83-574: Admiral Sir Arthur Kaye Legge KCB (25 October 1766 – 12 May 1835) was an officer of the British Royal Navy who served in three wars and commanded ships in several campaigns. Known as a brave officer and an effective commander, Legge was given several very important postings in the latter part of his career as a rear-admiral, serving in command at Cadiz during the Peninsula War . After retirement, Legge entered royal service, and
166-511: A broad band with three narrower bands. In 2001 the number of stars on the shoulder board was increased to four, reflecting the equivalence to the OF-9 four-star ranks of other countries. Prior to 1864 the Royal Navy was divided into coloured squadrons which determined his career path. The command flags flown by an Admiral changed a number of times during this period, there was no Admiral of
249-407: A consequence of the demolition of a portion of the old city wall. The plaza is an extension of the old Plazuela del Carbón . The goal of this demolition was to create a grand new city square to mark the hundredth anniversary of the liberal constitution, which was proclaimed in this city in 1812, and provide a setting for a suitable memorial. The work is by the architect, Modesto Lopez Otero , and of
332-772: A costly siege. In the 18th century, the sand bars of the Guadalquivir forced the Spanish government to transfer its American trade from Seville to Cádiz, which now commanded better access to the Atlantic. Although the empire itself was declining, Cádiz now experienced another golden age because of its new importance, and many of today's historic buildings in the Old City date from this era. It became one of Spain's greatest and most cosmopolitan cities and home to trading communities from many countries, chief among which were
415-544: A little differently, as Gḗdeira ( Γήδειρα ). Rarely, as in Stephanus of Byzantium 's notes on the writings of Eratosthenes , is the name given in the feminine singular form as hè Gadeíra ( ἡ Γαδείρα ). In Latin , the city was known as Gādēs and its Roman colony as Augusta Urbs Iulia Gaditana ('The August City of Julia of Cádiz'). In Arabic , the Latin name became Qādis (Arabic: قادس ), from which
498-445: A port in the 7th century BC. Traditionally, Cádiz's founding is dated to c. 1100 BC, although no archaeological strata on the site can be dated earlier than the 9th century BC. One resolution for this discrepancy has been to assume that Gadir was merely a small seasonal trading post in its earliest days. Ancient Gadir occupied two small islands—primarily a settlement, and Kotinoussa, hosting cemeteries and sanctuaries outside
581-638: A ransom demanded by the English for returning the city intact, they burned much of it before leaving with their booty. A third English raid was mounted against the city in 1625 by George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham , and Edward Cecil , but the attempt was unsuccessful. During the Anglo-Spanish War , Admiral Robert Blake blockaded Cádiz from 1655 to 1657. In the 1702 Battle of Cádiz , the English attacked again under George Rooke and James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde , but they were repelled after
664-511: A revolution, resulting in the eventual abdication and exile of Queen Isabella II . The Cortes of Cádiz decided to reinstate the monarchy under King Amadeo just two years later. In recent years , the city has undergone much reconstruction. Many monuments, cathedrals, and landmarks have been cleaned and restored. The diocese of Cádiz and Ceuta is a suffragan of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville ; that is, it
747-464: A structure, but it has been conjectured that the origin of the legend was the ruins of a navigational aid constructed in late antiquity . Abd-al-Mumin (or Admiral Ali ibn-Isa ibn-Maymun) found that the idol was gilded bronze rather than pure gold, but coined what there was to help fund his revolt. In 1217, according to the De itinere Frisonum the city was raided by a group of Frisian crusaders en route to
830-769: Is a city in Spain and the capital of the Province of Cádiz , in the autonomous community of Andalusia . It is located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula off the Atlantic Ocean separated from neighbouring San Fernando by a narrow isthmus. Cádiz, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Western Europe , was founded by the Phoenicians as a trading post. In the 18th century,
