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27-518: Artels were semiformal associations for craft , artisan , and light industrial enterprises. Often artel members worked far from home and lived as a commune . Payment for a completed job was distributed according to verbal agreements, quite often in equal shares. Often artels were for seasonal industry ; fishing , hunting , harvesting of crops, logging , and gathering of wild plants, berries, and mushrooms were prime examples of activities that were in many cases seasonal (although not invariably). In

54-541: A master of their craft . This stepwise approach to mastery of a craft, which includes the attainment of some education and skill, has survived in some countries to the present day. But crafts have undergone deep structural changes since and during the era of the Industrial Revolution . The mass production of goods by large-scale industry has limited crafts to market segments in which industry's modes of functioning or its mass-produced goods do not satisfy

81-510: A score of workers. Each group had its "Elder" who supervised the work and looked after the accounts. The various branches had complete freedom of action, though they shared expenditures and profits. The organization of the Artel was much simpler than that of the Mir [village collective]. There were no written agreements. Slacking was dealt with by admonition and in chronic cases by expulsion from

108-600: A 1918 article on Russian education and social structures (as of the late period of the Russian Empire, just before the Soviet Union took shape), Manya Gordon described the artel as follows: The Artel (association) is another term for the collective ownership and operation of industry. It is one of the oldest and most widespread institutions in Russia. The most ancient of these is the famous fishing Artel of

135-541: A shortage of skilled manual workers, leading to lucrative niche markets in the trades. [REDACTED] Media related to Crafts at Wikimedia Commons Artisan An artisan (from French : artisan , Italian : artigiano ) is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates material objects partly or entirely by hand . These objects may be functional or strictly decorative , for example furniture , decorative art , sculpture , clothing , food items , household items, and tools and mechanisms such as

162-486: A social obligation to work his best for the general welfare of the people, [an] obligation both material and spiritual. Traditionally, shokunin honoured their tools of trade at New Year's – the sharpened and taken-care of tools would be placed in a tokonoma (a container or box still found in Japanese houses and shops), and two rice cakes and a tangerine (on top of rice paper) were placed on top of each toolbox, to honour

189-475: Is a pastime or an occupation that requires particular skills and knowledge of skilled work . In a historical sense, particularly the Middle Ages and earlier, the term is usually applied to people occupied in small scale production of goods , or their maintenance , for example by tinkers . The traditional term craftsman is nowadays often replaced by artisan and by craftsperson . Historically,

216-402: Is an organized event to display and sell crafts. There are also craft stores where such goods are sold and craft communities, such as Craftster , where expertise is shared. A tradesperson is a skilled manual worker in a particular trade or craft, with a high degree of both practical and theoretical knowledge of their trade. In cultures where professional careers are highly prized, there can be

243-463: Is marked by particular ways of experiencing tools and materials, whether by allowing tools to recede from focal awareness, perceiving tools and materials in terms of their practical interrelationships, or seeing aspects of work that are invisible to the untrained observer. Other scholars working on craft skill focus on observational learning and mimicry, exploring how learners visually parse the movements of experts. Certain researchers even de-emphasize

270-608: Is that they picture them as "workers" in the modern sense: employed by someone. The most influential group among the artisans were the masters, the business owners. The owners enjoyed a high social status in their communities, and organised into guilds in towns and cities. Shokunin is a Japanese word for "artisan" or "craftsman", which also implies a pride in one's own work. In the words of shokunin Tashio Odate: Shokunin means not only having technical skill, but also implies an attitude and social consciousness...

297-476: Is the " traditional " main sector of the crafts. It is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or by using only simple tools . The term is usually applied to traditional means of making goods. The individual artisanship of the items is a paramount criterion, an such items often have cultural and/or religious significance. Items made by mass production or machines are not handicraft goods. The beginning of crafts in areas like

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324-477: The Apollo 8 spacecraft's core memory consisted of wires that were woven around and through electromagnetic cores by hand. The core rope memory they created contained information used to successfully complete the mission. Crafts and craftspeople have become a subject of academic study. For example, Stephanie Bunn was an artist before she became an anthropologist, and she went on to develop an academic interest in

351-531: The Cossacks of the Ural . This association had a membership of 15,000 to 20,000 men whose work was carried on under conditions of absolute equality. The fishing-waters, as well as the necessary equipment, were owned in common. The proceeds were divided equally among the members without regard to special skill or any other considerations. The association as a whole was divided up into groups, or minor Artels, of perhaps

378-413: The Middle Ages , the term "artisan" was applied to those who made things or provided services. It did not apply to unskilled manual labourers . Artisans were divided into two distinct groups: those who operated their own businesses and those who did not. The former were called masters , while the latter were the journeymen and apprentices . One misunderstanding many people have about this social group

