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103-499: Formerly a close ally of President Jacob Zuma , Fraser is known for his role in various political controversies, including his alleged role in leaking the spy tapes in 2009, his unconstitutional decision to grant Zuma medical parole in 2021, and his role in initiating the 2022 Farmgate scandal by making public a burglary at a private residence of President Cyril Ramaphosa . In 2022, the Zondo Commission recommended that

206-721: A domino effect on the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions, which have floundered and fractured in the face of damaging charges against a man they ardently backed as the country's next president. The trial has been fought against the backdrop of a bitter succession war between Mbeki and Zuma. Both have been fatally wounded. Mbeki's support in the ANC has crumbled... But even Zuma's most diehard supporters privately acknowledge that he cannot now be president... By early 2006 during

309-600: A South African High Court, and just after Judge President Dunstan Mlambo ordered al-Bashir's arrest, the state's lawyer told the court that he had left the country. His plane left from Waterkloof Air Force Base , presumably with the government's knowledge and reportedly with Zuma's explicit approval. When it was criticised for this breach, the South African government argued that the ICC was used unfairly against African heads of state while failing to hold Western leaders to

412-484: A draft of the Public Protector's provisional report had been leaked the previous week, or to dissatisfaction with Zuma's administration more generally. Others suggested that the booing reflected frustration with the lack of socioeconomic change under the ANC government since Mandela's presidency, or that it reflected enduring divisions within the ANC; the crowd also chanted Mbeki's name. In a public statement,

515-614: A finance minister co-exist. The Department of the Treasury is responsible for drafting the government budget, economic policy (except monetary policy ), some market regulation and revenue policy (which is administered by the Australian Taxation Office ). The Finance Minister, who manages the Department of Finance , is responsible for budget management, government expenditure and market deregulation. A treasury

618-622: A formal member of BRIC, which was then renamed BRICS , and Zuma attended the group's third summit meeting in Sanya , China, in 2011. South Africa's admission followed a concerted campaign for membership and has been described as "a huge diplomatic coup" and "the most important foreign policy achievement of the Zuma administration". During South Africa's tenure on the United Nations Security Council , Zuma's administration

721-543: A former member of the SACP, Zuma has described himself as a socialist and became president with the support of a left-wing coalition. Analysts have claimed that he has bolstered populism in South Africa. From 2017, at the tail-end of his presidency, his rhetoric and policy priorities became more leftist under what is known as the "radical economic transformation" (RET) programme of the ANC of this period. Zuma announced

824-562: A large margin. He held both positions until 1997, having been re-elected provincial chairperson in 1996. Zuma was elected deputy president of the ANC at the party's 50th National Conference in Mafikeng in December 1997, and was subsequently appointed deputy president of South Africa in June 1999, pursuant to the 1999 general election . Zuma served under newly elected President Mbeki and

927-564: A nuclear deal with Russian nuclear agency Rosatom which concluded in September 2014 but was ruled unlawful by the Western Cape High Court in 2017. Zuma's administration pursued a number of structural economic policy reforms, but critics characterised them as "investor-unfriendly", and most were met significant opposition. His reforms included the increased regulation of private security companies . He also increased

1030-662: A number of valuable artifacts, such as the Cross of Lothair and the Treasury Gospels . Collections of personal treasures, where the objects assembled are there because of the interest of the collector, rather than any intrinsic value, have been seen since the times of the Ancient Greeks, and more particularly, the Romans. For example, various Roman emperors devoted considerable effort to bring Egyptian obelisks from

1133-489: A presidential pardon in April 2008 when Mbeki was president, and he continued to lobby for a pardon during Zuma's presidency, saying it was unfair that he had been convicted while neither Zuma nor the implicated arms company had been taken to trial. The ANC won the national election on 22 April 2009 by a slightly diminished majority of 65.90%, with Zuma having campaigned under the theme "Continuity and Change". His appointment

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1236-467: A private citizen, Fraser laid a criminal complaint against President Ramaphosa, alleging that Ramaphosa was guilty of criminal conduct in connection with a 2020 robbery at his Phala Phala farm . In doing so, Fraser made the robbery public for the first time, initiating a prolonged media and political scandal that came to be known as Farmgate. Jacob Zuma African National Congress uMkhonto weSizwe President (2009–2018) President of

1339-517: A protracted dispute, did so, and was replaced by newly elected ANC Deputy President Kgalema Motlanthe , who led an interim administration while Zuma campaigned for the 2009 election. In January 2009, the Supreme Court of Appeal found that the charges against Zuma were not unlawful, contrary to the ruling of the lower court. However, the NPA formally withdrew the charges in the same week that Zuma