913-664: Is a diocese within the metropolitan see of Seville. It became a diocese in 1263 after its Reconquista (reconquest) from the Moors. By the Concordat of 1753, in which the Spanish crown also gained the rights to make appointments to church offices and to tax church lands, the Diocese of Cádiz was merged with the Diocese of Ceuta , a Spanish conclave on the northern coast of Africa, and the diocesan bishop became, by virtue of his office,
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#1732793214809996-517: Is a senior rank of the Royal Navy , which equates to the NATO rank code OF-9 , outranked only by the rank of admiral of the fleet . Royal Navy officers holding the ranks of rear admiral , vice admiral and admiral of the fleet are sometimes considered generically to be admirals. The rank of admiral is currently the highest rank to which a serving officer in the Royal Navy can be promoted, admiral of
1079-622: Is dotted with parks where exotic plants flourish, including giant trees supposedly brought to the Iberian Peninsula from the New World . This includes the historic Parque Genovés . Numismatic inscriptions in the Phoenician language record that the Phoenicians knew the site as a Gadir or Agadir (Phoenician: 𐤀𐤂𐤃𐤓 , ʾgdr ), meaning 'wall', 'compound', or (by metonymy ) 'stronghold'. Borrowed by
1162-567: Is surrounded by a number of mansions built in neo-classical architecture or Isabelline Gothic style, once occupied by the Cádiz upper classes. San Antonio church, originally built in 1669, is also situated in the plaza. The plaza was built in the 18th century, and on 19 March 1812 the Spanish Constitution of 1812 was proclaimed here, leading to the plaza to be named Plaza de la Constitución, and then later Plaza San Antonio, after
1245-474: Is the tallest of the towers which still dot the Cádiz skyline. Since 1994 there is a camera obscura , a room that uses the principle of the pinhole camera and a specially prepared convex lens to project panoramic views of the Old City onto a concave disc. There are also two exhibition rooms and a rooftop terrace. The Casa del Almirante is a palatial house, adjacent to the Plaza San Martín in
1328-487: Is usually pronounced / k ə ˈ d ɪ z / but, when the accent is on the first syllable, it may be pronounced as / ˈ k eɪ d ɪ z / , / ˈ k ɑː d ɪ z / , / ˈ k æ d ɪ z / , and similar, typically in American English. In Spanish, the accent is always, as according to the spelling, on the first syllable but, while the usual pronunciation in Spain is [ˈkaðiθ] ,
1411-633: The Berber languages , this became the agadir ( Tamazight for 'wall' and Shilha for 'fortified granary') common in North African place names, such as that of the Moroccan city of Agadir . The Carthaginians continued to use this name and all subsequent names have derived from it. Attic Greek sources hellenized Gadir as tà Gádeira ( Ancient Greek : τὰ Γάδειρα ), which is neuter plural. Herodotus , using Ionic Greek , transcribed it
1494-508: The Holy Land who burned it and destroyed its congregational mosque. The Moors were ousted by Alphonso X of Castile in 1262. Historically, there was a Jewish community living in Cádiz under Muslim rule. During the Age of Exploration , the city experienced a renaissance. Christopher Columbus sailed from Cádiz on his second and fourth voyages and the city later became the home port of
1577-572: The King of Spain 's Beard"). The attack delayed the sailing of the Spanish Armada by a year. The city suffered a still more serious attack in 1596 , when it was captured by an Anglo-Dutch fleet, this time under the Earls of Essex and Nottingham . 32 Spanish ships were destroyed and the city was captured, looted and occupied for almost a month. Finally, when the royal authorities refused to pay
1660-646: The Napoleonic Wars , Cádiz was blockaded by the British from 1797 until the Peace of Amiens in 1802 and again from 1803 until the outbreak of the Peninsular War in 1808. In that war, it was one of the few Spanish cities to hold out against the invading French and their candidate Joseph Bonaparte . Cádiz then became the seat of Spain's military high command and Cortes (parliament) for the duration of
1743-512: The Plaza de Mina , Plaza San Antonio , Plaza de Candelaria , Plaza de San Juan de Dios , and Plaza de España . Located in the heart of the old town, Plaza de Mina was developed in the first half of the 19th century. Previously, the land occupied by the plaza was the orchard of the convent of San Francisco. The plaza was converted into a plaza in 1838 by the architect Torcuato Benjumeda and (later) Juan Daura, with its trees being planted in 1861. It