405-553: The Ottoman Empire involved the governing bodies requiring members of the city who were skilled at creating goods to open shops in the center of town. These people slowly stopped acting as subsistence farmers (who created goods in their own homes to trade with neighbors) and began to represent what we think of as "craftspeople" today. Besides traditional goods, handicraft contributes to the field of computing by combining craft practices with technology. For example, in 1968,

432-542: The Artel. No admission fees were required. All that was required was the capacity and willingness to work. A rather disjointed organization, one would say. On the contrary, it was almost militaristic in the unquestioning obedience rendered to the Elder who was elected annually. Apart from the duties he owed to the Artel, every member was a free agent. I have described the most powerful of the Artels. But this scheme of association

459-535: The artel institution, such that in Yuri Krotkov 's 1967 memoir, the term artel is defined for English-language readers in a footnote as "a small workshop, ostensibly co-operative, but actually under government control." In present-day Russia, there is no legally defined business term "artel" as a type of association; however, some companies use the word "artel" in their name, especially in areas traditionally handled by artels. Craft A craft or trade

486-484: The crafting of handmade food products, such as bread , beverages , cheese or textiles . Many of these have traditionally been handmade, rural or pastoral goods but are also now commonly made on a larger scale with automated mechanization in factories and other industrial areas. Artisans were the dominant producers of commodities before the Industrial Revolution . In ancient Greece , artisans were drawn to agoras and often built workshops nearby. During

513-460: The exchange of goods. Some crafts, especially in areas such as pottery , woodworking , and various stages of textile production, could be practiced on a part-time basis by those also working in agriculture, and often formed part of village life. When an apprentice finished their apprenticeship, they became a journeyman searching for a place to set up their own shop and make a living. After setting up their own shop, they could then call themselves

540-447: The handmade clockwork movement of a watchmaker . Artisans practice a craft and may through experience and aptitude reach the expressive levels of an artist . The adjective "artisanal" is often used in describing hand-processing in contrast to an industrial process, such as in the phrase artisanal mining . Thus, "artisanal" is sometimes used in marketing and advertising as a buzz word to describe or imply some relation with

567-657: The late 19th century and was characterized by a style of decoration reminiscent of medieval times. The primary artist associated with the movement is William Morris , whose work was reinforced with writings from John Ruskin . The movement placed a high importance on the quality of craftsmanship, while emphasizing the importance for the arts to contribute to economic reform. Crafts practiced by independent artists working alone or in small groups are referred to as studio craft. Studio craft includes studio pottery , metalwork , weaving , woodturning , paper and other forms of woodworking , glassblowing , and glass art . A craft fair

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594-526: The more specialized crafts with high-value products tended to concentrate in urban centers and their practitioners formed guilds . The skill required by their professions and the need to be permanently involved in the exchange of goods often demanded a higher level of education , and craftspeople were usually in a more privileged position than the peasantry in societal hierarchy . The households of artisans were not as self-sufficient as those of people engaged in agricultural work, and therefore had to rely on

621-419: The necessary implements, receive extra recompense for their property. Again, there is the Artel which is hired by an employer, or a person who supplies the capital . The Artel members share their earnings in common. In the later portion of the era of artels, some formalized types of artels emerged, with internal hierarchy and legal agreements. By the 1960s, Soviet reality had mostly killed the original spirit of

648-484: The preferences of potential buyers. As an outcome of these changes, craftspeople today increasingly make use of semi-finished components or materials and adapt these to their customers' requirements or demands. Thus, they participate in a certain division of labour between industry and craft. The nature of craft skill and the process of its development are continually debated by philosophers, anthropologists , and cognitive scientists . Some scholars note that craft skill

675-582: The process of craft. She argues that what happens to an object before it becomes a "product" is an area worthy of study. The term crafts is used to describe artistic practices within the family of decorative arts that traditionally are defined by their relationship to functional or utilitarian products (such as sculptural forms in the vessel tradition) or by their use of such natural media as wood , clay , ceramics , glass , textiles , and metal . The Arts and Crafts Movement originated in Britain during

702-399: The role of the individual craftsperson, noting the collective nature of craft understanding or emphasizing the role of materials as collaborators in the process of production. There are three aspects to human creativity: art, crafts, and science. Roughly, art relies upon intuitive sensing, vision, and expression; crafts upon sophisticated technique; and science upon knowledge. Handicraft

729-403: Was by no means restricted to the fishing industry. As a rule, small groups of men engaged in active labor organize themselves into an Artel. Although the various Artels prefer the communal mode of living, their general characteristics vary. Some associations, unlike the one I have described, do not own their equipment. In that case, by general agreement the wealthier members of the Artel, who supply

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