1442-562: A showerhead in Zapiro cartoons. Although Zuma had been fired as national deputy president, he retained the ANC deputy presidency, and internal factions began to coalesce around him and Mbeki. Between 2005 and 2007, their rivalry deepened into what Susan Booysen called "a brutal and all-consuming disagreement between two major ANC groupings". Although the corruption and rape allegations were considered politically damaging, Zuma continued to enjoy considerable support from left-wing elements of

1545-575: A text containing information pertaining to the activities of a temple treasury were discovered dated to the fifth century BC. The texts written in the Elamite language name the treasurer as ganzabara The ancient Roman word aerarium signified the treasury of the Senate; fiscus indicated the imperial treasury used by the emperor . In the United Kingdom , His Majesty's Treasury

1648-531: A week after the Polokwane conference, the NPA reinstated charges against Zuma and served him an indictment to stand trial on 12 fraud charges, two corruption charges, and one charge each of racketeering and money laundering . According to the Constitution, he would have been rendered ineligible for the national presidency had he been convicted and sentenced to imprisonment. However, on 12 September 2008,

1751-423: A woman that they mistook for her. By October 2008, Zuma had been acquitted of rape and was no longer subject to corruption charges. However, this did little to lighten the rivalry between Mbeki and Zuma. A Mail & Guardian analysis stated: The political damage [of events of recent months] is incalculable, with the ruling African National Congress now an openly divided and faltering movement. This has had

1854-477: Is also a room or building in which precious or valuable objects are preserved, especially objets d’art in precious metals and jewels, of a ruler or other collector which are kept in a secure room and often found in the basement of a palace or castle. In past times revenue collected by the monarch would be kept in a secure stronghold; the kings of England traditionally used the Tower of London , which also housed

1957-717: Is overseen by the Chancellor of the Exchequer . The traditional honorary title of First Lord of the Treasury is held by the prime minister . His Majesty's Revenue and Customs administers the taxation system. In the United States , the Treasurer reports to an executive-appointed Secretary of the Treasury . The IRS is the revenue agency of the US Department of the Treasury . In many other countries,

2060-914: The Sunday Times (R6 million), the Citizen (R5 million), the Sunday Sun (R5 million), the Sunday Independent (R5 million), and the Sunday World (R5 million). Zuma said in 2005: For a period of five years my person has been subjected to all types of allegations and innuendo, paraded through the media and other corridors of influence without these allegations having being [ sic ] tested. I have thereby been denied my constitutional right to reply and defend myself. In December 2008, Zuma sued Zapiro for R7 million over his controversial rape of Lady Justice cartoon, bringing

2163-712: The 2009 general election and took office on 9 May. The criminal charges against him were formally withdrawn the same week. As president, he launched the R4-trillion National Infrastructure Plan and signed a controversial nuclear power deal with the Russian government, which was blocked by the Western Cape High Court in 2017. As a former member of the South African Communist Party , he increasingly relied on left-wing populist rhetoric, and in his 2017 State of

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2266-627: The African National Congress (ANC) from 2007 to 2017. Zuma was born in the rural region of Nkandla , which is now part of the KwaZulu-Natal province and the centre of Zuma's support base. He joined the ANC at the age of 17 in 1959 and spent ten years in Robben Island Prison as a political prisoner . He went into exile in 1975 and was ultimately appointed head of the ANC's intelligence department. After

2369-602: The BRICS grouping has been described as a major triumph for Zuma, and he has been praised for his HIV/AIDS policy. Zuma's presidency was beset by controversy, especially during his second term. In 2014, the Public Protector found that Zuma had improperly benefited from state expenditure on upgrades to his Nkandla homestead , and in 2016, the Constitutional Court ruled that Zuma had failed to uphold

2472-895: The Federal Reserve Bank of New York . The second largest reserve, that of Germany , is held at the Deutsche Bundesbank in Frankfurt am Main , the Federal Reserve Bank in New York and the Bank of England in London. The third, held by the IMF , is in a number of in designated deposits. These treasuries are believed to satisfy a number of essential criteria, which include cost efficiency, security, and

2575-566: The Hawks should investigate allegations that Fraser had abused state security resources during Zuma's presidency . Fraser is the younger brother of Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi , a former cabinet minister. In 1995 he earned a Bachelor's degree in film and video production from the London Institute . According to Fraser, he was active in student politics during apartheid and joined the African National Congress underground. After

2678-529: The Hawks should reopen their investigation into the Principal Agent Network. Indeed, the commission found that an earlier criminal investigation into Fraser had been halted by the former Minister of State Security , Siyabonga Cwele , "apparently on the instructions of President Zuma". Fraser denied any misconduct and described the commission's findings as baseless. In April 2018, newly elected President Cyril Ramaphosa moved Fraser from

2781-607: The Polish state acting in the field of civil law relations in which it is treated as equal partner to private entities (as opposed to the sphere of public law relations in which the State represented by public authorities decides unilaterally on the legal situation of individuals). It can be represented by various officials or institutions depending on circumstances and has its own ministry, the Ministry of State Treasury . Historically, it

