A sect is a subgroup of a religious , political , or philosophical belief system, typically emerging as an offshoot of a larger organization. Originally, the term referred specifically to religious groups that had separated from a main body, but it can now apply to any group that diverges from a larger organization to follow a distinct set of beliefs and practices. Sects often form when there is a perception of heresy either within the subgroup or from the larger group.
57-457: (Redirected from Artotyrites ) The Artotyrites , or Artotyritæ , also known as Quintillianists , and bread and cheesers were a sect possibly connected to the ancient Montanists , who first appeared in the 2nd century and spread throughout Galatia . They used bread and cheese in the Eucharist , or perhaps baked bread with cheese. Their reason
114-536: A harmful religious sect and translate into English as " cult ". The Macmillan Encyclopedia of Religion distinguishes three types of classification of Buddhism, separated into "Movements", "Nikāyas" and "Doctrinal schools": While the historical usage of the term "sect" in Christendom has had pejorative connotations, referring to a group or movement with heretical beliefs or practices that deviate from those of groups considered orthodox, its primary meaning
171-472: A high degree of tension with the surrounding society. They further assert that sects have, in contrast to churches, a high degree of tension with the surrounding society. Other sociologists, like Fred Kniss, suggest that sectarianism is best understood through the lens of what the sect opposes. Some religious groups may be in tension primarily with other co-religious groups of different ethnic backgrounds, while others may conflict with society at large rather than
228-741: A particular person of the Trinity as the guiding principle of that era. The first era was the Old Testament history and was accordingly the age of the Father ; the current age of the church was the age of the Son ; and still in Joachim's future was the age of the Spirit . For Joachim, year 1260 was to mark the end of the second and the beginning of the third and final golden age of earth's history. During
285-535: A proponent of amillennialism (of course, the sexta-septamillennial tradition was itself based upon similar means of allegorical interpretation). Although Origen was not always wholly "orthodox" in his theology, he had at one point completely spiritualized Christ's second coming prophesied in the New Testament. Origen did this in his Commentary on Matthew when he taught that "Christ's return signifies His disclosure of Himself and His deity to all humanity in such
342-885: A publication now in the public domain : Chambers, Ephraim , ed. (1728). "Artotyrite". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. v t e Montanism People Montanus Tertullian Quintilla Maximilla Prisca Proclus Blastus Miltiades ? Themiso Influenced Novatian Novatianism Artotyrite Ascitans Beliefs Continuationism Spiritual gifts Premillennialism Ordination of women New Jerusalem Quartodecimanism Other Pepuza Tymion Testament of Job Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artotyrite&oldid=1223135292 " Category : Christian denominations established in
399-543: A rapture immediately before a seven-year worldwide tribulation. This will be followed by an additional return of Christ with his saints (though there are post tribulation dispensationalists, such as Robert Gundry ). Dispensationalism traces its roots to the 1830s and John Nelson Darby (1800–1882), an Anglican churchman and an early leader of the Plymouth Brethren. In the US, the dispensational form of premillennialism
456-430: A return to what they view as authentic religious practices. Their beliefs and practices are usually more radical and ethically strict than those of mainstream churches, acting as a form of protest against the prevailing societal values. The American sociologists Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge argue that sects present themselves as authentic, reformed versions of the faith they have separated from, maintaining
513-485: A sect is not inherited at birth; rather, it arises from a person's voluntary acceptance of the sect's doctrines and disciplines, which requires ongoing validation from both the follower and the sect itself. Sects often attract individuals from marginalized or underprivileged social groups and typically form from schisms within established churches that align with the dominant social order. Sects frequently critique liberal trends within mainstream denominations, advocating for
570-501: A type of Millennium would occur "1260 years after A.D. 606 when Rome was recognized as having universal authority." His Puritan contemporaries, Increase Mather and Cotton Mather , openly proclaimed a belief in a literal millennium. Increase Mather wrote "That which presseth me so, as that I cannot gainsay the Chiliastical opinion, is that I take these things for Principles, and no way doubt but that they are demonstrable. 1. That