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#17327932148091826-589: The Roman Republic and Empire , the city flourished as a port and naval base known as Gades . Suetonius relates how Julius Caesar, when visiting Gades as a quaestor (junior senator), saw a statue of Alexander the Great there and was saddened to think that he himself, though the same age, had still achieved nothing memorable. The people of Gades had an alliance with Rome and Julius Caesar bestowed Roman citizenship on all its inhabitants in 49 BC. By
1909-723: The Spanish treasure fleet . Consequently, it became a major target of Spain's enemies. The 16th century saw a series of failed raids by Barbary corsairs ; the greater part of the old town was consumed in a major fire in 1569; and in April 1587 a raid by the Englishman Francis Drake occupied the harbor for three days, captured six ships, and destroyed 31 others (an event which became known in England as "the Singeing of
1992-663: The Thames to Scotland. This was part of an effort by Edward I to establish a permanent official staff, even if a permanent naval force was not yet considered necessary. Leybourne's immediate purview was subsequently divided into the roles of Admiral of the West and Admiral of the South while Botetourt's became the Admiral of the North ; the first and last merged as the Admiral of
2075-413: The apostolic administrator of Ceuta. Among the many landmarks of historical and scenic interest in Cádiz, a few stand out. The city can boast of an unusual cathedral of various architectural styles , a theater, an old municipal building, an 18th-century watchtower, a vestige of the ancient city wall, an ancient Roman theater, and electrical pylons of an eye-catchingly modern design carrying cables across
2158-579: The city walls , is commonly referred to as the Old Town (Spanish: Casco Antiguo ), and represents a large area of the total size of the city. It is characterized by the antiquity of its various quarters ( barrios ), among them El Pópulo , La Viña , and Santa María , which present a marked contrast to the newer areas of town. While the Old City's street plan consists of narrow winding alleys connecting large plazas, newer areas of Cádiz typically have wide avenues and more modern buildings. The city
2241-538: The frigate HMS Niger . In this vessel, Legge served in the fleet under Lord Howe that fought in the Atlantic campaign of May 1794 and the ensuing Glorious First of June . As a frigate captain, Legge was not actively engaged in the battle, but did perform numerous scouting missions during the campaign, relayed signals to the fleet during the battle and gave a tow to badly damaged ships in its aftermath. In 1795, Legge took command of HMS Latona and formed part of
2324-463: The local dialect says [ˈkaðis] , [ˈkaði] or even [ˈka.i] instead. Founded as Gadir or Agadir by Phoenicians from Tyre , Cádiz is often regarded as the most ancient city still standing in Western Europe. The city was an important trading hub founded to access different metals including gold, tin, and especially silver. The Phoenicians established
2407-660: The neoclassical style. The second stage was completed in 1861 under the direction of García del Alamo , in the Isabelline Gothic ( Spanish : Gótico Isabelino or, simply, the Isabelino ) style. Here, in 1936, the flag of Andalusia was hoisted for the first time. The Plaza de España is a large square close to the port. It is dominated by the Monument to the Constitution of 1812 , which came into being as
2490-401: The 1596 Capture of Cádiz by the British and Dutch, as Thomas Percy notes in his introduction of the ballad "The Winning of Cales" (and it is also found in the sarcastic rhyme beginning "A gentleman of Wales, a knight of Cales"). In English, the name Cádiz , traditionally spelt without the acute accent mark on the a , is pronounced variously. When the accent is on the second syllable, it
2573-557: The 18th century, the original nine ranks began to be filled by more than one man per rank, although the rank of admiral of the red was always filled by only one man and was known as Admiral of the Fleet . After the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 the rank of admiral of the red was introduced. The number of officers holding each rank steadily increased throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. In 1769 there were 29 admirals of various grades; by