2884-727: The Royal Mint . Latterly gold reserves are held in a country's central bank ; the gold reserves of the United Kingdom are housed in a vault at the Bank of England . The country with the largest gold reserve is the United States ; the US claims to have 8133.5 tons of gold, held at Fort Knox (58%), West Point (20%), the US Mint in Denver (16%) and the residue (approximately 5%) at

2987-556: The South African Development Community (SADC) should "force" Zimbabwean leaders to reach an agreement, if necessary. In 2010, Zuma called for international sanctions against Mugabe and his allies to be lifted. After a March 2013 meeting with Mugabe in Pretoria , he highlighted the commonalities between his and Mugabe's political parties, telling the press, "We share the same values, we went through

3090-556: The debt-to-GDP ratio increasing from 28% at the start of his presidency to just over 50% in the week of his resignation. Nedbank , one of South Africa's largest banks, estimates that poor policy decisions, maladministration, and corruption during Zuma's second term alone cost the South African economy R470 billion (US$ 33.7 billion). Contracts with the consulting firms McKinsey & Company , KPMG , and Deloitte were linked to alleged corruption in state-owned enterprises . McKinsey & Company eventually reached an agreement with

3193-727: The 1976 Soweto uprising . He became a full member of the ANC National Executive Committee in 1977, and a member of the ANC's Politico-Military Council when it was formed in 1983. He was also Deputy Chief Representative of the ANC in Mozambique, a post he occupied until the signing of the Nkomati Accord between the Mozambican and South African governments in 1984. After the Accord was signed, he

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3296-557: The ANC National Executive Committee recalled Zuma. After a fifth vote of no confidence in Parliament , he resigned on 14 February 2018 and was replaced by Ramaphosa the next day. Shortly after his resignation, on 16 March 2018, the National Prosecuting Authority announced that it would reinstate corruption charges against Zuma in relation to the 1999 Arms Deal. He pleaded not guilty on 26 May 2021, but

3399-406: The ANC chastised those who had booed, saying they had embarrassed the country. The South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) was criticised for having cut away from the booing in its live broadcast of the memorial. Treasury A treasury is either The head of a treasury is typically known as a treasurer . This position may not necessarily have the final control over the actions of

3502-489: The ANC leadership condemned. Zuma became known for singing the apartheid-era struggle song " Umshini wami " (English: Bring Me My Machine Gun ) with his supporters during these informal rallies. Likewise, during the rape trial, Zuma supporters gathered outside the courthouse and sometimes clashed with smaller groups of anti-rape protesters. Zuma supporters were seen carrying posters questioning Khwezi's integrity, burning photos of her, and on one occasion throwing stones at

3605-491: The ANC was banned. That year, he was arrested with a group of 45 recruits near Zeerust in western Transvaal , currently part of the North West Province . Zuma was convicted of conspiring to overthrow the apartheid government and was sentenced to ten years imprisonment, which he served on Robben Island with Nelson Mandela and other notable ANC leaders also imprisoned during that time. While imprisoned, Zuma

3708-399: The ANC was unbanned in 1990, he quickly rose through the party's national leadership and became deputy secretary general in 1991, national chairperson in 1994, and deputy president in 1997. He was the deputy president of South Africa from 1999 to 2005 under President Thabo Mbeki , Nelson Mandela 's successor. Mbeki dismissed Zuma on 14 June 2005 after Zuma's financial adviser, Schabir Shaik ,

3811-539: The ANC's 54th National Conference in December 2017, he unilaterally announced that higher education would be free for students in households whose income was less than R 350,000 per year, meeting a central demand of the #FeesMustFall student protests. South Africa's social grants programme expanded under Zuma, and Zuma was praised for his HIV/AIDS policy which has been credited with increasing life expectancy in South Africa. However, his critics claim that his policies increased South Africa's debt burden with

3914-427: The ANC's Tripartite Alliance partner COSATU urged Zuma to disclose his interests, and the opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) called for an investigation by the Public Protector . ANC spokesperson Brian Sokutu explained that Zuma constituted a "special case" because of his "large family", which complicated the process. The ANC distanced itself from Sokutu's statement and Zuma filed the disclosure later that week. As

4017-536: The ANC's Zulu support base in Natal. At the ANC's July 1991 elective conference , Zuma stood for the post of ANC Secretary-General and lost to Cyril Ramaphosa , but was elected Deputy Secretary-General, comfortably beating Alfred Nzo and Popo Molefe in a vote. In the 1994 general election , South Africa's first democratic election, Zuma stood as the ANC's candidate for the premiership of his newly constituted home province, KwaZulu-Natal . The ANC rose to power in

