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80-641: Schawlow was born in Mount Vernon, New York . His mother, Helen (Mason), was from Canada , and his father, Arthur Schawlow, was a Jewish immigrant from Riga (then in the Russian Empire , now in Latvia ). Schawlow was raised in his mother's Protestant religion. When Arthur was three years old, they moved to Toronto, Ontario , Canada. At the age of 16, he completed high school at Vaughan Road Academy (then Vaughan Collegiate Institute), and received

160-625: A National Historic Site . Mount Vernon sites included on the National Register of Historic Places include: Mount Vernon is at 40°54′51″N 73°49′50″W  /  40.914060°N 73.830507°W  / 40.914060; -73.830507 (40.914060, −73.830507). It is the third-largest and the most densely populated city in Westchester County. According to the United States Census Bureau ,

240-418: A monoclonal antibody that attacks white blood cells, has been used in treatment with greater success than previous options. Some people who successfully respond to treatment also undergo stem cell transplantation to consolidate the response. Treatment for juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia can include splenectomy , chemotherapy , and bone marrow transplantation . The success of treatment depends on

320-603: A village in 1853, and a city in 1892. Early development was driven by the New York Industrial Home Association No. 1, a home building cooperative organized to build homes for "tradesmen, employees, and other persons of small means". Mount Vernon takes its name from George Washington 's Mount Vernon plantation in Virginia , much as neighboring Wakefield (in the Bronx ) was named for

400-576: A Methodist church. Arthur Schawlow was an intense fan and collector of traditional American jazz recordings, as well as a supporter of instrumental groups performing this type of music. Schawlow died of leukemia in Palo Alto, California , on April 28, 1999, at the age 77. Mount Vernon, New York Mount Vernon is a city in Westchester County, New York , United States. It is an inner suburb of New York City , immediately to

480-464: A commercial corridor which attracts residents from Mount Vernon, nearby communities in Westchester County and the Bronx a well as other locales. Most of the commercial development in this corridor has occurred since the 1980s. The area is still undergoing revitalization to encourage economic development within this 400-acre (1.6 km ) of land along and around the boulevard. Mount Vernon's North Side

560-512: A disagreement as to which entity would pay for the audit of the Urban Renewal Agency (URA), one of the city's agencies, and which auditing firm would perform the audit. Further clouding the city's financial condition is the prospect that it might have a repayment obligation to HUD in connection with grants previously awarded to the city On July 9, 2019, mayor Richard Thomas pleaded guilty to stealing campaign funds and lying to

640-441: A female householder with no husband present. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.27. In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.3% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

720-657: A genetic abnormality called the Philadelphia translocation ; 95% of people with CML carry the Philadelphia mutation, although this is not exclusive to CML and can be observed in people with other types of leukemia. Whether or not non-ionizing radiation causes leukemia has been studied for several decades. The International Agency for Research on Cancer expert working group undertook a detailed review of all data on static and extremely low frequency electromagnetic energy, which occurs naturally and in association with

800-458: A greater risk of leukemia. For example, people with Down syndrome have a significantly increased risk of developing forms of acute leukemia (especially acute myeloid leukemia ), and Fanconi anemia is a risk factor for developing acute myeloid leukemia. Mutation in SPRED1 gene has been associated with a predisposition to childhood leukemia. Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes represent

880-403: A kind of premature aging of the bone marrow. In people with these syndromes and in older adults, mutations associated with clonal hematopoiesis may arise as an adaptive response to a progressively deteriorating hematopoietic niche, i.e., a depleting pool of Hematopoietic stem cells . The mutated stem cells then acquire a self-renewal advantage. Chronic myelogenous leukemia is associated with

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960-464: A lack of blood platelets , which are important in the blood clotting process. This means people with leukemia may easily become bruised , bleed excessively, or develop pinprick bleeds ( petechiae ). White blood cells , which are involved in fighting pathogens , may be suppressed or dysfunctional. This could cause the person's immune system to be unable to fight off a simple infection or to start attacking other body cells. Because leukemia prevents