627-431: A variant past participle of the verb sequi , to follow) which translates to "a way, road". Figuratively, it signifies a (prescribed) way, mode, or manner. Metonymously , sect refers to a discipline or school of thought as defined by a set of methods and doctrines. The various modern usages of the term stem largely from confusion with the homonymous (but etymologically unrelated) Latin word secta (the feminine form of
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#1732782604189684-543: A very long continuance." Between 1790 and the mid-19th century, premillennialism was a popular view among English Evangelicals , even within the Anglican church. Thomas Macaulay observed this and wrote "Many Christians believe that the Messiah will shortly establish a kingdom on the earth, and visibly reign over all its inhabitants." Throughout the 19th century, premillennialism continued to gain wider acceptance in both
741-420: A way that all might partake of His glory to the degree that each individual's actions warrant ( Commentary on Matthew 12.30)." Even Origen's milder forms of this teaching left no room for a literal millennium and it was so extreme that few actually followed it. But his influence did gain wider acceptance especially in the period following Constantine . Dionysius of Alexandria stood against premillennialism when
798-695: Is "still one of the most potent elements in Western religious thought." Therefore, to analyze what happened to premillennialism in the Middle Ages and the Reformation, it is necessary to observe the Augustinian foundation. In his early period, Augustine held to the sexta-/septamillennial view common in early Christianity (see above section on Patristic Age). In accordance with this view, Augustine divided history into two separate dispensations, first
855-540: Is based upon a literal interpretation of Revelation 20:1–6 in the New Testament , which describes Jesus's reign in a period of a thousand years. Premillennialism is in contrast to amillennialism and postmillennialism beliefs. Amillennialism interprets Revelation 20:1–6 as pertaining to the present time, and holds that Christ currently reigns in Heaven with the departed saints . This interpretation views
912-408: Is best known for his voluminous tome written against the 2nd century Gnostic threat, commonly called Against Heresies . In the fifth book of Against Heresies , Irenaeus concentrates primarily on eschatology. In one passage he defends premillennialism by arguing that a future earthly kingdom is necessary because of God's promise to Abraham , he wrote "The promise remains steadfast... God promised him
969-521: Is distinctively non-dispensational. This means that it sees no radical theological distinction between Israel and the Church. It is often post-tribulational, meaning that the rapture of the church will occur after a period of tribulation . Historic premillennialism maintains chiliasm because of its view that the church will be caught up to meet Christ in the air and then escort him to the earth in order to share in his literal thousand year rule. Proponents of
1026-442: Is made to realize within history that messianic hope which can only be realized beyond history through the eschatological judgment. The Church has rejected even modified forms of this falsification of the kingdom to come under the name of millenarianism, especially the "intrinsically perverse" political form of a secular messianism. Whalen has noted that modern premillennialism is "criticized roundly for naïve scholarship which confuses
1083-421: Is to indicate a community which has separated itself from the larger body from which its members came. The Indologist Axel Michaels writes in his book about Hinduism that in an Indian context the word "sect does not denote a split or excluded community, but rather an organized tradition, usually established by founder with ascetic practices." According to Michaels, "Indian sects do not focus on heresy, since
1140-610: The Anglican Articles . This is observed in the 41st of the Anglican Articles, drawn up by Thomas Cranmer (1553), describing the millennium as a 'fable of Jewish dotage', but it was omitted at a later time in the revision under Elizabeth (1563). Contrarily, certain Anabaptists, Huguenots , and Bohemian Brethren were premillennial. Michael Servetus taught a chiliastic view, though he was denounced by
1197-700: The English theologian Daniel Whitby (1688–1726), the German Johann Albrecht Bengel (1687–1752), and the American Jonathan Edwards (1703–58) "fueled millennial ideas with new influence in the nineteenth century." It was authors such as these who concluded that the decline of the Roman Catholic Church would make way for the conversion and restoration of the nation of Israel . Edwards taught that