4120-719: The ANC, especially the ANC Youth League under Fikile Mbalula , and from the ANC's partners in the Tripartite Alliance , the SACP, and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU). Blade Nzimande of the SACP and Zwelinzima Vavi of COSATU were among Zuma's chief organisers and most vocal supporters (though both recanted their support years later). Vavi and Youth League leader Julius Malema later said that they were prepared to "kill for Zuma". Nzimande and his SACP comrade Gwede Mantashe warned that

4223-543: The African National Congress (2007–2017) Deputy President (1999–2005) Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma ( Zulu: [geɮʱejiɬeˈkisa ˈzʱuma] ; born 12 April 1942) is a South African politician who served as the fourth president of South Africa from 2009 to 2018. He is also referred to by his initials JZ and clan names Nxamalala and Msholozi . Zuma was a former anti- apartheid activist, member of uMkhonto weSizwe , and president of

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4326-512: The Assad regime after the 2014 Syrian presidential election . The administration also appeared to vacillate in its response to the disputed 2010 presidential election in Côte d'Ivoire. In Zimbabwe, Mbeki had advocated for non-confrontational "quiet diplomacy" as an alternative to the "megaphone diplomacy" used by Western governments that harshly criticised Robert Mugabe 's regime. This approach

4429-483: The Browse Mole investigation. His alleged decision to leak them to Zuma, Mbeki's political rival, was construed as reflective of a "political flip-flop" on his part, given that he had previously been viewed as an ally of Mbeki. In addition, in a 2017 book on state capture called The President's Keepers , investigative journalist Jacques Pauw alleged that Fraser had headed a parallel intelligence network within

4532-575: The Constitution, leading to calls for his resignation and a failed impeachment attempt in the National Assembly . By early 2016, there were also widespread allegations, later investigated by the Zondo Commission , that the Gupta family had acquired immense corrupt influence over Zuma's administration, amounting to state capture . Several weeks after Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa was elected to succeed Zuma as ANC president in December 2017,

4635-585: The Medical Parole Advisory Board in doing so, according to him because he was concerned about Zuma's age, his status as a former president, the inability of the department to care adequately for him, and the risk of a resurgence of the civil unrest that had followed his initial arrest in 2021. In November 2022, the Supreme Court of Appeal confirmed an earlier high court judgement in ruling that Fraser's decision had been unlawful and unconstitutional . On 1 June 2022, in his capacity as

4738-718: The Middle East to Rome , or had copies made in Rome itself. In medieval times a number of monarchs had menageries of exotic beasts; Henry III (r.1216-1292) owned three leopards, a polar bear and an African elephant, while emperor Frederick II (r.1220-1250) owned giraffes, cheetahs, lynxes, leopards, exotic birds and an elephant, and had a variety of rare falcons. The private collection of curiosities in England has been ascribed to 16th century polymath Francis Bacon , and in Europe to

4841-573: The NIA, in 2007, Fraser was appointed by President Thabo Mbeki and the National Security Council to investigate the source of the so-called Browse Mole report, a leaked 2006 intelligence report which investigated the political base and viability of former Deputy President Jacob Zuma . Subsequently, Fraser became a central figure in the "spy tapes" saga , which concerned secretly recorded telephone conversations between Leonard McCarthy,

4944-427: The NIA, the Principal Agent Network programme, which was allegedly funded by a secret slush fund and possibly involved the abuse of public funds. Fraser subsequently spent time in the private sector and, with his former boss Manala Manzini, co-founded a private security company called Resurgent Risk Managers. In later years an investigation by the National Treasury implicated the company in possible corruption at

5047-516: The Nation address he announced a new policy of "radical economic transformation". Among the few policies implemented before the end of his presidency were land expropriation without compensation , free higher education , a series of attempted structural reforms in key sectors involving restrictions on foreign ownership, and more stringent black economic empowerment requirements. In the international arena, Zuma emphasised South-South cooperation and economic diplomacy . The admission of South Africa to

5150-475: The R30-billion Arms Deal , a major defence procurement package which the government had signed months after Zuma's appointment to the deputy presidency. In August 2003, however, National Director of Public Prosecutions (NDPP) Bulelani Ngcuka told the media that the NPA had a "prima facie case of corruption" against Zuma but had decided not to prosecute on the basis that the case was unlikely to be won. A highly public spat ensued between Zuma allies and Ngcuka, who

5253-408: The Republic of Congo and Rwanda. A few whites lost their lives in Zimbabwe, unfortunately, and already the West is bent out of shape. By December 2007, Zuma was more forthcoming in criticising Zimbabwe's leadership, contrasting his own policy to Mbeki's, and observing that it was "tragic that other world leaders who witness repression pretend it is not happening, or is exaggerated". He was critical of

