179-489: Arthur Veary Treacher ( / ˈ t r iː tʃ ər / TREE -chər ; 23 July 1894 – 14 December 1975) was an English film and stage actor active from the 1920s to the 1960s, and known for playing English types, especially butler and manservant roles, such as the P.G. Wodehouse valet character Jeeves ( Thank You, Jeeves! , 1936) and the kind butlers opposite Shirley Temple in Curly Top (1935) and Heidi (1937). In
358-452: A "friend in deed and [we] certainly have been in need." Floyd Norman , the studio's first black animator who worked closely with Disney during the 1950s and 1960s, said, "Not once did I observe a hint of the racist behavior Walt Disney was often accused of after his death. His treatment of people—and by this I mean all people—can only be called exemplary." Watts argues that many of Disney's post-World War II films "legislated
537-409: A London club for butlers and valets. Jeeves is first hired by Bertie in " Jeeves Takes Charge " to replace a valet whom Bertie had fired for stealing from him. In this short story, Bertie briefly fires Jeeves after Jeeves, who believes that Bertie would not be happy with his fiancée Florence Craye , takes steps to end Bertie's engagement to her. Bertie quickly rehires Jeeves after realizing that Jeeves
716-413: A bright scarlet cummerbund . He sometimes receives a monetary reward from Bertie and other people he helps in early stories, though this does not occur in later stories. Bertie and Jeeves experience a variety of adventures in numerous short stories and novels. Aside from changes in his employment status, some events occur that are particularly noteworthy for Jeeves. Jeeves gets engaged twice in " Jeeves in
895-582: A butler is responsible for a household and manages other servants. On rare occasions he does fill in for someone else's butler. According to Bertie Wooster, he "can buttle with the best of them". A valet called Jevons appears in Wodehouse's 1914 short story "Creatures of Impulse", and may have been an early prototype for Jeeves. Like Jeeves, Jevons is described as the perfect valet. "Creatures of Impulse" appeared in The Strand Magazine , and
1074-609: A butler, and does so on a few occasions. As Bertie says in Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves , "If the call comes, he can buttle with the best of them." Jeeves has an encyclopedic knowledge of literature and academic subjects. He frequently quotes from Shakespeare and the romantic poets . Well informed about members of the British aristocracy thanks to the club book of the Junior Ganymede Club , he also seems to have
1253-518: A camera, he began experimenting at home. He came to the conclusion that cel animation was more promising than the cutout method. Unable to persuade Cauger to try cel animation at the company, Disney opened a new business with a co-worker from the Film Ad Co, Fred Harman . Their main client was the local Newman Theater, and the short cartoons they produced were sold as "Newman's Laugh-O-Grams". Disney studied Paul Terry's Aesop's Fables as
1432-623: A cat in Maiden Eggesford; this cat plays a major role in Aunts Aren't Gentlemen . Jeeves occasionally refers to an aunt without naming her, including one who read Oliver Wendell Holmes to him when he was young. In Right Ho, Jeeves , he mentions his Aunt Annie, though she was widely disliked. In his youth, Jeeves worked as a page boy at a girls' school. He apparently served in the military to some extent in World War I . In
1611-647: A certain installment of the "Career Day" newsreel segments on The Mickey Mouse Club focusing on the bureau (which aired in January 1958), as well as an unmade 1961 educational short warning children about the dangers of child molestation . Disney's public persona was very different from his actual personality. Playwright Robert E. Sherwood described him as "almost painfully shy ... diffident" and self-deprecating. According to his biographer Richard Schickel , Disney hid his shy and insecure personality behind his public identity. Kimball argues that Disney "played
1790-482: A comedy routine in a 1993 Seinfeld episode, Jerry Seinfeld said, "Did you ever notice a lot of butlers are named Jeeves? I think when you name a baby Jeeves; you've pretty much mapped out his future. Not much chance he's gonna be a hitman." From 1996 until 2006, Ask.com , a question-and-answer search engine, was known as Ask Jeeves and featured a caricature of a butler on its launch page. The name of Jeeves has also been used by other companies and services, such as
1969-415: A considerable number of useful connections among various servants. Jeeves uses his knowledge and connections to solve problems inconspicuously. Richard Usborne , a leading scholar of the life and works of Wodehouse, describes Jeeves as a "godlike prime mover" and "master brain who is found to have engineered the apparent coincidence or coincidences". To form his plans, Jeeves often studies "the psychology of
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#17327836687202148-637: A creator of entertainment for an almost unlimited public and as a highly ingenious merchandiser of his wares can rightly be compared to the most successful industrialists in history." Correspondent Alistair Cooke calls Disney a "folk-hero ... the Pied Piper of Hollywood", while Gabler considers Disney "reshaped the culture and the American consciousness". In the American Dictionary of National Biography , Langer writes: Disney remains
2327-414: A cynical manipulator of cultural and commercial formulas", while PBS records that critics have censured his work because of its "smooth façade of sentimentality and stubborn optimism, its feel-good re-write of American history". Disney has been accused of antisemitism for having given Nazi propagandist Leni Riefenstahl a tour of his studio a month after Kristallnacht . Riefenstahl's invitation
2506-596: A dashed efficient shoe". Once a week, Jeeves takes the afternoon off to play bridge at his club, the Junior Ganymede. One of Jeeves's hobbies is fishing, which he tends to do during his annual summer holiday, typically taken at Bognor Regis . Bertie sees him fishing in Joy in the Morning . Appreciating travel in general, Jeeves wants to go on a cruise in two different stories, " The Spot of Art " and The Code of
2685-473: A distributor. Following the 1927 sensation The Jazz Singer , Disney used synchronized sound on the third short, Steamboat Willie , to create the first post-produced sound cartoon . After the animation was complete, Disney signed a contract with the former executive of Universal Pictures, Pat Powers , to use the "Powers Cinephone" recording system; Cinephone became the new distributor for Disney's early sound cartoons, which soon became popular. To improve
2864-513: A downright feeling of animosity for our M. Mouse. Mr. A. Hitler, the Nazi old thing, says that Mickey's silly. Imagine that! Well, Mickey is going to save Mr. A Hitler from drowning or something some day. Just wait and see if he doesn't. Then won't Mr. A. Hitler be ashamed!" In late 1939, when Disney was discussing plans to move his staff to a newly built studio in Burbank , one employee asked him how
3043-521: A financier who is in the second year of a prison term when Jeeves mentions him; and Lord Brancaster, who gave port -soaked seedcake to his pet parrot. Jeeves becomes Bertie Wooster's valet. However, his tenure with Bertie Wooster has occasional lapses during the stories; at these times, Jeeves finds work elsewhere. Jeeves works for Lord Chuffnell for a week in Thank You, Jeeves , after giving notice because of Bertie Wooster's unwillingness to give up
3222-525: A foreign language, not suppressed or sponsored or anything. Just Disney." Many of those with whom Disney worked commented that he gave his staff little encouragement due to his exceptionally high expectations. Norman recalls that when Disney said "That'll work", it was an indication of high praise. Instead of direct approval, Disney gave high-performing staff financial bonuses, or recommended certain individuals to others, expecting that his praise would be passed on. Views of Disney and his work have changed over
3401-859: A functional city was replaced by a park more akin to a permanent world's fair . In 2009, the Walt Disney Family Museum, designed by Disney's daughter Diane and her son Walter E. D. Miller, opened in the Presidio of San Francisco . Thousands of artifacts from Disney's life and career are on display, including numerous awards that he received. In 2014, the Disney theme parks around the world hosted approximately 134 million visitors. Early in 1925, Disney hired an ink artist, Lillian Bounds . They married in July of that year, at her brother's house in her home town of Lewiston, Idaho . The marriage
3580-667: A generous donor to Thomas E. Dewey 's 1944 bid for the presidency . In 1946, he was a founding member of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals , an organization who stated they "believ[ed] in, and like, the American Way of Life ... we find ourselves in sharp revolt against a rising tide of Communism, Fascism and kindred beliefs, that seek by subversive means to undermine and change this way of life". In 1947, during
3759-470: A gong stick in " Jeeves Makes an Omelette ", though he agrees with Bertie not to use this sort of tactic again. After Jeeves uses a cosh to knock out Constable Dobbs in The Mating Season , an astonished Bertie describes Jeeves as "something that would be gratefully accepted as a muscle guy by any gang on the lookout for new blood". Jeeves often reads intellectual, "improving" books, including
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#17327836687203938-431: A goodwill trip to South America, ensuring he was absent during a resolution he knew would be unfavorable to the studio. Due to the strike—and the financial state of the company—several animators left the studio, and Disney's relationship with other members of staff was permanently strained as a result. The strike temporarily interrupted the studio's next production, Dumbo (1941), which Disney produced in
4117-523: A kind of cultural Marshall Plan . They nourished a genial cultural imperialism that magically overran the rest of the globe with the values, expectations, and goods of a prosperous middle-class United States." Film historian Jay P. Telotte acknowledges that many see Disney's studio as an "agent of manipulation and repression", although he observes that it has "labored throughout its history to link its name with notions of fun, family, and fantasy". John Tomlinson, in his study Cultural Imperialism , examines