1040-505: A more advanced, uncontrolled state, when the person cannot tolerate imatinib, or if the person wishes to attempt a permanent cure, then an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation may be performed. This procedure involves high-dose chemotherapy and radiation followed by infusion of bone marrow from a compatible donor. Approximately 30% of people die from this procedure. Decision to treat People with hairy cell leukemia who are symptom-free typically do not receive immediate treatment. Treatment

1120-513: A multi-drug chemotherapy regimen . Some are also treated with radiation therapy . In some cases, a bone marrow transplant is effective. Management of ALL is directed towards control of bone marrow and systemic (whole-body) disease. Additionally, treatment must prevent leukemic cells from spreading to other sites, particularly the central nervous system (CNS); periodic lumbar punctures are used for diagnostic purposes and to administer intrathecal prophylactic methotrexate. In general, ALL treatment

1200-400: A need for God in the universe and in my own life." In 1951, he married Aurelia Townes, younger sister of his postdoctoral advisor, Charles Townes. They had three children: Arthur Jr., Helen, and Edith. Arthur Jr. is autistic , with very little speech ability. Schawlow and Professor Robert Hofstadter at Stanford, who also had an autistic child, teamed up to help each other find solutions to

1280-519: A number of less common types. Leukemias and lymphomas both belong to a broader group of tumors that affect the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid system , known as tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues . Treatment may involve some combination of chemotherapy , radiation therapy , targeted therapy , and bone marrow transplant , with supportive and palliative care provided as needed. Certain types of leukemia may be managed with watchful waiting . The success of treatment depends on

1360-534: A positive correlation between exposure to formaldehyde and the development of leukemia, particularly myeloid leukemia . The different leukemias likely have different causes. Leukemia, like other cancers, results from mutations in the DNA . Certain mutations can trigger leukemia by activating oncogenes or deactivating tumor suppressor genes , and thereby disrupting the regulation of cell death, differentiation or division. These mutations may occur spontaneously or as

1440-413: A result of brain stem pressure. All symptoms associated with leukemia can be attributed to other diseases. Consequently, leukemia is always diagnosed through medical tests . The word leukemia , which means 'white blood', is derived from the characteristic high white blood cell count that presents in most affected people before treatment. The high number of white blood cells is apparent when a blood sample

1520-465: A result of exposure to radiation or carcinogenic substances. Among adults, the known causes are natural and artificial ionizing radiation and petrochemicals, notably benzene and alkylating chemotherapy agents for previous malignancies. Use of tobacco is associated with a small increase in the risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia in adults. Cohort and case-control studies have linked exposure to some petrochemicals and hair dyes to

1600-519: A scholarship in science at the University of Toronto (Victoria College). After earning his undergraduate degree , Schawlow continued in graduate school at the University of Toronto which was interrupted due to World War II . At the end of the war, he began work on his Ph.D at the university with Professor Malcolm Crawford . He then took a postdoctoral position with Charles H. Townes at

1680-413: A simple injection under the skin, or six months of pentostatin , given every four weeks by intravenous infusion. In most cases, one round of treatment will produce a prolonged remission. Other treatments include rituximab infusion or self-injection with Interferon-alpha . In limited cases, the person may benefit from splenectomy (removal of the spleen ). These treatments are not typically given as

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1760-471: A spray deck and water playground, against the backdrop of an English Tudor style bathhouse. The park also has areas for picnicking and fishing. Scenes from multiple TV shows have been shot in Mount Vernon, such as: Leukemia Leukemia ( also spelled leukaemia ; pronounced / l uː ˈ k iː m iː ə / loo- KEE -mee-ə ) is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in

1840-470: A total of four main categories. Within each of these main categories, there are typically several subcategories. Finally, some rarer types are usually considered to be outside of this classification scheme. The most common symptoms in children are easy bruising , pale skin , fever , and an enlarged spleen or liver . Damage to the bone marrow, by way of displacing the normal bone marrow cells with higher numbers of immature white blood cells, results in

1920-498: A transition from a city of homes and small businesses to a city of regional commerce. Between 2000 and 2006, Mount Vernon's economy grew 20.5%, making it one of the fastest-growing cities in the New York metropolitan area. In January 2019, Moody withdrew its credit rating for Mount Vernon because of the city's failure to provide audited financial statements. The failure to prepare and deliver audited financial statements stemmed from