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#17327826041891254-542: The Montanists . Many of these theologians and others in the early church expressed their belief in premillennialism through their acceptance of the sexta-septamillennial tradition. This belief claims that human history will continue for 6,000 years and then will enjoy Sabbath for 1,000 years (the millennial kingdom), thus all of human history will have a total of 7,000 years prior to the new creation . The first clear opponent of premillennialism associated with Christianity
1311-709: The Swiss Reformer Heinrich Bullinger wrote up the Second Helvetic Confession , which reads "We also reject the Jewish dream of a millennium, or golden age on earth, before the last judgment." Furthermore, John Calvin wrote in Institutes that millennialism is a "fiction" that is "too childish either to need or to be worth a refutation". The Anglican Church originally formalized a statement against millenarianism in
1368-594: The chiliastic work, The Refutation of the Allegorizers written by Nepos, a bishop in Egypt became popular in Alexandria . Dionysius argued against Nepos's influence and convinced the churches of the region of amillennialism. The church historian, Eusebius , reports this in his Ecclesiastical History . Eusebius also had low regard for the chiliast, Papias, and he let it be known that in his opinion Papias
1425-678: The history of Islam . Sunnis are separated into five maddhabs ; Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i , Hanbali and Ẓāhirī . The Shia, on the other hand, first developed Kaysanism , which in turn divided into three major groupings known as Fivers , Seveners and Twelvers . The Zaydis separated first. The non-Zaydis were initially called " Rafida ". The Rafidis later divided into two sub-groups known as Imamiyyah and Batiniyyah . An Islamic convention held in Jordan in July 2005, which brought 200 Muslim scholars from over 50 countries together, announced
1482-500: The poetic and inspirational prose of prophecy with fortune telling ", though "Premillennialists retort that they merely follow the Word of God, regardless of ridicule." He then notes that, nevertheless, "the virtual theology which surrounds premillennialism is today stronger and more widely spread than at any time in history." Contemporary premillennialism is divided into two schools of thought. Historic, or Classic, Premillennialism
1539-452: The 2nd century Hidden categories: Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text Misplaced Pages articles incorporating a citation from the 1728 Cyclopaedia Misplaced Pages articles incorporating text from Cyclopaedia Sect In an Indian context, sect refers to an organized tradition. The word sect originates from the Latin noun secta (a feminine form of
1596-667: The Millennium. In the 20th century, the belief became common in Evangelicalism according to surveys on this topic. The current religious term premillennialism did not come into use until the mid-19th century. The word's coinage was "almost entirely the work of British and American Protestants and was prompted by their belief that the French and American Revolutions (the French, especially) realized prophecies made in
1653-598: The Reformation period, amillennialism continued to be the popular view of the Reformers. The Lutherans formally rejected chiliasm (millennialism) in The Augsburg Confession . "Art. XVII., condemns the Anabaptists and others 'who now scatter Jewish opinions that, before the resurrection of the dead, the godly shall occupy the kingdom of the world, the wicked being everywhere suppressed.'" Likewise,
1710-462: The Reformers as a heretic and executed in Geneva under Calvin's authority. A few in the mainstream accepted it, such as Joseph Mede (1586–1638) and possibly Hugh Latimer (died 1555), but it was never a conventional belief throughout the period. Premillennialism experienced a revival among 17th century Puritans like Thomas Brightman, Joseph Mede, and others. Although they were not premillennial,
1767-607: The Second Coming will happen after the millennium. Justin Martyr in the 2nd century was one of the first Christian writers to clearly describe himself as continuing in the "Jewish" belief of a temporary messianic kingdom prior to the eternal state, although the notion of Millennium in his Dialogue with Trypho seem to differ from that of the Apology. According to Johannes Quasten, "In his eschatological ideas Justin shares
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1824-552: The US and in Britain, particularly among the Irvingites , Plymouth Brethren , Christadelphians , Church of God , Christian Israelite Church . Premillennialism continues to be popular among Evangelical, Fundamentalist Christian , and Living Church of God communities in the 20th and 21st centuries, expanding further into the churches of Asia , Africa and South America . Many traditional denominations continue to oppose