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2656-585: The Barrio del Pópulo, which was constructed in 1690 with the proceeds of the lucrative trade with the Americas. It was built by the family of the admiral of the Spanish treasure fleet , the so-called Fleet of the Indies , Don Diego de Barrios . The exterior is sheathed in exquisite red and white Genoan marble, prepared in the workshops of Andreoli, and mounted by the master, García Narváez . The colonnaded portico,
2739-541: The Bay of Cádiz. The old town is characterized by narrow streets connecting squares ( plazas ), bordered by the sea and by the city walls. Most of the landmark buildings are situated in the plazas. The old town of Cádiz is one of the most densely populated urban areas in Europe, and is packed with narrow streets. The old town benefits, though, from several striking plazas, which are enjoyed by citizens and tourists alike. These are
2822-656: The Cathedral and the Baroque church of Santiago , built in 1635. Located next to Plaza de Mina, this smaller square houses the San Francisco church and convent. Originally built in 1566, it was substantially renovated in the 17th century, when its cloisters were added. Originally, the Plaza de Mina formed the convent's orchard. In the 19th century Plaza San Antonio was considered to be Cádiz's main square. The square
2905-598: The English long depended upon levies of their subjects' vessels for any major naval expeditions. Nonetheless, historians have sometimes extended the concept of an English navy and its supposed admirals and lord high admirals back as far as Alfred the Great , counting several kings as themselves admirals, along with various dukes and earls who commanded fleets at prominent engagements such as Hubert de Burgh off Sandwich in 1217 . Other lists begin their count at King Henry III 's appointment of Sir Richard de Lucy on 28 August 1223 or 29 August 1224. A similar commission
2988-415: The Fleet rather than Algernon Frederick Rous de Horsey , who as senior active admiral nearing the age limit would customarily have received the promotion; John Baird became an Admiral; James Erskine a vice-admiral; and Harry Rawson a rear-admiral. Ironically, all these younger men would die at least a decade before de Horsey. In the time before squadron distinctions were removed or age limits instituted,
3071-589: The French and Anglo-Irish. Irish Catholics were prohibited by the penal laws from owning land or entering a profession in Ireland, whereas in Spain they were as Catholics permitted to trade more freely than the English. On 12 October 1778, the right to trade with the Americas was expanded to most ports of mainland Spain, bringing the monopoly of trade hitherto enjoyed by the Port of the Bay of Cádiz to an end. During
3154-573: The New World. These towers often formed part of the merchants' houses, but this particular tower was located on a high point in the city, 45 meters above sea level, and was chosen by the Navy as their official lookout in 1787 (after eliminating several other locations previously). The Torre Tavira , was named for its original watchman, Don Antonio Tavira, a lieutenant in the Spanish Navy. Today it
3237-565: The North and West in 1364; and from 1408–1414 they were all reunited as the High Admiral of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine , the forerunner to the present Lord High Admiral . (During this process, the short-lived post of Admiral of the Narrow Seas was used in 1412 and 1413. It was subsequently revived from 1523 to 1688.) The first royal commission as Admiral to a naval officer was granted in 1303 to Gervase Alard . By 1344, it
3320-461: The Port in the Bay of Cádiz consolidated as the main harbour of mainland Spain, enjoying the virtual monopoly of trade with the Americas until 1778. It is also the site of the University of Cádiz . Situated on a narrow slice of land surrounded by the sea‚ Cádiz is, in most respects, a typical Andalusian city with well-preserved historical landmarks. The older part of Cádiz, within the remnants of
3403-757: The Red rank until that post was introduced in 1805 prior to this the highest rank an admiral could attain to was Admiral of the White who then flew the Cross of St George . The next promotion step up from that was to Admiral of the Fleet. [REDACTED] Media related to Admirals of the United Kingdom at Wikimedia Commons Cadiz Cádiz ( / k ə ˈ d ɪ z / kə- DIZ , US also / ˈ k eɪ d ɪ z , ˈ k æ d -, ˈ k ɑː d -/ KAY -diz, KA(H)D -iz , Spanish: [ˈkaðiθ] )