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5356-419: The SSA to the Department of Correctional Services , where he became National Commissioner. He held that position from 17 April 2018 to 25 September 2021, when his contract expired without being renewed. During his tenure, Fraser controversially approved medical parole for former President Zuma after the latter had served only two months of a 15-month term of imprisonment for contempt of court . Fraser overruled

5459-437: The South African government and paid back R1 Billion (US$ 67.3 million) for problems relating to work done at Eskom , as well as a company linked to the Gupta family . In January 2022 the South African government published the findings of an inquiry into state capture and the consultancy firm Bain & Company stands accused of helping Zuma to undermine the South African tax authority. Zuma's first state visit as president

5562-411: The Zimbabwean government's behaviour during the disputed March 2008 elections in Zimbabwe and called the delays "suspicious". In a press conference on 24 June he said, "We cannot agree with ZANU-PF. We cannot agree with them on values. We fought for the right of people to vote, we fought for democracy." At an ANC dinner in July, he rebuked Mugabe for refusing to step down, and in November he said that

5665-490: The ability to liquidate reserves at short notice. The Church has a variety of treasures that have spiritual or religious value rather than financial worth; these are housed in treasuries at most cathedrals. These take the form of relics , icons , manuscripts , votive offerings and liturgical garments . Of particular note are the St Chad Gospels at Lichfield Cathedral , and the Codex Eyckensis at St Catherine's Church, Maaseik . The treasury at Aachen cathedral has

5768-413: The alleged leaking of the spy tapes. At the agency, he was known as a "key associate" and ally of Zuma. He was later implicated in possible mishandling of SSA funds: the report of the Zondo Commission described Fraser's tenure at the SSA as defined by a lack of accountability , saying that Fraser had been a "law unto himself". The head of the commission, Justice Raymond Zondo , also recommended that

5871-428: The charges were declared unlawful on a technicality. The presiding judge also expressed a belief that the charges had been the result of a political conspiracy against Zuma. Although this judgement was later overturned by the appellate court, the Zuma-aligned ANC National Executive , as elected at the Polokwane conference, immediately "recalled" Mbeki, asking him to resign as national president. Mbeki, seeking to avoid

5974-468: The conviction of Zuma's associate, Schabir Shaik , for making underhanded payments to Zuma in relation to the Arms Deal. Mbeki told a joint sitting of Parliament that "in the interest of the honourable Deputy President, the government, our young democratic system and our country, it would be best to release the honourable Jacob Zuma from his responsibilities". Zuma also resigned as a member of Parliament. His successor as deputy president of South Africa

6077-408: The corruption trial would endanger public stability if it went ahead, although there were reports that support for Zuma had caused a rift within the SACP. While Zuma's political strength was at least partly based on his relationships within intra-party politics and Mbeki's lack of popularity with the left wing, he also had a large Zulu support base, and one analyst argued that his supporters' loyalty

6180-415: The elections, with Mandela elected president and Mbeki his deputy, but lost KwaZulu-Natal to the IFP. Zuma became a member of the executive council (MEC) for economic affairs and tourism in KwaZulu-Natal. In December 1994, he was elected ANC provincial chairperson for KwaZulu-Natal, and at the ANC's 1994 elective conference he was elected national chairperson, beating Pallo Jordan and Jeff Radebe by

6283-421: The end of apartheid in 1994, Fraser returned to South Africa from exile elsewhere and in 1995 joined the newly established National Intelligence Agency (NIA). He was seconded as an investigator to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and subsequently held other operational positions in the intelligence sector, ultimately becoming provincial head of the NIA in the Western Cape province from 1998 to 2004. He

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6386-467: The favourite to win the presidency and became the ANC's presidential candidate in the 2009 elections . While the ANC was extremely likely to win regardless of its candidate, there were reports that Zuma's support base and left-wing alliances unnerved international and domestic investors. On 18 December 2007, at the ANC's 52nd National Conference in Polokwane, Limpopo , Zuma was elected ANC president, beating Mbeki with 2,329 votes to 1,505. Just over

6489-496: The former head of the Scorpions , and Bulelani Ngcuka , the former head of the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA). The recordings allegedly documented prosecutorial collusion in an ongoing corruption case against Zuma in relation to the 1999 Arms Deal , and they led incumbent NPA head Mokotedi Mpshe to withdraw the charges against Zuma. The Mail & Guardian reported that the recordings were leaked to Zuma's lawyers by Fraser, who apparently had obtained them legally during

6592-416: The indictment earlier served on Shaik. However, the NPA was unprepared to serve the final indictment and filed an application for postponement. On 20 September 2006, the Pietermaritzburg High Court dismissed the application, and when the NPA indicated that it was not prepared to proceed with the trial, the matter was stricken off. In December 2005, Zuma was charged with raping a 31-year-old woman, known to