1881-506: The books of Daniel and Revelation ." The proponents of amillennialism interpret the millennium as being a symbolic period of time, which is consistent with the highly symbolic nature of the literary and apocalyptic genre of the Book of Revelation, sometimes indicating that the thousand years represent God's rule over his creation or the Church . Postmillennialists hold to the view that
1938-460: The church age (the current age of 6,000 years), and then the millennial kingdom ( Sermon 259.2 ). Nevertheless, early in his career Augustine converted from premillennialism to amillennialism. Anderson locates three reasons that may account for Augustine's theological shift: After moving away from premillennialism to amillennialism, Augustine viewed Sabbath rest in the sexta-/septamillennial scheme as "symbolically representative of Eternity." Moreover,
1995-435: The church of this belief ." Augustine's later amillennial view laid the eschatological foundation for the Middle Ages, which practically abandoned premillennialism. The theological term "kingdom" maintained its eschatological function, though it was not necessarily futuristic. Instead it consistently referred to the present age so that the church was currently experiencing the eschaton. Julian of Toledo (642–690) summarizes
2052-700: The church they originally separated from. Sectarianism in the sociology of religion , is sometimes defined as a worldview that emphasizes the unique legitimacy of a sect's creed and practices, often heightening tension with broader society by maintaining strict boundaries. In his book The Road to Total Freedom , the English sociologist Roy Wallis describes that a sect is characterized by " epistemological authoritarianism": meaning it has an authoritative source for determining heresy. According to Wallis, sects claim to have unique and privileged access to truth or salvation, and their followers often view those outside
2109-472: The concept of a literal millennial kingdom. The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod explicitly states, "When Christ returns, 'new heavens and a new earth' will be created ( 2 Pet. 3:10-13)." The catechism of the Catholic Church teaches in paragraph 676 that the millennium is to be understood as "beyond history": The Antichrist's deception already begins to take shape in the world every time the claim
2166-488: The dead, and a thousand years in Jerusalem, which will then be built... For Isaiah spoke in that manner concerning this period of a thousand years." Though he conceded earlier in the same chapter that his view was not universal by saying that he "and many who belong to the pure and pious faith, and are true Christians, think otherwise." Irenaeus , the late 2nd century bishop of Lyon , was an outspoken premillennialist. He
2223-437: The dead. It is also the time when the creation will bear fruit with an abundance of all kinds of food, having been renovated and set free... And all of the animals will feed on the vegetation of the earth... and they will be in perfect submission to man. And these things are borne witness to in the fourth book of the writings of Papias , the hearer of John , and a companion of Polycarp ." (5.33.3) Apparently Irenaeus also held to
2280-1051: The earth and of sheep". Thomas Aquinas refers to them (citing Augustine's comments) in his Summa Theologica , Part three, Question 74. References [ edit ] ^ Stewart, Alistair C (17 June 2021). "̓ΑΡΙΣΤΟΝ Μ E Ν ̔ΥΔΩΡ: Ancient Breakfasts and the Development of Eucharistic Foods". The Journal of Theological Studies . 71 (2): 707–717. doi : 10.1093/jts/flaa131 . ^ Trevett, Christine (1995). "Fingers Up Noses and Pricking With Needles: Possible Reminiscences of Revelation in Later Montanism". Vigiliae Christianae . 49 (3): 258–269. doi : 10.2307/1584198 . JSTOR 1584198 . ^ Augustine (1995). Rotelle, John E. (ed.). Arianism and Other Heresies . New City Press. p. 38. ISBN 9781565480384 . ^ Aquinas, Thomas (1923). Summa Theologica . ( online ) [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from
2337-645: The group as being in error. In contrast, Wallis describes cults as being marked by "epistemological individualism," The corresponding words for "sect" in European languages other than English – Sekte (German), secte (French), secta (Spanish, Catalan), sectă (Romanian), setta (Italian), seita (Portuguese, Galician), sekta (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian, Latvian, Lithuanian), sekt (Danish, Estonian, Norwegian, Swedish), sekte (Dutch), szekta (Hungarian), секта (Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian), σέχτα (Greek) – refer to