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3486-527: The Spanish Cádiz derives. The Spanish demonym for people and things from Cádiz is gaditano . The same root also gives the modern Italian Càdice , Catalan Cadis , Portuguese Cádis , and French Cadix , the last also appearing in many English sources before the 20th century. The name Cales , which usually refers to Calais in France, is also used for Cádiz, especially in the context of
3569-732: The Spanish peninsula, for the Romans Cádiz had that reputation. The poet Juvenal begins his famous tenth satire with the words: Omnibus in terris quae sunt a Gadibus usque Auroram et Gangen ('In all the lands which exist from Gades as far as Dawn and the Ganges ...'). The overthrow of Roman power in Hispania Baetica by the Visigoths in the AD 400s saw the destruction of the original city, of which few traces remain today. The site
3652-420: The cathedral underwent several major changes to its original design. Though the cathedral was originally intended to be a baroque edifice with some rococo elements, it was completed in the neoclassical style . Its chapels have many paintings and relics from the old cathedral in Cádiz and as well as from monasteries throughout Spain. Construction of this plaza began in the 15th century on lands reclaimed from
3735-526: The city's notable features during antiquity was the temple on the south end of its island dedicated to the Phoenician god Melqart , who was conflated with Hercules by the Greeks and Romans under the names "Tyrian Hercules" and "Hercules Gaditanus". It had an oracle and was famed for its wealth. In Greek mythology , Hercules was sometimes credited with founding Gadeira after performing his tenth labor ,
3818-515: The close of the Napoleonic Wars in 1816 there were 190 admirals in service. Thereafter the number of admirals was reduced and in 1853 there were 79 admirals. Although admirals were promoted according to strict seniority, appointments to command were made at the discretion of the Board of Admiralty . As there were invariably more admirals in service than there were postings, many admirals remained unemployed, especially in peacetime. The organisation of
3901-469: The concept of yellow admirals (formally known as granting an officer the position of "Rear-Admiral without distinction of squadron"), being captains promoted to flag rank on the understanding that they would immediately retire on half-pay . This was the navy's first attempt at superannuating older officers. During the Interregnum , the rank of admiral was replaced by that of general at sea . In
3984-448: The death of James Hawkins-Whitshed resulted in ten men moving up to higher ranks. In 1996, the rank of admiral of the fleet was put in abeyance in peacetime, except for members of the Royal family but was resurrected on an honorary basis in 2014 for the appointment of Lord Boyce . Admirals of the fleet continue to hold their rank on the active list for life. The current ranks are rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral and admiral of
4067-474: The first Spanish republic, who was born in a house facing the square. A plaque situated on another house, states that Bernardo O'Higgins , an Irish-Chilean adventurer and former dictator of Chile, also lived in the square. One of Cádiz's most famous landmarks is its cathedral. Unlike in many places, this cathedral, known locally as the "New Cathedral," the Cathedral of Cádiz is officially the Cathedral de "Santa Cruz sobre el mar" or "Santa Cruz sobre las Aguas". It
4150-450: The fleet being in abeyance except for honorary promotions of retired officers and members of the royal family. The equivalent rank in the British Army and Royal Marines is general ; and in the Royal Air Force , it is air chief marshal . The title admiral was not used in Europe until the mid-13th century and did not reach England before the end of that century. Similarly, although some royal vessels are attested under King John ,
4233-462: The fleet his deputy, the vice admiral , would be in the leading portion or van . Below him was another admiral at the rear of the fleet, called rear admiral . Promotion up the ladder was in accordance with seniority in the rank of post-captain , and rank was held for life, so the only way to be promoted was for the person above on the list to die or resign. In 1747 the Admiralty restored an element of merit selection to this process by introducing
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#17327932148094316-413: The fleet into coloured squadrons was finally abandoned in 1864. The Red Ensign was allocated to the Merchant Navy , the White Ensign became the flag of the Royal Navy, and the Blue Ensign was allocated to the naval reserve and naval auxiliary vessels. The 18th- and 19th-century Royal Navy also maintained a positional rank known as port admiral . A port admiral was typically a veteran captain who served as