2000-482: Is viewed under a microscope , with the extra white blood cells frequently being immature or dysfunctional. The excessive number of cells can also interfere with the level of other cells, causing further harmful imbalance in the blood count. Some people diagnosed with leukemia do not have high white blood cell counts visible during a regular blood count. This less-common condition is called aleukemia . The bone marrow still contains cancerous white blood cells that disrupt

2080-536: Is acute or chronic, the specific abnormal white blood cell type, the presence and severity of anemia or thrombocytopenia , the degree of tissue abnormality, the presence of metastasis and lymph node and bone marrow infiltration, the availability of therapies and the skills of the health care team. Treatment outcomes may be better when people are treated at larger centers with greater experience. In 2010, globally, approximately 281,500 people died of leukemia. In 2000, approximately 256,000 children and adults around

2160-435: Is demonstrated by family histories and twin studies . The affected people may have a single gene or multiple genes in common. In some cases, families tend to develop the same kinds of leukemia as other members; in other families, affected people may develop different forms of leukemia or related blood cancers . In addition to these genetic issues, people with chromosomal abnormalities or certain other genetic conditions have

2240-673: Is directed towards suppressing the disease for many years, rather than curing it. The primary chemotherapeutic plan is combination chemotherapy with chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide , plus a corticosteroid such as prednisone or prednisolone . The use of a corticosteroid has the additional benefit of suppressing some related autoimmune diseases, such as immunohemolytic anemia or immune-mediated thrombocytopenia . In resistant cases, single-agent treatments with nucleoside drugs such as fludarabine , pentostatin , or cladribine may be successful. Younger and healthier people may choose allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation in

2320-433: Is divided into several phases: Hematologists base CLL treatment on both the stage and symptoms of the individual person. A large group of people with CLL have low-grade disease, which does not benefit from treatment. Individuals with CLL-related complications or more advanced disease often benefit from treatment. In general, the indications for treatment are: Most CLL cases are incurable by present treatments, so treatment

2400-444: Is generally considered necessary when the person shows signs and symptoms such as low blood cell counts (e.g., infection-fighting neutrophil count below 1.0 K/μL), frequent infections, unexplained bruises, anemia, or fatigue that is significant enough to disrupt the person's everyday life. Typical treatment approach People who need treatment usually receive either one week of cladribine , given daily by intravenous infusion or

2480-471: Is more urban, while north-side Mount Vernon is more residential. Mount Vernon's downtown business district is on the city's south side, which includes City Hall, Mount Vernon's main post office, Mount Vernon Public Library, office buildings, and other municipal establishments. The Mount Vernon area was first settled in 1664 by families from Connecticut as part of the Town of Eastchester . Mount Vernon became

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2560-801: Is often credited with the "invention" of the laser, due to his unpublished work that predated Schawlow and Townes by a few months. The first working laser was made in 1960 by Theodore Maiman . In 1991, the NEC Corporation and the American Physical Society established a prize: the Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science . The prize is awarded annually to "candidates who have made outstanding contributions to basic research using lasers." He participated in science and religion discussions. Regarding God , he stated, "I find

2640-421: Is one of the most ethnically diverse neighborhoods in Westchester County. The northern part of the city consists of five neighborhoods: Chester Heights, Estate Manor/Aubyn Estates, Fleetwood, Huntswood, and Oakwood Heights. In Fleetwood, many large co-op buildings line the center of town, which is bisected by Gramatan Avenue. Mount Vernon's South Side, which abuts The Bronx , resembles New York City and includes

2720-441: Is still questionable whether phototherapy is genuinely the cause of cancer or simply a result of the same underlying factors that gave rise to cancer. Large doses of Sr-90 (called a bone seeking radioisotope) from nuclear reactor accidents, increases the risk of bone cancer and leukemia in animals and is presumed to do so in people. Some people have a genetic predisposition towards developing leukemia. This predisposition

2800-532: Is uncommon. Despite the use of these methods to diagnose whether or not a person has leukemia, many people have not been diagnosed because many of the symptoms are vague, non-specific , and can refer to other diseases. For this reason, the American Cancer Society estimates that at least one-fifth of the people with leukemia have not yet been diagnosed. Most forms of leukemia are treated with pharmaceutical medication , typically combined into