4296-478: A larger fee for producing the Oswald series, but found Mintz wanting to reduce the payments. Mintz had also persuaded many of the artists involved to work directly for him, including Harman, Ising, Carman Maxwell and Friz Freleng . Disney also found out that Universal owned the intellectual property rights to Oswald. Mintz threatened to start his own studio and produce the series himself if Disney refused to accept
4475-727: A larger plot in Anaheim , 35 miles (56 km) south of the studio, was purchased. To distance the project from the studio—which might attract the criticism of shareholders—Disney formed WED Enterprises (now Walt Disney Imagineering ) and used his own money to fund a group of designers and animators to work on the plans; those involved became known as "Imagineers". After obtaining bank funding he invited other stockholders, American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres —part of American Broadcasting Company (ABC)—and Western Printing and Lithographing Company . In mid-1954, Disney sent his Imagineers to every amusement park in
4654-583: A long employment history, and he is older than Bertie Wooster. On the other hand, Jeeves is young enough to be engaged to a waitress courted by Bingo Little , who is the same age as Bertie Wooster, in " Jeeves in the Springtime ". In Ring for Jeeves , Jeeves is described as resembling "a youngish High Priest of a refined and dignified religion". In the reference work Wodehouse in Woostershire by Wodehouse scholars Geoffrey Jaggard and Tony Ring, it
4833-485: A man with his genius is satisfied to hang around pressing my clothes and what not". Jeeves has been offered twice the salary Bertie pays him by another gentleman, but still remains with Bertie. Jeeves views Bertie as being friendly but mentally negligible, though his opinion of Bertie's intelligence seems to improve over time. In an early story, he says that Bertie is "an exceedingly pleasant and amiable young gentleman, but not intelligent. By no means intelligent. Mentally he
5012-736: A mockery". In Thank You, Jeeves , when Jeeves has left Bertie's employment because of their disagreement over a banjolele, Bertie still seeks Jeeves for help and Jeeves comes to his aid. Bertie dislikes when Jeeves goes on his annual holiday, stating, "without this right-hand man at his side Bertram Wooster becomes a mere shadow of his former self". Jeeves appreciates the praise that Bertie bestows on him, saying that "Mr. Wooster has always been gratifyingly appreciative of my humble efforts on his behalf". Jeeves has firm ideas about how an English gentleman should dress and behave, and sees it as his duty to ensure that his employer presents himself appropriately. When friction arises between Jeeves and Bertie, it
5191-609: A model, and the first six "Laugh-O-Grams" were modernized fairy tales. In May 1921, the success of the "Laugh-O-Grams" led to the establishment of Laugh-O-Gram Studio , for which he hired more animators, including Fred Harman's brother Hugh , Rudolf Ising and Iwerks. The Laugh-O-Grams cartoons did not provide enough income to keep the company solvent, so Disney started production of Alice's Wonderland —based on Alice's Adventures in Wonderland —which combined live action with animation; he cast Virginia Davis in
5370-474: A month. In July 1924, Disney also hired Iwerks, persuading him to relocate to Hollywood from Kansas City. In 1926, the first official Walt Disney Studio was established at 2725 Hyperion Avenue; the building was demolished in 1940. By 1926, Winkler's role in the distribution of the Alice series had been handed over to her husband, the film producer Charles Mintz , although the relationship between him and Disney
5549-831: A nervous breakdown in October 1931—which he blamed on the machinations of Powers and his own overwork—so he and Lillian took an extended holiday to Cuba and a cruise to Panama to recover. With the loss of Powers as distributor, Disney studios signed a contract with Columbia Pictures to distribute the Mickey Mouse cartoons, which became increasingly popular, including internationally. Disney and his crew also introduced new cartoon stars like Pluto in 1930, Goofy in 1932 and Donald Duck in 1934. Always keen to embrace new technology and encouraged by his new contract with United Artists , Disney filmed Flowers and Trees (1932) in full-color three-strip Technicolor ; he
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5728-485: A new home in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles. With the help of his friends Ward and Betty Kimball , who already had their own backyard railroad , Disney developed blueprints and immediately set to work on creating a miniature live steam railroad for his back yard. The name of the railroad, Carolwood Pacific Railroad , came from his home's location on Carolwood Drive. The miniature working steam locomotive
5907-471: A party through the plant. Leni was in the party. If we had known it in advance she wouldn't have got in." Animation historian Jim Korkis, theorizes that Disney may have also met with Riefenstahl for financial reasons: as an attempt by Disney to recover over 135,000 Reichsmarks owed from his German film distributor and to get the ban on Disney films lifted in Germany. Animator Art Babbitt , organizer behind
6086-542: A period of time, to which her father raised no objections and even reportedly said, "Sharon, I think it's wonderful how these Jewish families have accepted you." Disney has also been accused of other forms of racism because some of his productions released between the 1930s and 1950s contain racially insensitive material. Gabler argues that "Walt Disney was no racist. He never, either publicly or privately, made disparaging remarks about blacks or asserted white superiority. Like most white Americans of his generation, however, he
6265-530: A popular English cricketer for Warwickshire . Wodehouse witnessed Percy Jeeves bowling at Cheltenham Cricket Festival in 1913. Percy Jeeves was killed at the Battle of the Somme in July 1916, less than a year after the first appearance of the Wodehouse character who would make his name a household word. In a letter written in 1965, Wodehouse wrote that he had read Harry Leon Wilson 's Ruggles of Red Gap when it
6444-416: A problem, and Bertie agrees to give away the item that Jeeves disapproves of. Even when Bertie and Jeeves are having a disagreement, Jeeves still shows sympathy, as much as he shows any emotion, when Bertie is in serious trouble. Often wearing "an expression of quiet intelligence combined with a feudal desire to oblige", Jeeves consistently maintains a calm and courteous demeanor. When he feels discomfort or
6623-573: A series of popular live-action nature films, titled True-Life Adventures , with Seal Island the first; the film won the Academy Award in the Best Short Subject (Two-Reel) category. In early 1950, Disney produced Cinderella , his studio's first animated feature in eight years. It was popular with critics and theater audiences. Costing $ 2.2 million to produce, it earned nearly $ 8 million in its first year. Disney
6802-455: A showcase to the world for the ingenuity and imagination of American free enterprise. During 1966, Disney cultivated businesses willing to sponsor EPCOT. He received a story credit in the 1966 film Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N. as Retlaw Yensid, his name spelt backwards. He increased his involvement in the studio's films, and was heavily involved in the story development of The Jungle Book ,
6981-521: A simple and inexpensive manner; the film received a positive reaction from audiences and critics alike. Shortly after the release of Dumbo in October 1941, the U.S. entered World War II. Disney formed the Walt Disney Training Films Unit within the company to produce instruction films for the military such as Four Methods of Flush Riveting and Aircraft Production Methods . Disney also met with Henry Morgenthau Jr. ,
7160-644: A sofa "showed a resource and swiftness of thought which it would be difficult to overpraise". Jeeves's name is used as a synonym for a personal manservant. A " Jeeves " is a generic term for a model valet or butler according to the Oxford English Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary . It can mean a "resourceful helper" according to the Encarta World English Dictionary . In
7339-409: A strong beverage which momentarily stuns one's senses but is very effective in curing hangovers. The drink is Jeeves's version of a prairie oyster . Bertie first hires Jeeves after his hangover is cured by one of Jeeves's special drinks. Not simply a hangover cure, the drink can also give energy to someone who needs it, yet calm down someone who is agitated. Dark in colour, Jeeves's special pick-me-up
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7518-680: A theme park. When he visited Griffith Park in Los Angeles with his daughters, he wanted to be in a clean, unspoiled park, where both children and their parents could have fun. He visited the Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen, Denmark, and was heavily influenced by the cleanliness and layout of the park. In March 1952, he received zoning permission to build a theme park in Burbank, near the Disney studios. This site proved too small, and
7697-503: A valet as a Mayfair consultant." On one occasion, Bertie considers it probable that even the distinguished Sir Roderick Glossop has consulted Jeeves, and says, "Jeeves is like Sherlock Holmes. The highest in the land come to him with their problems. For all I know, they may give him jewelled snuff boxes." Jeeves presents the ideal image of the gentlemanly manservant, being highly competent, dignified, and respectful. He speaks intelligently and correctly, using proper titles for members of
7876-534: A variety of perspectives, ranging from views of him as a purveyor of homely patriotic values to being a representative of American cultural imperialism . Widely considered to be one of the most influential cultural figures of the 20th century, Disney remains an important presence in the history of animation and in the cultural history of the United States , where he is acknowledged as a national cultural icon . His film work continues to be shown and adapted,