4399-417: The fleet, also known as flag ranks because admirals, known as flag officers , are entitled to fly a personal flag . An admiral of the fleet flies a Union Flag at the masthead, while an admiral flies a St George's cross (red cross on white). Vice admirals and rear admirals fly a St George's cross with one or two red discs in the hoist, respectively. The rank of admiral itself is shown in its sleeve lace by
4482-418: The frigate HMS Thisbe until the end of the war in 1815. As a member of the nobility, Legge had numerous royal contacts, and became a Groom of the Bedchamber to King George III in 1801, a position that he held in London until 1812 and afterwards at Windsor, to where the mentally unbalanced king had retreated, until the king's death in 1820. Legge later marched in the procession at George III's funeral. By
4565-440: The grand staircase under the cupola, and the hall on the main floor are architectural features of great nobility and beauty. The shield of the Barrios family appears on the second-floor balcony. Situated within the confines of the walls which protect the flank of the port of Cádiz are three identical adjacent buildings: the Customs House, the House of Hiring and the consulate. Of the three, the former had been erected first, built in
4648-408: The hermit San Antonio. In 1954 the city's mayor proclaimed the location a historic site. All construction is prohibited. The Plaza de Candelaria is named after the Candelaria convent, situated in the square until it was demolished in 1873 under the First Spanish Republic , when its grounds were redeveloped as a plaza. The plaza is notable for a statue in its centre of Emilio Castelar , president of
4731-411: The official ranks became admiral of the white and so forth, however each admiral's command flags were different and changed over time. The Royal Navy has had vice and rear admirals regularly appointed to the post since at least the 16th century. When in command of the fleet, the admiral would be in either the lead or the middle portion of the fleet. When the admiral commanded from the middle portion of
4814-460: The origin of the myth of the " pillars of Hercules ". The city fell under the sway of Carthage during Hamilcar Barca 's Iberian campaign after the First Punic War . Cádiz became a depot for Hannibal 's conquest of southern Iberia , and he sacrificed there to Hercules/Melqart before setting off on his famous journey in 218 BC to cross the Alps and invade Italy. Later the city fell to Romans under Scipio Africanus in 206 BC. Under
4897-415: The outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars in 1803, Legge was recalled to the Navy and took command of the ship of the line HMS Revenge . In 1805 Revenge was ordered to cruise off the Spanish coast and captured a valuable Spanish merchantship and also participated in the Battle of Cape Finisterre under Robert Calder against the combined Franco-Spanish fleet of Pierre-Charles Villeneuve . By 1807, Revenge
4980-467: The outskirts of Cádiz whose magic blocked the strait of Gibraltar with contrary winds and currents; its destruction by Abd-al-Mumin c. 1145 supposedly permitted ships to sail through the strait once more. It also appeared (as Salamcadis ) in the 12th-century Pseudo-Turpin 's history of Charlemagne , where it was considered a statue of Muhammad and thought to warn the Muslims of Christian invasion. Classical sources are entirely silent on such
5063-430: The sculptor, Aniceto Marinas . The work began in 1912 and finished in 1929. The original Gran Teatro was constructed in 1871 by the architect García del Alamo, and was destroyed by a fire in August 1881. The current theater was built between 1884 and 1905 over the remains of the previous Gran Teatro. The architect was Adolfo Morales de los Rios, and the overseer of construction was Juan Cabrera de la Torre. The outside
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#17327932148095146-447: The sea. With the demolition of the City walls in 1906 the plaza increased in size and a statue of the Cádiz politician Segismundo Moret was unveiled. Overlooking the plaza, the Ayuntamiento is the town hall of Cádiz's Old City . The structure, constructed on the bases and location of the previous Consistorial Houses (1699), was built in two stages. The first stage began in 1799 under the direction of architect Torcuato Benjumeda in
