North. He was killed leading his unit, 6 January 1947 on the Nam-Dinh-Giang river (Indochina). Commando François suffered dramatic losses on 29 May 1951 when it faced the attack of the 308th Vietminh division in Ninh Bình (Indochina). Only 29 survived, five were taken prisoner for months, 40 were killed and nine were declared missing in action. Their sacrifice disrupted

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