8055-466: A very old sheep clearing its throat on a misty mountain top". He may also cough to signify disapproval. Bertie states that he saw the normally imperturbable Jeeves come "very near to being rattled" for the first time when the sight of Bingo Little in a false beard caused Jeeves to drop his jaw and steady himself with a table in "Comrade Bingo". In Joy in the Morning , Bertie claims that the only occasion on which he had ever seen Jeeves "really rattled"
8234-403: A woman's feelings by turning her down. While Jeeves wants to keep Bertie from a fiancée whom he believes will not make Bertie happy, Jeeves also wants to keep his position, which he feels would be threatened by a wife. Jeeves also provides assistance when Bertie, who refuses to let a pal down, gets drawn into trouble trying to help a friend or a relative he is fond of. Bertie is usually unaware of
8413-505: Is "a godlike man in a bowler hat with grave, finely chiselled features and a head that stuck out at the back, indicating great brain power". Bertie also describes Jeeves's eyes as gleaming with intelligence. Bertie frequently describes Jeeves as having a "feudal spirit". Jeeves enjoys helping Bertie and his friends, and solves Bertie's personal problems despite not being obliged to do so. Jeeves interrupts his vacation twice to come to Bertie's aid (in " The Love That Purifies " and Jeeves in
8592-577: Is Jeeves's cousin. Jeeves also mentions his late uncle Cyril in Right Ho, Jeeves . His niece Mabel is engaged to Bertie Wooster's friend Charles "Biffy" Biffen . His cousin Egbert is a constable and plays a role in the short story " Without the Option ". Jeeves has three placid aunts, in contrast to Bertie Wooster's aunts. Aunt Emily is interested in psychical research, and another aunt, Mrs. Pigott, owns
8771-409: Is a fictional character in a series of comedic short stories and novels by English author P. G. Wodehouse . Jeeves is the highly competent valet of a wealthy and idle young Londoner named Bertie Wooster . First appearing in print in 1915, Jeeves continued to feature in Wodehouse's work until his last completed novel Aunts Aren't Gentlemen in 1974, a span of 60 years. Both the name "Jeeves" and
8950-437: Is a poetic side to Jeeves, who recites a great deal of poetry. He is much affected when a parted couple reconciles, and tells Bertie that his heart leaps up when he beholds a rainbow in the sky. It is not unusual for Bertie's acquaintances to ask for Jeeves's help directly without discussing it with Bertie, and Jeeves is willing to assist them even if Bertie is not involved in any way. Bertie once says that Jeeves "isn't so much
9129-407: Is also stubborn when opposing a new item that Bertie has taken a liking to, such as an alpine hat or purple socks. While he often stays on in spite of these radical objects, he can only withstand so much: the worst case is when he resigned after Bertie, privately labeling him as a "domestic Mussolini ", resolved to study the banjolele in the countryside. Usually, Jeeves finds a way to help Bertie with
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#17327836687209308-422: Is being discreet, he assumes an expressionless face which Bertie describes as resembling a "stuffed moose" or "stuffed frog". When very surprised, he will raise his eyebrow a small fraction of an inch, and when he is amused, the corner of his mouth twitches slightly. His composure extends to his voice, which is soft and respectful. When he wishes to start a conversation, he sometimes makes a low gentle cough "like
9487-422: Is composed of Worcester sauce , a raw egg, and red pepper according to Jeeves, though Bertie suspects that the drink consists of more than that. Wodehouse mentions other ingredients in a personal letter he wrote late in his life, though these ingredients are not referred to in the stories. Additionally, Jeeves is capable of typing and writing shorthand . Jeeves has knowledge in more dubious subjects as well. He
9666-453: Is described as "tall and dark and impressive". When they first meet in "Jeeves Takes Charge", Bertie describes Jeeves as "a kind of darkish sort of respectful Johnnie" with "a grave, sympathetic face" and a nearly silent way of walking that Bertie equates to a "healing zephyr". On multiple occasions, Bertie states that Jeeves has "finely chiselled features", and a large head, which seems to Bertie to indicate intelligence. As Bertie says, Jeeves
9845-502: Is negligible – quite negligible." Hearing this spurs Bertie to try to solve problems on his own, though he ultimately fails and needs Jeeves's assistance. Nonetheless, Jeeves's view of Bertie's intelligence has apparently softened by the first novel, when Jeeves says that Bertie "is, perhaps, mentally somewhat negligible, but he has a heart of gold". At one point in the ninth novel, Jeeves actually commends Bertie's quick thinking, saying that Bertie's tactic of hiding from an antagonist behind
10024-410: Is resolved by the end of the story, typically after Jeeves has helped Bertie with his latest problem. Bertie, grateful, agrees to have it Jeeves's way. He does not object if he learns that Jeeves, foreseeing that Bertie would agree to give up the item, has already disposed of it. Bertie considers Jeeves to be a marvel, and wonders why Jeeves is content to work for him, stating, "It beats me sometimes why
10203-541: Is separated from Jeeves, Bertie is miserable. When Bertie must stay by himself in a hotel in " The Aunt and the Sluggard ", he struggles without having Jeeves there to press his clothes and bring him tea, saying "I don't know when I've felt so rotten. Somehow I found myself moving about the room softly, as if there had been a death in the family"; he later cheers himself up by going round the cabarets, though "the frightful loss of Jeeves made any thought of pleasure more or less
10382-559: Is set after World War II, Jeeves temporarily works as Lord Rowcester's butler while Bertie is sent to a school where the idle rich learn to fend for themselves. This is the only story in which Jeeves appears without Bertie Wooster. The novel was adapted from the play Come On, Jeeves . Jeeves's first name was not revealed until the penultimate novel, Much Obliged, Jeeves . Bertie Wooster learns Jeeves's name when he hears another valet greet Jeeves with "Hullo, Reggie." The readers may have been surprised to learn Jeeves's first name, but Bertie
10561-586: Is speculated using information provided in the Jeeves canon that Bertie's age ranges from approximately 24 to 29 over the stories, and that Jeeves is roughly ten years older than Bertie, giving an age range of 35 to 40. This happens to agree with a personal letter Wodehouse wrote in 1961 to scholar Robert A. Hall Jr. , in which Wodehouse, explaining that his characters did not age with real life time, gave an approximate age for Jeeves: Keggs in A Damsel in Distress
10740-534: Is supposed to be the same man who appears in The Butler Did It , but does it pan out all right? It doesn't if you go by when the books were written. The Damsel was published in 1919 and the Butler in 1957. But I always ignore real life time. After all, Jeeves—first heard of at the age presumably of about thirty-five in 1916—would now be around eighty-five, counting the real years. Thompson suggests that
10919-434: Is usually over some new item about which Bertie Wooster is enthusiastic that does not meet with Jeeves's approval, such as bright purple socks, a white mess jacket, or a garish vase. Bertie becomes attached to these less conservative pieces and views Jeeves's opposition to them as "hidebound and reactionary", marking him "an enemy to Progress". This type of disagreement results in a period of coolness between them. The conflict
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#173278366872011098-501: Is well-informed about how to steal paintings and kidnap dogs. He uses a Mickey Finn to incapacitate the unscrupulous Bingley . Capable of action when the situation calls for it, Jeeves uses a golf club to knock out Sippy Sipperley in " The Inferiority Complex of Old Sippy ", and takes down a swan with a raincoat and boathook in " Jeeves and the Impending Doom ". He finds it necessary to get Aunt Dahlia to knock out Bertie with
11277-531: The 1941 strike at the studio and who held a well-known grudge against Disney, claimed in his later years that he saw Disney and his lawyer attend meetings of the German American Bund , a pro-Nazi organization, during the late 1930s. However, according to Disney biographer Neal Gabler: "...that was highly unlikely, not only because Walt had little enough time for his family, much less political meetings, but because he had no real political leanings at
11456-509: The Chouinard Art Institute ; he brought animals into the studio and hired actors so that the animators could study realistic movement. To portray the changing perspective of the background as a camera moved through a scene, Disney's animators developed a multiplane camera which allowed drawings on pieces of glass to be set at various distances from the camera, creating an illusion of depth. The glass could be moved to create
11635-665: The Disneyland series, which was made in collaboration with NASA rocket designer Wernher von Braun . Disney also oversaw aspects of the full-length features Lady and the Tramp (the first animated film in CinemaScope ) in 1955, Sleeping Beauty (the first animated film in Technirama 70 mm film ) in 1959, One Hundred and One Dalmatians (the first animated feature film to use Xerox cels ) in 1961, and The Sword in
11814-817: The National Film Registry by the Library of Congress and have also been named as some of the greatest films ever by the American Film Institute . Born in Chicago in 1901, Disney developed an early interest in drawing. He took art classes as a boy and took a job as a commercial illustrator at the age of 18. He moved to California in the early 1920s and set up the Disney Brothers Studio (now The Walt Disney Company ) with his brother Roy . With Ub Iwerks , he developed
11993-784: The Second Red Scare , Disney testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), where he branded Herbert Sorrell , David Hilberman and William Pomerance , former animators and labor union organizers, as communist agitators; Disney stated that the 1941 strike led by them was part of an organized communist effort to gain influence in Hollywood. The New York Times reported in 1993 that Disney had been an FBI informant passing secret information to J. Edgar Hoover about communist activities in Hollywood. However, while Walt Disney