6695-411: The intelligence department. Zuma was also a member of the South African Communist Party (SACP). He joined in 1963, served briefly on the party's Politburo , and left in 1990. After the ANC was unbanned in February 1990, Zuma returned to South Africa on 21 March to begin the negotiations process. He was one of the first ANC leaders to return to South Africa for negotiations. Later that year, he

6798-518: The new focus on RET during his February 2017 State of the Nation address. Later that year, he explained that RET had been adopted as ANC policy and therefore as government policy, and defined it as a "fundamental change in the structures, systems, institutions and patterns of ownership and control of the economy, in favour of all South Africans, especially the poor". The RET policy was controversial, and some critics claimed that it had popular political appeal but lacked substance. Others claimed that it

6901-542: The office of the presidency which was chaired by Minister Trevor Manuel . It was responsible for developing the National Development Plan , which was adopted by Zuma's cabinet in 2012. Other major initiatives included the Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme, which was launched in 2011 amid electricity generation shortfalls at state energy utility Eskom , and a R4-trillion National Infrastructure Plan launched in 2012. Zuma expressed support for expanding South Africa's nuclear power programme , particularly for

7004-405: The party. However, by April 2007 it was clear that Mbeki intended to run for a third term as ANC president. Even though he was prohibited by the Constitution from standing again for the national presidency, the ANC lacks internal term limits. Zuma gained the support of five of the nine provincial ANC branches when they nominated candidates at their provincial congresses in late 2007. He became

7107-406: The penal ones to those who would have access to these funds. The sovereigns' treasury within the palace in ancient Jerusalem is considered to be similar in nature to the temple treasury. The temple treasury of the settlement had appointed officials and functioned akin to a bank. ... in fact, practically in every city there are banking places for the holy money ... In excavations of Persepolis ,

7210-442: The public Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (Prasa), with which the company had a contract. In September 2016, Jacob Zuma, then in his second term as President, appointed Fraser as Director-General of the State Security Agency (SSA), which had superseded the NIA in 2009. The opposition Democratic Alliance objected strongly to his appointment, citing his involvement in various "political intrigue and irregularities", including

7313-447: The public by the pseudonym Khwezi. The incident allegedly occurred on 2 November 2005 at Zuma's home in Forest Town, Johannesburg . When the trial began on 6 March 2006, Zuma pleaded not guilty, claiming that he and Khwezi had consensual sex. He was acquitted on 8 May 2006 following a highly publicised trial. Zuma's admission was controversial, as he stated that he had not used a condom while having sex with Khwezi, despite knowing she

7416-506: The rape trial, Zuma and his supporters complained of a concerted media plot to discredit him and harm his political career. In March, he appointed a legal team, including former Conservative Party politician Jurg Prinsloo and advocate Wycliffe Mothuloe, to fight his "crucifixion by the media". Among his targets was the Sowetan, whom he told that the media, at the instruction of Ngcuka of the NPA and former Justice Minister Penuell Maduna ,

7519-430: The regulation of oil, gas, and minerals resources. Furthermore, Zuma announced a proposal to increase black economic empowerment ownership requirements in mines. In 2017, Zuma advanced a proposal for the introduction of a national minimum wage . Zuma was attentive to land reform issues throughout his second term, but from 2017 he emphasised his support for land expropriation without compensation. While opening

7622-790: The royal treasure amounting to a very great sum... The Greek term thêsauros (treasury) was first used in Classical times to describe the votive buildings erected to house gifts to the gods , such as the Siphnian Treasury in Delphi or many similar buildings erected in Olympia, Greece by competing city-states to impress others during the ancient Olympic Games . In Ancient Greece treasuries were almost always physically incorporated within religious buildings such as temples, thus making state funds sacrosanct and adding moral constraints to

7725-588: The same route... We believe that our positions as former liberation movements need to be consolidated." Despite tensions in later months, as Zuma and SADC attempted to nudge Mugabe towards democratic reforms, the Business Day reported that relations between the countries remained "cordial" throughout Zuma's presidency. South Africa hosted the 25th Summit of the AU in Johannesburg from 7 to 15 June 2015. It

7828-475: The same standards. In 2016, it announced in New York that it was withdrawing from the ICC, and Zuma's administration subsequently tabled legislation to effect the withdrawal. In a press conference on 5 December 2013, Zuma announced the death of Nelson Mandela, South Africa's first democratically elected president. The memorial took place on 10 December 2013 at FNB Stadium near Soweto . When Zuma entered

7931-452: The stadium parts of the crowd booed him loudly. Ramaphosa and Archbishop Desmond Tutu called for discipline, with Ramaphosa telling the crowd in Zulu that the country could address its internal disagreements when foreign dignitaries were not present. Some South African commentators said that the crowd's actions were unexpected, and they were widely linked to the ongoing Nkandla scandal ,