5229-471: The shore commander of a British naval port and was in charge of supplying, refitting, and maintaining the ships docked at harbour. The problem of promoting strictly by seniority was well illustrated by the case of Provo Wallis who served (including time being carried on the books while still a child) for 96 years. When he died in 1892 four admirals under him could immediately be promoted. By request of Queen Victoria , John Edmund Commerell became Admiral of
5312-404: The slaying of Geryon , a monster with three heads and torsos joined to a single pair of legs. (A tumulus near Gadeira was associated with Geryon's final resting-place. ) According to the Life of Apollonius of Tyana , the "Heracleum" (i.e., the temple of Melqart) was still standing during the 1st century. Some historians, based in part on this source, believe that the columns of this temple were
5395-426: The squadron that escorted Caroline of Brunswick to Britain before her marriage to Prince George . In 1797 he moved to HMS Cambrian and operated independently off the French Channel coast , sailing from Weymouth . During these services he frequently spent time with royalty visiting the port and captured a number of French prizes. Legge remained in command of Cambrian until the Peace of Amiens in 1802. With
5478-419: The time of Augustus 's census, Cádiz was home to more than five hundred equites (members of the wealthy upper class), a concentration rivaled only by Patavium ( Padua ) and Rome itself. It was the principal city of the Roman colony of Augusta Urbs Julia Gaditana. An aqueduct provided fresh water to the town, the island's supply being poor, running across open sea for its last leg. However, Roman Gades
5561-467: The time of his retirement, Legge had risen to vice-admiral and been made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath . He later became a full admiral in 1830. Legge never married, and on his death in 1835, he was reported to have left over £3,000 to his butler, £1,000 each to his groom, footman, coachman and housekeeper and other substantial amounts to his other servants. He was buried in the family vault in Lewisham . Admiral (Royal Navy) Admiral
5644-460: The urban area—situated near the mouth of River Guadalete. Presently, these islands are interconnected. While the ancient ruins of Gadir beneath modern Cádiz's historical center remain largely unexcavated, excavations have been carried out in the southern cemeteries. By the 6th century BC, disturbances within Phoenicia itself, notably the fall of Tyre to the Babylonians (573 BC), led to the end of Phoenician control over southern Iberia. This vacuum
5727-404: The war. It was here that the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 was proclaimed. The citizens revolted in 1820 to secure a renewal of this constitution and the revolution spread successfully until Ferdinand VII was imprisoned in Cádiz. French forces secured the release of Ferdinand in the 1823 Battle of Trocadero and suppressed liberalism for a time. In 1868, Cádiz was once again the seat of
5810-405: The wife of Lord Feversham . Entering the Navy at a young age, Legge served aboard HMS Prince George with the young Prince William off the Eastern Seaboard of North America. By 1791, Legge was a lieutenant and held an independent command in the Channel Fleet as captain of HMS Shark . The outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793 saw Legge promoted, becoming a post captain in
5893-458: Was born in number 12 Plaza de Mina in 1839. The Museum of Cádiz , is to be found at number 5 Plaza de Mina, and contains many objects from Cádiz's 3000-year history as well as works by artists such as Peter Paul Rubens . The houses which face the plaza, many of which can be classified as neo-classical architecture or built in the style of Isabelline Gothic , were originally occupied by the Cádiz bourgeoisie . The Plaza de la Catedral houses both
5976-561: Was covered in red bricks and is of a neo-Mudéjar or Moorish revival style. Following renovations in the 1920s, the theater was renamed the Gran Teatro Falla , in honor of composer Manuel de Falla , who is buried in the crypt of the cathedral. After a period of disrepair in the 1980s, the theater has since undergone extensive renovation. In the 18th century, Cádiz had more than 160 towers from which local merchants could look out to sea to watch for arriving merchant ships from