12172-696: The Secretary of the Treasury , and agreed to produce short Donald Duck cartoons to promote war bonds . Disney also produced several propaganda productions , including shorts such as Der Fuehrer's Face —which won an Academy Award—and the 1943 feature film Victory Through Air Power . The military films generated only enough revenue to cover costs, and the feature film Bambi —which had been in production since 1937—underperformed on its release in August 1942, and lost $ 200,000 at
12351-551: The Times before school and repeated the round for the evening Star after school. The schedule was exhausting, and Disney often received poor grades after falling asleep in class, but he continued his paper route for more than six years. He attended Saturday courses at the Kansas City Art Institute and also took a correspondence course in cartooning. In 1917, Elias bought stock in a Chicago jelly producer,
12530-417: The banjolele , and is briefly employed by J. Washburn Stoker in the same novel. In Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves , he serves as substitute butler for Bertie's Aunt Dahlia , and later enters Sir Watkyn Bassett 's employment for a short time as part of a scheme to help Bertie. Jeeves is Lord Rowcester's butler for the length of Ring for Jeeves . While working for Bertie Wooster, he occasionally pretends to be
12709-622: The first person ), and Ring for Jeeves (which features Jeeves but not Bertie Wooster and is written in the third person ). Jeeves and Bertie first appeared in " Extricating Young Gussie ", a short story published in the US in September 1915, though it was not seen in the UK until 1916. In the story, Jeeves's character is minor and not fully developed, and Bertie's surname appears to be Mannering-Phipps. The first fully recognisable Jeeves and Wooster story
12888-595: The opening, closing and medal ceremonies . He was one of twelve investors in the Celebrity Sports Center , which opened in 1960 in Glendale, Colorado ; he and Roy bought out the others in 1962, making the Disney company the sole owner. Despite the demands wrought by non-studio projects, Disney continued to work on film and television projects. In 1955, he was involved in " Man in Space ", an episode of
13067-446: The "Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow" ( EPCOT ), which he described as: an experimental prototype community of tomorrow that will take its cue from the new ideas and new technologies that are now emerging from the creative centers of American industry. It will be a community of tomorrow that will never be completed, but will always be introducing and testing and demonstrating new materials and systems. And EPCOT will always be
13246-503: The 1930s and 1940s stated, "As far as I'm concerned, there was no evidence of antisemitism. I think the whole idea should be put to rest and buried deep. He was not antisemitic. Some of the most influential people at the studio were Jewish. It's much ado about nothing. I never once had a problem with him in that way." In addition songwriter Robert B. Sherman recalled that when one of Disney's lawyers made antisemitic remarks towards him and his brother Richard , Disney defended them and fired
13425-484: The 1960s, he became well known on American television as an announcer and sidekick to talk show host Merv Griffin , and as the support character Constable Jones in Disney's Mary Poppins (1964). He lent his name to the Arthur Treacher's Fish and Chips chain of restaurants. Treacher was the son of Arthur Veary Treacher (1862–1924), a Sussex solicitor ; his mother was Alice Mary Longhurst (1865–1946). He
13604-532: The 2013 film Saving Mr. Banks . In 2001, the German author Peter Stephan Jungk published Der König von Amerika (trans: The King of America ), a fictional work of Disney's later years that re-imagines him as a power-hungry racist. The composer Philip Glass later adapted the book into the opera The Perfect American (2013). Several commentators have described Disney as a cultural icon . On Disney's death, journalism professor Ralph S. Izard comments that
13783-592: The Arts (colloquially called CalArts), and had an architect draw up blueprints for a new building. Disney provided four exhibits for the 1964 New York World's Fair , for which he obtained funding from selected corporate sponsors. For PepsiCo , who planned a tribute to UNICEF , Disney developed It's a Small World , a boat ride with audio-animatronic dolls depicting children of the world; Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln contained an animatronic Abraham Lincoln giving excerpts from his speeches; Carousel of Progress promoted
13962-568: The British dry-cleaning firm Jeeves of Belgravia and the New Zealand company Jeeves Tours. The fictional amateur detective Lord Peter Wimsey and his valet Mervyn Bunter , created by Dorothy L. Sayers in 1923, were partially inspired by Bertie Wooster and Jeeves. Jeeves himself is parodied in the mashup "Scream for Jeeves." The Jeeves canon is a series of comedic stories following Bertie Wooster and his valet Jeeves, consisting of 35 short stories and 11 novels. With minor exceptions,
14141-588: The Disney theme parks have grown in size and number around the world and his company has grown to become one of the world's largest mass media and entertainment conglomerates . Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 1249 Tripp Avenue, in Chicago's Hermosa neighborhood. He was the fourth son of Elias Disney —born in the Province of Canada , to Irish parents—and Flora ( née Call), an American of German and English descent. Aside from Walt, Elias and Flora's sons were Herbert, Raymond and Roy ; and
14320-688: The Disneys moved to Kansas City, Missouri . There, Disney attended the Benton Grammar School , where he met fellow-student Walter Pfeiffer, who came from a family of theatre fans and introduced him to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. Before long, Disney was spending more time at the Pfeiffers' house than at home. Elias had purchased a newspaper delivery route for The Kansas City Star and Kansas City Times . Disney and his brother Roy woke up at 4:30 every morning to deliver
14499-473: The Greasy Bird " and Bertie's solicitor in Aunts Aren't Gentlemen . In one instance, he pretends to be Bertie Wooster in a telephone conversation with playwright Percy Gorringe. In Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves , he assumes an alias, calling himself Chief Inspector Witherspoon of Scotland Yard . This alias is also mentioned in Aunts Aren't Gentlemen . Jeeves is a member of the Junior Ganymede Club ,
14678-477: The Jeeves short stories (with the exception of "Extricating Young Gussie") presented more or less in narrative chronological order, with a new introduction by Wodehouse. This collection includes the original versions of the eleven stories that were somewhat altered by Wodehouse to create the episodic novel The Inimitable Jeeves . Walt Disney Walter Elias Disney ( / ˈ d ɪ z n i / DIZ -nee ; December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966)
14857-488: The Jeeves stories, such as in Aunts Aren't Gentlemen . Wodehouse disclosed little about Jeeves's early life. According to the character, he was privately educated, and his mother thought him intelligent. Jeeves has an uncle, Charlie Silversmith , who is butler at Deverill Hall . Silversmith dandled Jeeves on his knee frequently when Jeeves was very young and, when Jeeves is an adult, they write regularly to each other. Charlie Silversmith's daughter Queenie Silversmith
15036-560: The Kansas City Film Ad Company, run by A. V. Cauger; the following month Iwerks, who was not able to run their business alone, also joined. The company produced commercials using the cutout animation technique. Disney became interested in animation, although he preferred drawn cartoons such as Mutt and Jeff and Max Fleischer 's Out of the Inkwell . With the assistance of a borrowed book on animation and
15215-655: The O-Zell Company, and moved back to the city with his family. Disney enrolled at McKinley High School and became the cartoonist of the school newspaper, drawing patriotic pictures about World War I; he also took night courses at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts . In mid-1918, he attempted to join the United States Army to fight the Germans , but he was rejected as too young. After forging
15394-726: The Offing ). He regularly rescues Bertie, usually from an unwanted marriage but also from other threats, such as when he saves Bertie from a hostile swan or when he pulls Bertie out of the way of a taxi. Jeeves is evidently offended when a revolutionary tells him that servants are outdated in " Comrade Bingo ". Jeeves generally manipulates situations for the better and is described as "a kindly man" in Ring for Jeeves . However, he does influence Bertie's decisions to suit his own preferences, such as when he causes Bertie to change his mind about living with his nieces in " Bertie Changes His Mind ". Jeeves
15573-543: The Old Kent Road". Treacher filled the role of the ideal butler , and he portrayed P. G. Wodehouse 's valet character Jeeves in the movies Thank You, Jeeves! (1936) and Step Lively, Jeeves! (1937). (Wodehouse, however, was unhappy with the way his work had been adapted, and refused to authorize any further Jeeves movies.) Treacher played a valet or butler in several other movies, including Personal Maid's Secret , Mr. Cinderella , and Bordertown . He
15752-572: The Pesmen-Rubin Commercial Art Studio, where he drew commercial illustrations for advertising, theater programs and catalogs, and befriended fellow artist Ub Iwerks . In January 1920, as Pesmen-Rubin's revenue declined after Christmas, Disney, aged 18, and Iwerks were laid off. They started their own business, the short-lived Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists. Failing to attract many customers, Disney and Iwerks agreed that Disney should leave temporarily to earn money at