8034-478: The total value of the defamation lawsuits to at least R70 million, an unprecedented figure in South African law. Many of the suits were withdrawn or settled out of court. Rapport settled for R50,000 over a defamatory reader's letter, and the British Guardian newspaper also paid Zuma substantial damages over defamatory statements. As per party tradition, Zuma was in line to succeed Mbeki as head of

8137-604: The treasury is called the " ministry of finance " and the head is known as the finance minister. Examples include the Bahamas , Bangladesh , Belgium , Spain , Italy , New Zealand , Ghana, Canada , Malaysia , Singapore , India , Japan , the Netherlands , Pakistan and Zimbabwe . In some other countries, a "Treasury" will exist alongside a separate "Ministry of Finance", with divided functions. The State Treasury ( Polish : Skarb Państwa ) in Polish law represents

8240-510: The treasury, particularly if they are not an elected representative. The adjective for a treasury is normally treasurial . The adjective "tresorial" can also be used, but this normally means pertaining to a treasurer . The earliest found artefacts made of silver and gold are from Lake Varna in Bulgaria dated 4250–4000 BC, the earliest of copper are dated 9000–7000 BC. ...And there was also silver weighing many thousands of talents and all

8343-615: The trial was not scheduled to take place until early 2023. The trial has since been set for April 2025. In a separate matter, in June 2021, the Constitutional Court convicted Zuma of contempt of court for his failure to comply with a court order compelling his testimony before the Zondo Commission. He was sentenced to 15 months' imprisonment and was arrested on 7 July 2021 in Estcourt, KwaZulu-Natal . However, he

8446-489: Was HIV-positive and having been, as deputy president, the head of the National AIDS Council and Moral Regeneration Campaign. He told the court that he had taken a shower after the act, claiming that doing so reduced the risk of HIV transmission . The South African comic strip Madam & Eve , and political cartoonist Zapiro , repeatedly lampooned Zuma for his testimony, and Zuma now always appears under

8549-575: Was Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka , Ngcuka's wife. Mlambo-Ngcuka had been minister of minerals and energy since 1999. Her appointment was booed publicly atANC rallies by Zuma supporters, including at a Women's Day event in Utrecht , KwaZulu-Natal. Soon after Zuma's dismissal, the NPA announced its intention to instate formal corruption charges against him. He was served with a provisional indictment on fraud and corruption charges in November 2005, mirroring

8652-402: Was formalised by Parliament on 6 May, and he was sworn in as president of South Africa on 9 May 2009. As president and therefore a member of cabinet, Zuma was required by the government's ethics code to declare his financial interests within 60 days of taking office. In March 2010, nine months after taking office, South African media reported that he had failed to do so. Opposition parties and

8755-466: Was a referee for prisoners association football games, organised by the prisoners own governing body, Makana F.A. After his release from prison, Zuma re-established ANC underground structures in Natal. He left South Africa in 1975 and was initially based in Swaziland where he met Thabo Mbeki . In Mozambique, he dealt with the arrival of thousands of exiles seeking military training in the wake of

8858-547: Was accused by Moe Shaik and Mac Maharaj of having been an apartheid spy, an accusation later dismissed by the specially appointed Hefer Commission. Zuma laid a misconduct complaint against Ngcuka with the Public Protector , Lawrence Mushwana , who in May 2004 found that Ngcuka's statement to the media had been "unfair and improper". Mbeki and Zuma were both re-elected in the 2004 general election , but on 14 June 2005, Mbeki removed Zuma from his post as deputy president following

8961-516: Was appointed as ANC Chief Representative in Mozambique. In December 1986, the South African government requested that Mozambican authorities expel six senior members of the ANC, including Zuma. He was forced to leave Mozambique in January 1987, so he moved to the ANC headquarters in Lusaka , Zambia, where he was appointed Head of the ANC's underground structures, and shortly afterward was named chief of

9064-550: Was attended by Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir , then a fugitive from the International Criminal Court (ICC), which sought to prosecute him on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity . South Africa was a signatory to the Rome Statute , which obliged it to arrest al-Bashir, but instead granted him diplomatic immunity while he attended the summit. While the matter was being adjudicated by

9167-629: Was born in Nkandla , Natal Province (now part of the province of KwaZulu-Natal ), and often moved around Natal and the suburbs of Durban as a child. His father, Nobhekisisa, was a policeman who died when Zuma was five, and his mother, Geinamazwi, was a domestic worker. His middle name, Gedleyihlekisa, means "one who smiles while causing you harm" in Zulu . He did not receive formal schooling. He has at least three brothers—Michael, Joseph, and Khanya —and at least one sister—Velephi. Michael Zuma

9270-596: Was controversial, with elements of the ruling alliance calling for a tougher stance against Mugabe and the ruling ZANU–PF . In a 2006 interview with Der Spiegel , Zuma had supported quiet diplomacy and said of Mugabe: The Europeans often ignore the fact that Mugabe is very popular among Africans... The people love him. So how can we condemn him? Many in Africa believe that there is a racist aspect to European and American criticism of Mugabe. Millions of blacks died in Angola,