2880-505: Is unknown. A combination of genetic factors and environmental (non-inherited) factors are believed to play a role. Risk factors include smoking , ionizing radiation , petrochemicals (such as benzene ), prior chemotherapy, and Down syndrome . People with a family history of leukemia are also at higher risk. There are four main types of leukemia— acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)—and

2960-426: The 2010 United States Census , there were 67,292 people living in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 61.3% Black, 18.5% White, 0.3% Native American, 1.8% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from some other race and 2.5% from two or more races. 14.3% were Hispanic or Latino of any race. As of the 2000 census , 68,381 people, 27,048 households, and 18,432 families resided in the city. The population density

3040-608: The Bronx and Manhattan looked to Mount Vernon as a new " bedroom community " because of rising crime in New York City (a " white flight " factor contributed as well). As a result, Mount Vernon became divided in two by the New Haven Line railroad tracks of the Metro-North Railroad : North Side and South Side. The population south of the tracks became predominantly African-American, while that north of

3120-551: The State Board of Elections . Thomas was ordered to resign from office by September 30, 2019. The city council then appointed council president Andre Wallace as acting mayor. Thomas refused to resign from his post. Wallace then appointed Shawn Harris as new police commissioner. After arriving for work, Thomas ordered the Mount Vernon Police to arrest Harris for trespassing. Harris was released after an order from

3200-403: The Virginia plantation where Washington was born. In 1894, the voters of Mount Vernon participated in a referendum on whether to consolidate into a new " City of Greater New York ". The cities of Brooklyn (coterminous with Kings County ) and Long Island City , the western towns and villages of Queens County , and all of Richmond County (present day Staten Island) all voted to join with

3280-441: The bone marrow and produce high numbers of abnormal blood cells . These blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells . Symptoms may include bleeding and bruising , bone pain , fatigue , fever , and an increased risk of infections. These symptoms occur due to a lack of normal blood cells . Diagnosis is typically made by blood tests or bone marrow biopsy . The exact cause of leukemia

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3360-438: The cancer is unlikely to return . In 2015, leukemia was present in 2.3 million people worldwide and caused 353,500 deaths. In 2012, it had newly developed in 352,000 people. It is the most common type of cancer in children, with three-quarters of leukemia cases in children being the acute lymphoblastic type. However, over 90% of all leukemias are diagnosed in adults, CLL and AML being most common. It occurs more commonly in

3440-439: The developed world . Clinically and pathologically, leukemia is subdivided into a variety of large groups. The first division is between its acute and chronic forms: Additionally, the diseases are subdivided according to which kind of blood cell is affected. This divides leukemias into lymphoblastic or lymphocytic leukemias and myeloid or myelogenous leukemias : Combining these two classifications provides

3520-426: The poverty line . 12.7% of the population was 65 or older. Mount Vernon's three major employers are the Mount Vernon city school district with (1,021 employees), Michael Anthony Jewelers (712 employees), and Mount Vernon Hospital (700 employees). Mount Vernon has a large commercial sector, with industries such as electronics , engineering , high tech , historical metal restoration, and manufacturing mainly in

3600-633: The Gramatan Avenue and Fourth Avenue shopping district (known as "The Avenue" by locals ) and the Petrillo Plaza transit hub, and houses the city's central government. Downtown is in the same condition it was 40 years ago. It features the same mid-century architecture and format. Former mayor Clinton Young vowed to make Mount Vernon a new epicenter with a new central business district. His failed plans included establishing commercial office space and rezoning to allow high density development in

3680-458: The Southside section of the city. Mount Vernon also has an established Empire Zone for commercial and industrial use, in the southern portion of the city. The city limits contain a number of city parks large and small , and Willson's Woods Park , a 23-acre (93,000 m ) county-owned park. One of the oldest parks in the county system, Willson's Woods offers a wave pool, water slides, and

3760-575: The Westchester County District Attorney. Both Thomas and Wallace occupied offices in the city hall, with Thomas in the mayor's office, under the guard of the Mount Vernon Police. Finally, before a packed courtroom in White Plains, Judge Ecker made a decisive ruling that Thomas had actually vacated the office of mayor on July 8, that Wallace had automatically assumed the office at that time, and that Wallace would be