15931-752: The Pooh and the Blustery Day was released in 1968, it earned Disney an Academy Award in the Short Subject (Cartoon) category, awarded posthumously. After Disney's death, his studios continued to produce live-action films prolifically while the quality of their animated films was allowed to languish. In the late 1980s, this trend was reversed in what The New York Times describes as the " Disney Renaissance " that began with The Little Mermaid (1989). Disney's studios continue to produce successful film, television and stage entertainment. Disney's plans for
16110-503: The Seven Dwarfs , based on the fairy tale . When news leaked out about the project, many in the film industry predicted it would bankrupt the company; industry insiders nicknamed it "Disney's Folly". The film, which was the first animated feature made in full color and sound, cost $ 1.5 million to produce—three times over budget. To ensure the animation was as realistic as possible, Disney sent his animators on courses at
16289-406: The Springtime ", though he never talks about these fiancées afterwards, and it appears that he does not become engaged again. In the only story Jeeves narrates, " Bertie Changes His Mind ", he opposes Bertie's decision to live with his nieces. Jeeves and Bertie visit Deverill Hall , where Jeeves's Uncle Charlie is employed as butler, in The Mating Season . In the novel Ring for Jeeves , which
16468-534: The Stone in 1963. In 1964, Disney produced Mary Poppins , based on the book series by P. L. Travers ; he had been trying to acquire the rights to the story since the 1940s. It became the most successful Disney film of the 1960s, although Travers disliked the film intensely and regretted having sold the rights. The same year he also became involved in plans to expand the California Institute of
16647-465: The TV game show I've Got a Secret in which he rode a horse on stage. In 1964, Treacher was cast in the role of Constable Jones in the hugely successful Walt Disney movie Mary Poppins . That same year, he played the role of stuffy English butler Arthur Pinckney in two episodes of The Beverly Hillbillies . Pinckney mistakenly believed the hillbillies were the domestic servants of the family by whom he
16826-598: The U.S. Government would have disqualified him from making these films. The Walt Disney Family Museum acknowledges that ethnic stereotypes common to films of the 1930s were included in some early cartoons but also points out that Disney donated regularly to Jewish charities and was named the 1955 "Man of the Year" by the B'nai B'rith chapter in Beverly Hills. The organization itself found no evidence of antisemitism on Disney's part. The plaque read: "For exemplifying
17005-477: The U.S. to analyze what worked and what pitfalls or problems there were in the various locations and incorporated their findings into his design. Construction work started in July 1954, and Disneyland opened in July 1955; the opening ceremony was broadcast on ABC, which reached 70 million viewers. The park was designed as a series of themed lands, linked by the central Main Street, U.S.A. —a replica of
17184-856: The Woosters . Jeeves claims that travel is educational, though Bertie suspects that Jeeves has a Viking strain and "yearns for the tang of the salt breezes". Jeeves occasionally enjoys gambling, which is the reason he wishes to go to Monte Carlo in " Jeeves and the Yule-tide Spirit ". The premise of the Jeeves stories is that the brilliant valet is firmly in control of his rich and unworldly young employer's life. Jeeves becomes Bertie Wooster's guardian and all-purpose problem solver, devising subtle plans to help Bertie and his friends with various problems. In particular, Jeeves extricates Bertie Wooster from engagements to formidable women whom Bertie reluctantly becomes engaged to, Bertie being unwilling to hurt
17363-453: The affluent ... [' Yankee '] lifestyle has a direct pedagogic effect". Disney has been portrayed numerous times in fictional works. H. G. Wells references Disney in his 1938 novel The Holy Terror , in which World Dictator Rud fears that Donald Duck is meant to lampoon the dictator. Disney was portrayed by Len Cariou in the 1995 made-for-TV film A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes: The Annette Funicello Story , and by Tom Hanks in
17542-425: The age gap between Bertie and Jeeves is roughly 20 years. According to the stage directions of Come On, Jeeves , Jeeves is depicted as being in his mid-forties. Though, it is worth noting the play is set in the 1950s (later adapted into the novel Ring For Jeeves ), so this indicates the general age Jeeves may appear to be in the non-linear canon, rather than a chronological reference point. In appearance, Jeeves
17721-476: The attorney. Gabler, the first writer to gain unrestricted access to the Disney archives, concludes that the available evidence does not support accusations of antisemitism and that Disney largely got that reputation due to his association with Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals – an anti-Communist organization formed in 1944, that was rumored to have antisemitic undertones. Gabler concludes that "...though Walt himself, in my estimation,
17900-438: The best tenets of American citizenship and inter-group understanding and interpreting into action the ideals of B'nai B'rith." Disney had numerous Jewish employees, many of whom were in influential positions. None of Disney's employees including animator Art Babbitt , who disliked Disney intensely – ever accused him of making antisemitic slurs or taunts. Jewish story man Joe Grant , who worked closely with Disney throughout
18079-469: The box office. On top of the low earnings from Pinocchio and Fantasia , the company had debts of $ 4 million with the Bank of America in 1944. At a meeting with Bank of America executives to discuss the future of the company, the bank's chairman and founder, Amadeo Giannini , told his executives, "I've been watching the Disneys' pictures quite closely because I knew we were lending them money far above
18258-437: The central figure in the history of animation. Through technological innovations and alliances with governments and corporations, he transformed a minor studio in a marginal form of communication into a multinational leisure industry giant. Despite his critics, his vision of a modern, corporate utopia as an extension of traditional American values has possibly gained greater currency in the years after his death. In December 2021,
18437-560: The chap's dignity. I think it was then that the idea of Jeeves came into my mind." The development of Jeeves and Bertie was influenced by Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes stories, according to Richard Usborne ; Sherlock Holmes and Jeeves are "the great brains" while Dr. Watson and Bertie are "the awed companion-narrators, bungling things if they try to solve the problems themselves". Jeeves and Bertie have been described as comic versions of Holmes and Watson. Wodehouse directly compares Jeeves and Bertie to Holmes and Watson in some of
18616-493: The character Mickey Mouse in 1928, his first highly popular success; he also provided the voice for his creation in the early years. As the studio grew, he became more adventurous, introducing synchronized sound , full-color three-strip Technicolor , feature-length cartoons and technical developments in cameras. The results, seen in features such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), Pinocchio , Fantasia (both 1940), Dumbo (1941), and Bambi (1942), furthered
18795-470: The character easier to animate. Disney, who had begun to distance himself from the animation process, provided Mickey's voice until 1947. In the words of one Disney employee, "Ub designed Mickey's physical appearance, but Walt gave him his soul." Mickey Mouse first appeared in May 1928 as a single test screening of the short Plane Crazy , but it, and the second feature, The Gallopin' Gaucho , failed to find
18974-515: The character of Jeeves have come to be thought of as the quintessential name and nature of a manservant , inspiring many similar characters as well as the name of an Internet search engine, Ask Jeeves , and a financial-technology company. A "Jeeves" is now a generic term as validated by its entry in the Oxford English Dictionary . Jeeves is a valet, not a butler ; that is, he is responsible for serving an individual, whereas
19153-638: The company's first public stock offering in 1940, and implemented heavy salary cuts. The latter measure, and Disney's sometimes high-handed and insensitive manner of dealing with staff, led to a 1941 animators' strike which lasted five weeks. While a federal mediator from the National Labor Relations Board negotiated with the two sides, Disney accepted an offer from the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs to make
19332-711: The construction of Disneyland, Disney worked on other projects away from the studio. He was consultant to the 1959 American National Exhibition in Moscow; Disney Studios' contribution was America the Beautiful , a 19-minute film in the 360-degree Circarama theater that was one of the most popular attractions. The following year he acted as the chairman of the Pageantry Committee for the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California , where he designed
19511-576: The couple had a fifth child, Ruth, in December 1903. In 1906, when Disney was four, the family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri , where his uncle Robert had just purchased land. In Marceline, Disney developed his interest in drawing when he was paid to draw the horse of a retired neighborhood doctor. Elias was a subscriber to the Appeal to Reason newspaper, and Disney practiced drawing by copying
19690-412: The creation of Mickey Mouse". In 1933, Disney produced The Three Little Pigs , a film described by the media historian Adrian Danks as "the most successful short animation of all time". The film won Disney another Academy Award in the Short Subject (Cartoon) category. The film's success led to a further increase in the studio's staff, which numbered nearly 200 by the end of the year. Disney realized
19869-528: The date of birth on his birth certificate, he joined the Red Cross in September 1918 as an ambulance driver. He was shipped to France but arrived in November, after the armistice . He drew cartoons on the side of his ambulance for decoration and had some of his work published in the army newspaper Stars and Stripes . He returned to Kansas City in October 1919, where he worked as an apprentice artist at