6059-535: Was felt that a grander cathedral was needed. Work on the New Cathedral started in 1722 and was supervised by the architect Vicente Acero , who had also built the Granada Cathedral . Acero resigned from the project and was succeeded by several other architects. As a result, this largely Baroque-style cathedral was built over a period of 116 years, and, due to this drawn-out period of construction,
6142-615: Was given to Sir Thomas Moulton in 1264, who held the formal title of Keeper of the Sea and the Sea Ports. On 8 March 1287, Sir William de Leybourne was specifically commissioned as the Admiral of the Seas of England ( Latin : Admirallus Maris Angliae ) and, in 1294, captain of all sailors and mariners of the king's dominions. Sir John de Botetourt served under him as warden at sea from
6225-433: Was in the procession at the funeral of King George III . A very wealthy man, Legge never married, and when he died in 1835 he left large sums of money to his domestic staff. Arthur Kaye Legge was born in 1766, the sixth son of William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth and his wife Frances-Catherine . Among his siblings were George Legge, 3rd Earl of Dartmouth , Edward Legge , Bishop of Oxford and Lady Charlotte Feversham ,
6308-477: Was later filled by ancient Carthage , which rose as a predominant power in the region during subsequent eras. The expeditions of Himilco around Spain and France and of Hanno around Western Africa began there. The Phoenician settlement traded with Tartessos , a city-state whose exact location remains unknown but is thought to have been somewhere near the mouth of the Guadalquivir River . One of
6391-536: Was later reconquered by Justinian in 551 as part of the Byzantine province of Spania . It would remain Byzantine until Leovigild 's reconquest in 572 returned it to the Visigothic Kingdom. Under Moorish rule between 711 and 1262, the city was called Qādis , whence the modern Spanish name was derived. A famous Muslim legend developed concerning an " idol " ( sanam Qādis ) over 100 cubits tall on
6474-456: Was never very large. It consisted only of the northwest corner of the present island, and most of its wealthy citizens maintained estates outside of it on the nearby island or on the mainland. The lifestyle maintained on the estates led to the Gaditan dancing girls (the puellae gaditanae ) becoming famous throughout the ancient world. Although it is not in fact the most westerly city in
6557-535: Was not built on the site of the original Cathedral de Santa Cruz. The original Cathedral of Santa Cruz was completed in 1263 at the behest of Alfonso X. The old cathedral burned in the Anglo-Dutch attack on the city in 1596. The reconstruction of the old cathedral started in the early 17th century, but when the city became more prosperous following the move of the Casa de Contratación from Seville to Cádiz in 1717, it
6640-424: Was only used as a rank at sea for a captain in charge of one or more fleets. In Elizabethan times the fleet grew large enough to be organised into squadrons . The squadron's admiral flew a red ensign , the vice admirals white , and the rear admirals blue on the aft mast of his ship. As the squadrons grew, each was eventually commanded by an admiral (with vice admirals and rear admirals commanding sections) and
6723-586: Was promoted to rear-admiral and the following year was appointed to be commander at Cadiz in Revenge . The Spanish port was an important position as it was the seat of the Spanish government during the Peninsular War which was raging at that time. Legge performed well in this position and returned to Britain in September 1812 to become admiral in command of the River Thames . Legge held this command, from
6806-620: Was stationed with the Mediterranean Fleet and participated in the Dardanelles Operation under John Thomas Duckworth . During the attempt to reach Constantinople , Revenge suffered ten men killed and 14 wounded. Legge was later part of the naval contingent in the Walcheren Expedition and, with thousands of his men, contracted malaria and was evacuated home, severely ill. In July 1810, Legge
6889-492: Was then redeveloped again in 1897, and has remained virtually unchanged since that time. It is named after General Francisco Espoz y Mina , a hero of the war of independence. Manuel de Falla y Matheu was born in Number 3 Plaza de Mina, where a plaque bears his name. The plaza also contains several statues, one of these is a bust of José Macpherson (a pioneer in the development of petrography , stratigraphy and tectonics ) who
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