3840-639: The acting mayor of Mount Vernon until January 1, 2020. In March 2019, Mayor Richard Thomas called for the formation of the Mount Vernon Charter Revision Commission, suggesting the charter was antiquated, dating to the late 19th century. In August 2019, the Commission presented its final report which included four key proposed changes to the City's Charter: St. Paul's Church is a Mount Vernon attraction designated as

3920-530: The areas of superconductivity and nuclear resonance . Schawlow shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics with Nicolaas Bloembergen and Kai Siegbahn for their contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy. Schawlow coauthored the widely used text Microwave Spectroscopy (1955) with Charles Townes. Schawlow and Townes were the first to publish the theory of laser design and operation in their seminal 1958 paper on "optical masers", although Gordon Gould

4000-526: The city has a total area of 4.4 square miles (11.4 km ), of which 0.015 square miles (0.04 km ), or 0.39%, is water. Mount Vernon is bordered by the village of Bronxville and city of New Rochelle to the north, by the town of Pelham and village of Pelham Manor to the east, by the Hutchinson River and the Eastchester and Wakefield sections of the Bronx to the south, and by

4080-594: The city of Yonkers and the Bronx River to the west. Mount Vernon's elevation at City Hall is about 235 feet (72 m) , reflecting its location between the Bronx River to the west and the Hutchinson River to the east. On a clear day, the Throgs Neck Bridge can be seen from 10 miles (20 km) away from many parts of the city, while at night, the bridge's lights can also be seen. The city's seal, created in 1892, depicts what were then considered

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4160-582: The condition. Arthur Jr. was put in a special center for autistic individuals, and later, Schawlow put together an institution to care for people with autism in Paradise, California . It was later named the Arthur Schawlow Center in 1999, shortly before his death. Schawlow was a promoter of the controversial method of facilitated communication with patients of autism. He considered himself to be an orthodox Protestant Christian, and attended

4240-412: The degree of liver and kidney damage or the effects of chemotherapy on the person. When concerns arise about other damages due to leukemia, doctors may use an X-ray , MRI , or ultrasound . These can potentially show leukemia's effects on such body parts as bones (X-ray), the brain (MRI), or the kidneys, spleen, and liver (ultrasound). CT scans can be used to check lymph nodes in the chest, though this

4320-406: The development of some forms of leukemia. Diet has very limited or no effect, although eating more vegetables may confer a small protective benefit. Viruses have also been linked to some forms of leukemia. For example, human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia . A few cases of maternal-fetal transmission (a baby acquires leukemia because its mother had leukemia during

4400-494: The downtown, as well as affordable and market rate housing. Mount Vernon Heights' highly elevated terrain has earned the moniker "the rolling hills of homes". It is home to the city's commercial corridor, along Sandford Boulevard (6th Street). Vernon Hills has been reclaimed from the Village of Easchester that used it as the name the name as open mall shopping center. Sandford Blvd (6th Street)—also known as "Sandford Square"—is

4480-615: The existing city (present day Manhattan and The Bronx ). However, the returns were so negative in Mount Vernon and the adjacent city of Yonkers that those two areas were not included in the consolidated city and remain independent to this day. The Mount Vernon Public Library, a gift to the city from Andrew Carnegie , opened in 1904 and is now part of the Westchester Library System , providing educational, cultural and computer services to county residents of all ages. The Mount Vernon Trust Company , opened in 1903. It

4560-860: The first treatment because their success rates are lower than cladribine or pentostatin. Most people with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, a rare and aggressive leukemia with a median survival of less than one year, require immediate treatment. T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia is difficult to treat, and it does not respond to most available chemotherapeutic drugs. Many different treatments have been attempted, with limited success in certain people: purine analogues (pentostatin, fludarabine, cladribine), chlorambucil , and various forms of combination chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone CHOP , cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone [COP], vincristine, doxorubicin, prednisone, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, bleomycin VAPEC-B ). Alemtuzumab (Campath),