20048-408: The decades, and there have been polarized opinions. Mark Langer, in the American Dictionary of National Biography , writes that "Earlier evaluations of Disney hailed him as a patriot, folk artist, and popularizer of culture. More recently, Disney has been regarded as a paradigm of American imperialism and intolerance, as well as a debaser of culture." Steven Watts wrote that some denounce Disney "as
20227-400: The development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful Cinderella (1950), Sleeping Beauty (1959) and Mary Poppins (1964), the last of which received five Academy Awards. In the 1950s, Disney expanded into the theme park industry, and in July 1955 he opened Disneyland in Anaheim, California . To fund
20406-535: The early to mid-1950s, Disney began to devote less attention to the animation department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, the Nine Old Men , although he was always present at story meetings. Instead, he started concentrating on other ventures. Around the same time, Disney established his own film distribution division Buena Vista , replacing his most recent distributor RKO Pictures . For several years Disney had been considering building
20585-524: The extent of Jeeves's machinations until all is revealed at the end of the story. On one occasion, Bertie acknowledges and accepts his role as a pawn in Jeeves's grand plan, though Jeeves objects, saying that he could have accomplished nothing without Bertie's cooperation. For the most part, Bertie and Jeeves are on good terms. Being fond of Bertie, Jeeves considers their connection "pleasant in every respect". Bertie says that he looks on Jeeves as "a sort of guide, philosopher, and friend". At times when Bertie
20764-481: The family , neither Disney nor his wife hid the fact Sharon had been adopted, although they became annoyed if people outside the family raised the point. The Disneys were careful to keep their daughters out of the public eye as much as possible, particularly in the light of the Lindbergh kidnapping ; Disney took steps to ensure his daughters were not photographed by the press. In 1949, Disney and his family moved to
20943-411: The film's production, with Walt even sending him gifts. When Baskett was in failing health, Disney not only began financially supporting him and his family, but also campaigned successfully for an Honorary Academy Award for his performance, making Baskett the first black actor so honored. Baskett died shortly afterward, and his widow wrote Disney a letter of gratitude for his support claiming he had been
21122-482: The financial risk. ... They're good this year, they're good next year, and they're good the year after. ... You have to relax and give them time to market their product." Disney's production of short films decreased in the late 1940s, coinciding with increasing competition in the animation market from Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . Roy Disney, for financial reasons, suggested more combined animation and live-action productions. In 1948, Disney initiated
21301-576: The front-page cartoons of Ryan Walker . He also began to develop an ability to work with watercolors and crayons. He lived near the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway line and became enamored with trains. He and his younger sister Ruth started school at the same time at the Park School in Marceline in late 1909. The Disney family were active members of a Congregational church . In 1911,
21480-403: The futuristic city of EPCOT did not come to fruition. After Disney's death, his brother Roy deferred his retirement to take full control of the Disney companies. He changed the focus of the project from a town to an attraction. At the inauguration in 1971, Roy dedicated Walt Disney World to his brother. Walt Disney World expanded with the opening of Epcot Center in 1982; Walt Disney's vision of
21659-635: The importance of electricity; and Ford's Magic Skyway portrayed the progress of mankind. Elements of all four exhibits—principally concepts and technology—were re-installed in Disneyland, although It's a Small World is the ride that most closely resembles the original. During the early to mid-1960s, Disney developed plans for a ski resort in Mineral King , a glacial valley in California's Sierra Nevada . He hired experts such as
21838-432: The importance of telling emotionally gripping stories that would interest the audience, and he invested in a "story department" separate from the animators, with storyboard artists who would detail the plots of Disney's films. By 1934, Disney had become dissatisfied with producing cartoon shorts, and believed a feature-length cartoon would be more profitable. The studio began the four-year production of Snow White and
22017-509: The impression of a camera passing through the scene. The first work created on the camera—a Silly Symphony called The Old Mill (1937)—won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film because of its impressive visual power. Although Snow White had been largely finished by the time the multiplane camera had been completed, Disney ordered some scenes be re-drawn to use the new effects. Snow White premiered in December 1937 to high praise from critics and audiences. The film became
22196-429: The individual" or the personality of one or more people involved in the situation. His mental prowess is attributed to eating fish, according to Bertie Wooster, who credits the phosphorus content in the fish with boosting Jeeves's brain power. Jeeves does not try to argue this claim, though at least once he says he does not eat a lot of fish. One of Jeeves's greatest skills is making a special drink of his own invention,
22375-404: The land, but the deal later collapsed over funding. In late 1965, he announced plans to develop another theme park to be called "Disney World" (now Walt Disney World ), a few miles southwest of Orlando, Florida . Disney World was to include the "Magic Kingdom"—a larger and more elaborate version of Disneyland—plus golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World was to be
22554-417: The live-action musical feature The Happiest Millionaire (both 1967) and the animated short Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968). Disney had been a heavy smoker since World War I. He did not use cigarettes with filters and had smoked a pipe as a young man. In early November 1966, he was diagnosed with lung cancer and was treated with cobalt therapy . On November 30, he felt unwell and
22733-490: The main street in his hometown of Marceline. The connected themed areas were Adventureland , Frontierland , Fantasyland and Tomorrowland . The park also contained the narrow gauge Disneyland Railroad that linked the lands; around the outside of the park was a high berm to separate the park from the outside world. An editorial in The New York Times considered that Disney had "tastefully combined some of
22912-509: The making of Alice in Wonderland . Roy believed the program added millions to the box office takings. In a March 1951 letter to shareholders, he wrote that "television can be a most powerful selling aid for us, as well as a source of revenue. It will probably be on this premise that we enter television when we do". In 1954, after the Disneyland funding had been agreed, ABC broadcast Walt Disney's Disneyland , an anthology consisting of animated cartoons, live-action features and other material from
23091-488: The most successful motion picture of 1938 and by May 1939 its total gross of $ 6.5 million made it the most successful sound film made to that date. Disney won another Honorary Academy Award, which consisted of one full-sized and seven miniature Oscar statuettes. The success of Snow White heralded one of the most productive eras for the studio; the Walt Disney Family Museum calls the following years "the 'Golden Age of Animation ' ". With work on Snow White finished,
23270-417: The nobility. One of his skills is moving silently and unobtrusively from room to room. According to Bertie, Jeeves noiselessly "floats" and "shimmers". Bertie once remarks, "Presently I was aware that Jeeves was with me. I hadn't heard him come in, but you often don't with Jeeves. He just streams silently from spot A to spot B, like some gas". In addition to being a proficient valet, Jeeves can serve capably as
23449-434: The original Broadway production of Lerner and Loewe 's musical play Camelot , and he remained with the show through the Chicago engagement and post-Broadway tour that ended during August 1964. From the mid-1950s on, Treacher became a familiar figure on American television as a guest on talk shows and panel games, including The Tonight Show and The Garry Moore Show . In early 1961, Treacher appeared in episode 463 of
23628-572: The play Come On, Jeeves , Jeeves states that he was a batman . Shortly before entering Bertie's service, Jeeves was employed by Lord Frederick Ranelagh, who was swindled in Monte Carlo . Jeeves previously worked for Lord Worplesdon , resigning after nearly a year because of Worplesdon's eccentric choice of evening dress. Jeeves later helps Lord Worplesdon in Joy in the Morning . Other former employers include Mr. Digby Thistleton (later Lord Bridgnorth), who sold hair tonic; Mr. Montague-Todd,
23807-458: The pleasant things of yesterday with fantasy and dreams of tomorrow". Although there were early minor problems with the park, it was a success, and after a month's operation, Disneyland was receiving over 20,000 visitors a day; by the end of its first year, it attracted 3.6 million guests. The money from ABC was contingent on Disney television programs. The studio had been involved in a successful television special on Christmas Day 1950 about
23986-493: The process by urging Iwerks to abandon the practice of drawing every frame individually in favor of the more efficient technique of drawing key poses and letting assistants sketch the inbetween poses . Disney asked Powers for an increase in payments for the cartoons. Powers refused and signed Iwerks to work for him; Stalling resigned shortly afterwards, thinking that without Iwerks, the Disney Studio would close. Disney had