9373-492: Was convicted of making corrupt payments to Zuma in connection with the Arms Deal . Zuma was charged with corruption and was also acquitted on rape charges in the highly publicised 2006 trial . He managed to retain the support of a left-wing coalition inside the ANC, which allowed him to remove Mbeki as ANC president in December 2007 at the ANC's Polokwane elective conference . Zuma was elected president of South Africa in

9476-739: Was created in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland in 1590, when the public treasury (or the Crown Treasury) was split from the Royal Treasury. The government of Ukraine also includes the Ministry of Finance as well as the Ministry of State Treasury. It was the same in Italy before the creation of the united Ministry of Economy. In the Australian federal government a treasurer and

9579-635: Was criticised for deviating in its stance on certain foreign regimes, especially in its attitudes towards international intervention in civil conflicts . It voted in favour of Resolution 1970 and Resolution 1973 but condemned their use by the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) as the basis for military intervention in Libya . It also voted in favour of a 2012 resolution calling for Syrian President Bashar al-Assad to step down, but established friendly relations with

9682-424: Was elected unopposed as the ANC's Southern Natal Chairperson. Zuma, as a Zulu , became known as a leading peace broker in Natal during the political violence of this period that was concentrated in that province, and arose largely from conflict between nationalist supporters of the then Xhosa -dominated ANC and supporters of the Zulu nationalist Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). He is also credited with having expanded

9785-457: Was employed by Khumbula Property Services, a construction company, and in 2011 admitted to using his elder brother Jacob's political status to secure a government contract for the company in exchange for a homestead in Nkandla. Zuma began engaging in anti- apartheid politics at an early age and joined the ANC in 1959. He became an active member of uMkhonto we Sizwe in 1962, two years after

9888-499: Was inaugurated as national president, citing apparent evidence of prosecutorial misconduct in the so-called spy tapes . In March 2009, Shaik was controversially released from prison on medical parole , just over two years into his 15-year sentence. Earlier the same week, Zuma had said publicly that as national president he would pardon Shaik on medical grounds, and denied having played any role in Shaik's release. Shaik had applied for

9991-405: Was later transferred to the Department of Home Affairs and served as Deputy Director-General with responsibility for national immigration. In 2006, after one-and-a half years at Home Affairs, Fraser was reappointed to the NIA to deputise Manala Manzini as Deputy Director-General in charge of offensive and counter-intelligence operations. He held that post for five years. During his tenure at

10094-471: Was partially rooted in a traditionalist Zulu loyalty. Zuma's supporters publicly expressed the view that his dismissal and prosecution were the result of a political conspiracy by Mbeki, who they said had sought to oust Zuma to entrench their dominance in the ANC. Zuma's court appearances on the corruption charges drew large crowds of supporters (on one estimate, up to 10,000 at a time), who, on one occasion, burned T-shirts with Mbeki's picture on them, which

10197-550: Was released on medical parole two months later on 5 September. The high court rescinded his parole on 15 December. The parole was declared unlawful by the Supreme Court of Appeal, but it allowed the Department of Correctional Services to consider whether to deduct the time spent under it from his sentence. On 11 August 2023, the Department of Correctional Services granted Zuma remission of his 15-month sentence. Zuma

10300-672: Was the chief mediator in the Burundi peace process, in which he worked with Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni , who chaired the Great Lakes Regional Initiative, a grouping of regional presidents overseeing the peace process in Burundi. In late 2002, the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) announced that Zuma was one of several ANC politicians under investigation by the Scorpions for corruption related to

10403-484: Was to Angola , where he sought to improve relations with the government of President José Eduardo dos Santos , who had had a tense relationship with Mbeki. His government's foreign policy emphasised the developmental objectives of African and Global South countries with a focus on economic diplomacy . It was also characterised by a pivot towards the BRIC , especially China. In December 2010, South Africa became

10506-526: Was trying to "crucify" him. The newspaper had printed the interview under the headline "I'm like Christ – Zuma". In June and July 2006, Zuma filed a series of defamation lawsuits against various South African media outlets for publishing content that allegedly besmirched his public profile in the form of cartoons, commentary, photos and parody pieces. The defendants included the Star (sued for R20 million), Rapport (R10 million), Highveld Stereo (R7 million),

10609-518: Was used to defend "rent-seeking practices" and the influence of the Gupta family on Zuma's administration. Zuma claimed that critics of his politics were agents of " white monopoly capital ". Zuma was inaugurated in South Africa at the height of the 2008 global financial crisis and amid South Africa's first recession since the end of apartheid. Upon taking office, he established the National Planning Commission under

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