4640-646: The generation, transmission, and use of electrical power. They concluded that there is limited evidence that high levels of ELF magnetic (but not electric) fields might cause some cases of childhood leukemia . No evidence for a relationship to leukemia or another form of malignancy in adults has been demonstrated. Since exposure to such levels of ELFs is relatively uncommon, the World Health Organization concludes that ELF exposure, if later proven to be causative, would account for just 100 to 2400 cases worldwide each year, representing 0.2 to 4.9% of

4720-618: The highest points in Mount Vernon: Trinity Place near Fourth Street, Vista Place at Barnes Avenue, and North 10th Avenue between Washington and Jefferson places. Since then, it was discovered that the city's highest elevation is on New York Route 22 , North Columbus Avenue, at the Bronxville line. Mount Vernon is typically divided into four major sections in four square miles: Downtown, Mount Vernon Heights, North Side, and South Side. Downtown Mount Vernon features

4800-445: The hope of a permanent cure. Many different anti-cancer drugs are effective for the treatment of AML. Treatments vary somewhat according to the age of the person and according to the specific subtype of AML. Overall, the strategy is to control bone marrow and systemic (whole-body) disease, while offering specific treatment for the central nervous system (CNS), if involved. In general, most oncologists rely on combinations of drugs for

4880-410: The immune system from working normally, some people experience frequent infection , ranging from infected tonsils , sores in the mouth , or diarrhea to life-threatening pneumonia or opportunistic infections . Finally, the red blood cell deficiency leads to anemia , which may cause dyspnea and pallor . Some people experience other symptoms, such as fevers, chills, night sweats, weakness in

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4960-425: The induction phase. There are many possible treatments for CML, but the standard of care for newly diagnosed people is imatinib (Gleevec) therapy. Compared to most anti-cancer drugs, it has relatively few side effects and can be taken orally at home. With this drug, more than 90% of people will be able to keep the disease in check for at least five years, so that CML becomes a chronic, manageable condition. In

5040-495: The initial, induction phase of chemotherapy. Such combination chemotherapy usually offers the benefits of early remission and a lower risk of disease resistance. Consolidation and maintenance treatments are intended to prevent disease recurrence. Consolidation treatment often entails a repetition of induction chemotherapy or the intensification of chemotherapy with additional drugs. By contrast, maintenance treatment involves drug doses that are lower than those administered during

5120-560: The limbs, feeling fatigued and other common flu-like symptoms . Some people experience nausea or a feeling of fullness due to an enlarged liver and spleen ; this can result in unintentional weight loss . Blasts affected by the disease may come together and become swollen in the liver or in the lymph nodes causing pain and leading to nausea. If the leukemic cells invade the central nervous system , then neurological symptoms (notably headaches ) can occur. Uncommon neurological symptoms like migraines , seizures , or coma can occur as

5200-532: The mayor of Mount Vernon; he served until 2007. Clinton I. Young, Jr. became the city's mayor on January 1, 2008. Four years later, on January 1, 2012, Ernest D. Davis became the 21st mayor of Mount Vernon. In 2013, Davis was investigated for failure to report rental income. In 2015, Richard Thomas defeated Davis in an upset victory in the September primary. in the November general election, Thomas received 71% of

5280-508: The neighborhoods Parkside, South Side and Vernon Park. Numerous industrial businesses are in Parkside, while the rest of South Side Mount Vernon features multi-family homes, apartment buildings, and commercial businesses. South Side Mount Vernon features notable city landmarks such as Brush Park, Hutchinson Field, the Boys and Girls Club , and St. Paul's Church National Historic Site . As of

5360-403: The normal production of blood cells, but they remain in the marrow instead of entering the bloodstream, where they would be visible in a blood test. For a person with aleukemia, the white blood cell counts in the bloodstream can be normal or low. Aleukemia can occur in any of the four major types of leukemia, and is particularly common in hairy cell leukemia . Studies in 2009 and 2010 have shown

5440-485: The north of the borough of the Bronx . As of the 2020 census , Mount Vernon had a population of 73,893, making it the 24th-largest municipality in the state and largest African-American majority city in the state . Mount Vernon has 12,898 Jamaicans with African and Indian descent that had immigrated from their homeland of Jamaica after the country gained its independence from Britain on August 6, 1962. Mount Vernon has two major sections. South-side Mount Vernon