24165-430: The project he diversified into television programs, such as Walt Disney's Disneyland and The Mickey Mouse Club . He was also involved in planning the 1959 Moscow Fair , the 1960 Winter Olympics , and the 1964 New York World's Fair . In 1965, he began development of another theme park, Disney World , the heart of which was to be a new type of city, the " Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow " (EPCOT). Disney
24344-652: The quality of the music, Disney hired the professional composer and arranger Carl Stalling , on whose suggestion the Silly Symphony series was developed, providing stories through the use of music; the first in the series, The Skeleton Dance (1929), was drawn and animated entirely by Iwerks. Also hired at this time were several artists, both local and from New York. Both the Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphonies series were successful, but Disney and his brother felt they were not receiving their rightful share of profits from Powers. In 1930, Disney tried to trim costs from
24523-640: The recently begun War in Europe would affect its construction - to which Disney responded by asking: "What war?" During World War II , Disney was actively involved in making propaganda films against the Nazis, both for the general public (such as Der Fuehrer's Face and Education for Death ), as well as educational and training films exclusively for the United States Government . As early as March 1941 (several months before America's entry into
24702-537: The reductions. Disney declined Mintz's ultimatum and lost most of his animation staff, except Iwerks, who chose to remain with him. To replace Oswald, Disney and Iwerks developed Mickey Mouse , possibly inspired by a pet mouse that Disney had adopted while working in his Laugh-O-Gram studio, although the origins of the character are unclear. Disney's original choice of name was Mortimer Mouse, but his wife Lillian thought it too pompous, and suggested Mickey instead. Iwerks revised Disney's provisional sketches to make
24881-496: The renowned Olympic ski coach and ski-area designer Willy Schaeffler . With income from Disneyland accounting for an increasing proportion of the studio's income, Disney continued to look for venues for other attractions. In 1963, he presented a project to create a theme park in downtown St. Louis , Missouri; he initially reached an agreement with the Civic Center Redevelopment Corp, which controlled
25060-478: The role of a bashful tycoon who was embarrassed in public" and knew that he was doing so. Disney acknowledged the façade and told a friend that "I'm not Walt Disney. I do a lot of things Walt Disney would not do. Walt Disney does not smoke. I smoke. Walt Disney does not drink. I drink." Critic Otis Ferguson , in The New Republic , called the private Disney: "common and everyday, not inaccessible, not in
25239-411: The role with a check suit and walrus moustache. In the play Come On, Jeeves , which has mostly the same plot as Ring for Jeeves , it is mentioned that Jeeves changed his appearance as a bookmaker's clerk, though in the play, Jeeves also impersonates a medieval ghost named Lady Agatha, wearing makeup and women's medieval clothing to complete the disguise. He pretends to be a broker's man in " Jeeves and
25418-419: The rural village of Maiden Eggesford, though Jeeves wants to go to New York. He and Bertie visit New York at the end of the story. While Bertie Wooster is approximately 24 years old in " Jeeves Takes Charge " (1916), Jeeves's age is not stated in the stories, and has been interpreted differently by various illustrators and adaptations. However, there are a few hints in the books regarding Jeeves's age. Jeeves has
25597-469: The short stories were written and published first (between 1915 and 1930); the novels later (between 1934 and 1974). While the series of stories featuring the character of Jeeves are often referred to as the "Jeeves" stories, the series is also called by other names such as the "Jeeves and Wooster" or "Jeeves and Bertie" stories. Bertie Wooster narrates (in the first person ) all the stories but two, " Bertie Changes His Mind " (which Jeeves himself narrates in
25776-429: The show). One of the segments of Disneyland consisted of the five-part miniseries Davy Crockett which, according to Disney biographer Neal Gabler , "became an overnight sensation". The show's theme song, " The Ballad of Davy Crockett ", became internationally popular and ten million records were sold. As a result, Disney formed his own record production and distribution entity, Disneyland Records . As well as
25955-684: The soubriquet 'Alf & 'Alf entitled Songs of the British Music Hall . When in 1969 Griffin switched from syndication to the CBS network, network executives insisted that Treacher was too old for the show, but Griffin fought to keep Treacher and eventually won. However, when Griffin relocated his show from New York to Los Angeles the next year, Treacher stayed behind, telling Griffin "at my age, I don't want to move, especially to someplace that shakes!" During this period of latter-day popularity, Treacher capitalised on his name recognition through
26134-454: The studio began producing Pinocchio in early 1938 and Fantasia in November of the same year. Both films were released in 1940, and neither performed well at the box office—partly because revenues from Europe had dropped following the start of World War II in 1939. The studio incurred a loss on both pictures and was deeply in debt by the end of February 1941. In response to the financial crisis, Disney and his brother Roy started
26313-564: The studio's library. The show was successful in terms of ratings and profits, earning an audience share of over 50%. In April 1955, Newsweek called the series an "American institution". ABC was pleased with the ratings, leading to Disney's first daily television program, The Mickey Mouse Club , a variety show catering specifically to children. The program was accompanied by merchandising through various companies (Western Printing, for example, had been producing coloring books and comics for over 20 years, and produced several items connected to
26492-601: The time." Disney's office appointment book makes no mention of him attending Bund rallies, and no other employee ever claimed he attended such meetings. According to Gabler, Disney was apolitical and "something of a political naïf" during the 1930s and he had previously told one reporter – as tensions in Europe were brewing – that America should "let 'em fight their own wars" claiming he had "learned my lesson" from World War I . Disney also demonstrated his political naivete in an October 1933 article for Overland Monthly claiming: "Of course there must be millions of people who have
26671-551: The title role . The result, a 12½-minute, one-reel film, was completed too late to save Laugh-O-Gram Studio, which went into bankruptcy in 1923. Disney moved to Hollywood in July 1923 at 21 years old. Although New York was the center of the cartoon industry, he was attracted to Los Angeles because his brother Roy was convalescing from tuberculosis there, and he hoped to become a live-action film director. Disney's efforts to sell Alice's Wonderland were in vain until he heard from New York film distributor Margaret J. Winkler . She
26850-512: The use of his name and image for such franchised business concerns as the Call Arthur Treacher Service System (a household help agency) and Arthur Treacher's Fish and Chips . The restaurants became very popular during the 1970s and increased to nearly 900 outlets, although in interviews Treacher would refuse to confirm or deny that he had any ownership stake in the company. (Only one free-standing Arthur Treacher's
27029-529: The valet of one of Bertie's friends as part of some scheme, though he is still actually Bertie's valet. He pretends to be the valet of Bicky Bickersteth in " Jeeves and the Hard-boiled Egg ", Rocky Todd in " The Aunt and the Sluggard ", and Gussie Fink-Nottle when Gussie masquerades as Bertie Wooster in The Mating Season . Jeeves acts as a bookmaker's clerk in Ring for Jeeves , disguising himself for
27208-535: The values in Disney's films are those "considered valuable in American Christian society", which include "individualism, decency, ... love for our fellow man, fair play and toleration". Disney's obituary in The Times calls the films "wholesome, warm-hearted and entertaining ... of incomparable artistry and of touching beauty". Journalist Bosley Crowther argues that Disney's "achievement as
27387-552: The war) Disney began offering his services to various branches of the United States Armed Forces to make training films "...for national defence industries at cost and without profit. In making this offer, I am motivated solely by a desire to help as best I can in the present emergency." These training films contained highly classified information and required the highest level of security clearance to be viewed. If Disney had any previous sympathies toward Nazism,
27566-515: The work of Ariel Dorfman and Armand Mattelart , whose 1971 book Para leer al Pato Donald ( transl. How to Read Donald Duck ) identifies that there are "imperialist ... values 'concealed' behind the innocent, wholesome façade of the world of Walt Disney"; this, they argue, is a powerful tool as "it presents itself as harmless fun for consumption by children." Tomlinson views their argument as flawed, as "they simply assume that reading American comics, seeing adverts, watching pictures of
27745-460: The works of Spinoza , Shakespeare , and " Dostoevsky and the great Russians". He also enjoys the works of romance novelist Rosie M. Banks , and regularly reads The Times , which Bertie occasionally borrows to try the crossword puzzle. In " Jeeves in the Springtime ", he went dancing in Camberwell, where he was seen by Bertie's friend Bingo Little. Bingo says that he saw Jeeves "swinging
27924-485: Was "Leave It to Jeeves", published in early 1916. As the series progressed, Jeeves assumed the role of Bertie Wooster's co-protagonist. Most of the Jeeves stories were originally published as magazine pieces before being collected into books, although 11 of the short stories were reworked and divided into 18 chapters to make an episodic semi-novel called The Inimitable Jeeves . The collection The World of Jeeves (first published in 1967, reprinted in 1988) contains all of
28103-530: Was a heavy smoker throughout his life and died of lung cancer in 1966 before either the park or the EPCOT project were completed. Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and insecure man in private but adopted a warm and outgoing public persona. He had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or antisemitic , they have been contradicted by many who knew him. Historiography of Disney has taken
28282-437: Was also able to negotiate a deal giving him the sole right to use the three-strip process until August 31, 1935. All subsequent Silly Symphony cartoons were in color. Flowers and Trees was popular with audiences and won the inaugural Academy Award for best Short Subject (Cartoon) at the 1932 ceremony . Disney had been nominated for another film in that category, Mickey's Orphans , and received an Honorary Award "for
28461-505: Was an American animator, film producer, voice actor, and entrepreneur. A pioneer of the American animation industry , he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons . As a film producer, he holds the record for most Academy Awards earned (22) and nominations (59) by an individual. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award , among other honors. Several of his films are included in
28640-474: Was built by Disney Studios engineer Roger E. Broggie , and Disney named it Lilly Belle after his wife; after three years Disney ordered it into storage due to a series of accidents involving his guests. Disney grew more politically conservative as he got older. A Democratic Party supporter until the 1940 presidential election , when he switched allegiance to the Republican Party , he became
28819-704: Was caricatured in the 1941 cartoon Hollywood Steps Out . In 1950 Treacher had a program on WNBC Radio in New York City. As a disc jockey he played and commented on recordings of music by Gilbert and Sullivan on the show. During 1961 and 1962, he and William Gaxton appeared in Guy Lombardo 's production of the musical revue Paradise Island , which played at the Jones Beach Marine Theater . In 1962, he replaced Robert Coote as King Pellinore (with over-the-title name billing) in
28998-707: Was educated at Uppingham School (Uppingham, Rutland). In 1940, he married Virginia Taylor (1898–1984). Treacher was a veteran of World War I, serving as an officer of the Royal Garrison Artillery ; his father had served with the Sussex Volunteer Artillery before Treacher's birth. After the war, he established an acting career in England, and in March 1926 went to New York as part of a musical-comedy revue named Great Temptations . He
29177-569: Was featured in the 1930 Billy Rose musical revue Sweet and Low . He began his movie career during the 1930s, which included roles in four Shirley Temple movies: Curly Top (1935), Stowaway (1936), Heidi (1937), and The Little Princess (1939). The movie scenes were intentionally scripted to have the 6' 4" Treacher standing or dancing side by side with the tiny child actress; for example, in The Little Princess they sing and dance together to an old song "Knocked 'em in
29356-403: Was first published as a magazine serial in 1914 and it influenced the creation of Jeeves. Ruggles of Red Gap is a comedic novel about an English valet who is won by an American from an English earl in a poker game. In the letter, Wodehouse wrote, "I felt that an English valet would never have been so docile about being handed over to an American in payment of a poker debt. I thought he had missed
29535-592: Was generally happy, according to Lillian, although according to Disney's biographer Neal Gabler she did not "accept Walt's decisions meekly or his status unquestionably, and she admitted that he was always telling people 'how henpecked he is'." Lillian had little interest in films or the Hollywood social scene and she was, in the words of the historian Steven Watts, "content with household management and providing support for her husband". Their marriage produced two daughters, Diane (born December 1933) and Sharon (adopted in December 1936, born six weeks previously). Within
29714-466: Was hired, while the hillbillies believed Pinckney was a boarder at their Beverly Hills mansion. He became better known to American television audiences when talk-show host Merv Griffin made him announcer and occasional bantering partner on The Merv Griffin Show from 1965 to 1970 ("...and now, here's the dear boy himself, Merrr-vyn!"). In 1966 Treacher and Merv Griffin recorded an album together under
29893-561: Was less involved than he had been with previous pictures because of his involvement in his first entirely live-action feature, Treasure Island (1950), which was shot in Britain, as was The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952). Other all-live-action features followed, many of which had patriotic themes. He continued to produce full-length animated features too, including Alice in Wonderland (1951) and Peter Pan (1953). From
30072-669: Was losing the rights to both the Out of the Inkwell and Felix the Cat cartoons, and needed a new series. In October, they signed a contract for six Alice comedies , with an option for two further series of six episodes each. Disney and his brother Roy formed the Disney Brothers Studio—;which later became The Walt Disney Company —to produce the films; they persuaded Davis and her family to relocate to Hollywood to continue production, with Davis on contract at $ 100
30251-479: Was made a "Special Agent in Charge Contact" in 1954, FBI officials claim this was largely an honorary title regularly awarded to members of a community who might be of use to the bureau. The FBI declassified and released Walt Disney's file on their website, and revealed that much of Disney's correspondence with the bureau (via studio personnel) was in relation to the production of educational films ; such as
30430-480: Was not antisemitic, nevertheless, he willingly allied himself with people who were antisemitic, and that reputation stuck. He was never really able to expunge it throughout his life." Disney distanced himself from the Motion Picture Alliance, and had no involvement with the organization after 1947. According to Disney's daughter Diane Disney-Miller , her sister Sharon dated a Jewish boyfriend for
30609-748: Was not republished in any collection, though some parts went into the making of " The Crime Wave at Blandings ". In his 1953 semi-autobiographical book written with Guy Bolton , Bring on the Girls! , Wodehouse suggested that the Jeeves character was inspired by an actual butler named Eugene Robinson whom Wodehouse employed for research purposes. Wodehouse described Robinson as a "walking Encyclopaedia Britannica ". However, Robinson worked at Wodehouse's house in Norfolk Street where Wodehouse did not live until 1927, long after Jeeves had been created. Wodehouse named his Jeeves after Percy Jeeves (1888–1916),
30788-517: Was racially insensitive." The feature film Song of the South was criticized by contemporary film critics, the NAACP , and others for its perpetuation of black stereotypes , but during filming Disney became close friends with its star, James Baskett , describing him in a letter to his sister Ruth as "the best actor, I believe, to be discovered in years." Disney and Baskett stayed in contact long after
30967-430: Was right. Thereafter, Jeeves lives with Bertie, usually in their London residence at Berkeley Mansions . Over the course of the short stories and novels, Jeeves helps Bertie, frequently extricating him from unwanted engagements, and also assists Bertie's friends and relatives with various dilemmas. Jeeves often has another motive, such as disposing of an item recently acquired by Bertie that Jeeves does not like, for example
31146-495: Was solicited to Disney by painter and ballet dancer Hurbert "Jay" Stowitts , a close friend of Riefenstahl, and a former colleague of Leopold Stokowski who at the time was collaborating with Disney on Fantasia . A month later a spokesperson for Disney told the New York Daily News : "Miss Refiensthal got into the studio, but she crashed the gate. A Los Angeles man who is known to Disney obtained permission to take
31325-512: Was sometimes strained. The series ran until July 1927, by which time Disney had begun to tire of it and wanted to move away from the mixed format to all animation. After Mintz requested new material to distribute through Universal Pictures , Disney and Iwerks created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , a character Disney wanted to be "peppy, alert, saucy and venturesome, keeping him also neat and trim". In February 1928, Disney hoped to negotiate
31504-451: Was still in existence by 2022, located in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio . Several attached Arthur Treacher's franchise locations are still operating out of Salvatore's Pizzeria locations in Rochester, New York and one continues to operate out of the Twin Oaks Convenience Store in Pomeroy, Ohio ). Treacher died at the age of 81 from cardiovascular disease on 14 December 1975. Jeeves Jeeves (born Reginald Jeeves , nicknamed Reggie )
31683-505: Was stunned by the revelation "that he had a first name" in the first place. In the club book of Jeeves's club, the Junior Ganymede, all members must record the foibles of their employers to forewarn other butlers and valets. Bertie wants Jeeves to destroy his section. Jeeves is initially reluctant to defy his club's rules, but he eventually does destroy the pages for Bertie by the end of Much Obliged, Jeeves . Jeeves last appears in Aunts Aren't Gentlemen , in which Jeeves and Bertie head to
31862-452: Was taken by ambulance from his home to St. Joseph Hospital where, on December 15, at age 65, he died of circulatory collapse caused by the cancer. His remains were cremated two days later and his ashes interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California . The release of The Jungle Book and The Happiest Millionaire in 1967 raised the total number of feature films that Disney had been involved in to 81. When Winnie
32041-451: Was when he first met Bertie's friend Boko Fittleworth, who wears turtleneck sweaters and flannel trousers with a patch on the knee; Jeeves "winced visibly and tottered off" to recover his composure in the kitchen, where Bertie supposes Jeeves pulled himself together with cooking sherry. Bertie says that Jeeves is persuasive and magnetic. He believes that Jeeves could convince a candidate standing for Parliament to vote against herself. There
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