5520-415: The physics department of Columbia University in the fall of 1949. He went on to accept a position at Bell Labs in late 1951. He left in 1961 to join the faculty at Stanford University as a professor . He remained at Stanford until he retired to emeritus status in 1996. Although his research focused on optics , in particular, lasers and their use in spectroscopy , he also pursued investigations in

5600-541: The population is of Brazilian descent; Brazilians can be included in the African American , White , Multiracial and/or Latino categories. Similarly, a significant part of the Black and/or Latino population is of Caribbean origin. There were 27,048 households, of which 40.9% were married couples living together, 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.2% were non-families, and 28.0% had

5680-464: The pregnancy) have been reported. Children born to mothers who use fertility drugs to induce ovulation are more than twice as likely to develop leukemia during their childhoods than other children. In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of any type of leukemia in neonates using phototherapy , typically to treat neonatal jaundice , a statistically significant association was detected between using phototherapy and myeloid leukemia. However, it

5760-536: The total incidence of childhood leukemia for that year (about 0.03 to 0.9% of all leukemias). Diagnosis is usually based on repeated complete blood counts and a bone marrow examination following observations of the symptoms. Sometimes, blood tests may not show that a person has leukemia, especially in the early stages of the disease or during remission. A lymph node biopsy can be performed to diagnose certain types of leukemia in certain situations. Following diagnosis, blood chemistry tests can be used to determine

5840-471: The tracks was largely white. At the height of this segregation in the 1970s, August Petrillo was mayor. When he died, Thomas E. Sharpe was elected mayor. Upon Sharpe's death in 1984, Carmella Iaboni took office as acting mayor until Ronald Blackwood was elected; Blackwood was the first Afro-Caribbean mayor of the city (as well as of any city in New York State). In 1996, Ernest D. Davis was elected

5920-471: The type of leukemia and the age of the person. Outcomes have improved in the developed world. Five-year survival rate was 67% in the United States in the period from 2014 to 2020. In children under 15 in first-world countries, the five-year survival rate is greater than 60% or even 90%, depending on the type of leukemia. In children who are cancer-free five years after diagnosis of acute leukemia,

6000-410: The type of leukemia and the age of the person. Outcomes have improved in the developed world. The average five-year survival rate is 65% in the United States. In children under 15, the five-year survival rate is greater (60 to 85%), depending on the type of leukemia. In children with acute leukemia who are cancer-free after five years, the cancer is unlikely to return. Outcomes depend on whether it

6080-588: The votes to become the mayor of Mount Vernon. In the subsequent 2019 election, Shawyn Patterson-Howard unseated the incumbent Mayor Thomas in a hotly contested June primary to become the new Democratic nominee and went on to capture 81% of the vote to defeat André Wallace (who had since been named Acting Mayor and ran as a Republican) in the general election in November to become the first black woman mayor of Mount Vernon (and of any city in Westchester County). Mount Vernon has in recent years undergone

6160-401: The world developed a form of leukemia, and 209,000 died from it. This represents about 3% of the almost seven million deaths due to cancer that year, and about 0.35% of all deaths from any cause. Of the sixteen separate sites the body compared, leukemia was the 12th most common class of neoplastic disease and the 11th most common cause of cancer-related death. Leukemia occurs more commonly in

6240-419: Was 14,290.3 inhabitants per square mile (5,517.5/km ), with 28,558 housing units at an average density of 7,205.9 per square mile (2,782.2/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 59.58% African American , 28.63% White , 10.48% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 4.85% from other races , 4.44% from two or more races, 2.12% Asian , 0.05% Pacific Islander , and 0.32% Native American . A significant proportion of

6320-404: Was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 47,128, and the median income for a family was $ 55,573. Males had a median income of $ 41,493 versus $ 37,871 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 24,827. 13.9% of the population and 11.8% of families were below

6400-489: Was the largest bank in Westchester County , with branches in the east and west sections of the city. During the 1960s, Mount Vernon was a divided city on the brink of a "northern style" segregation. Many African Americans from the southern United States migrated north and settled in the city of Mount Vernon for better job opportunities and educational advancements. At the same time, many white Americans from

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