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2394-494: The inheritance of the land. Yet, Abraham did not receive it during all the time of his journey there. Accordingly, it must be that Abraham, together with his seed (that is, those who fear God and believe in Him), will receive it at the resurrection of the just." In another place Irenaeus also explained that the blessing to Jacob "belongs unquestionably to the times of the kingdom when the righteous will bear rule, after their rising from
2451-466: The lack of a center or a compulsory center makes this impossible – instead, the focus is on adherents and followers." Islam was classically divided into two major sects, known as Sunni Islam and Shia Islam . Kharijite and Murijite Islam were two early Islamic sects. Each sect developed several distinct jurisprudence systems reflecting their own understanding of the Islamic law during the course of
2508-541: The medieval doctrine of the millennium by referring to it as "the church of God which, by the diffusion of its faith and works, is spread out as a kingdom of faith from the time of the incarnation until the time of the coming judgment". A notable exception to normative medieval eschatology is found in Joachim of Fiore (c. 1135–1202), a Cistercian monk, who to an extent, stressed premillennial themes. Joachim divided earth's history into three periods. He assigned each age to
2565-475: The millennial rule as a Golden Age in which Christian ethics prosper through preaching and redemptive work, but occurring before the second coming. Premillennialism is often used to refer specifically to those who adhere to the beliefs in an earthly millennial reign of Christ as well as a rapture of the faithful coming before (dispensational) or after (historic) the Great Tribulation preceding
2622-464: The millennium of Revelation 20 became for him "symbolically representative of Christ’s present reign with the saints." Richard Landes observed the 4th century as a time of major shift for Christian eschatology by noting that it "marked a crucial moment in the history of millenarianism, since during this period Augustine repudiated even the allegorizing variety he himself had previously accepted. From this point on he dedicated much of his energy to ridding
2679-667: The official recognition of eight schools of Islamic jurisprudence and the varying schools of Islamic theology . The eight recognized Islamic schools and branches are: Premillennialism Premillennialism , in Christian eschatology , is the belief that Jesus will physically return to the Earth (the Second Coming ) before the Millennium , heralding a literal thousand-year messianic age of peace. Premillennialism
2736-400: The past participle of the verb secare , to cut). Sociologists have developed various definitions and descriptions for the term "sect." Early scholars like Max Weber and Ernst Troeltsch (1912) were among the first to define sects within the church-sect typology, viewing them as voluntary associations of individuals who meet specific religious qualifications. Unlike churches, membership in
2793-449: The sexta-/septamillennial scheme writing that the end of human history will occur after the 6,000th year. (5.28.3). Irenaeus and Justin represent two of the most outspoken premillennialists of the pre-Nicean church. Other early premillennialists included Pseudo-Barnabas , Papias , Methodius , Lactantius , Commodianus Theophilus , Tertullian, Melito , Hippolytus of Rome , Victorinus of Pettau and various Gnostics groups and
2850-714: The symbolism of Revelation as referring to a spiritual conflict between Heaven and Hell rather than a physical conflict on Earth. Amillennialists do not view the thousand years mentioned in Revelation as a literal thousand years, but see the number "thousand" as symbolic and numerological and see the kingdom of Christ as already present in the church beginning with the Pentecost in the book of Acts . Denominations such as Oriental Orthodoxy , Eastern Orthodoxy , Catholicism , Anglicanism , Presbyterianism and Lutheranism are generally amillennial . Postmillennialism views
2907-507: The thousand apocalyptical years are not passed but future. 2. That the coming of Christ to raise the dead and to judge the earth will be within much less than this thousand years. 3. That the conversion of the Jews will not be till this present state of the world is near unto its end. 4. That, after the Jews' conversion there will be a glorious day for the elect upon earth, and that this day shall be
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#17327826041892964-512: The view include John Gill, Mike Placko, Charles Spurgeon , James Montgomery Boice , George Eldon Ladd , John Piper , Albert Mohler , Francis Schaeffer , Carl F. H. Henry , Harold Lindsell , D. A. Carson , Bryan Chapell , and Gordon Clark . Dispensational premillennialism generally holds that Israel and the Church are distinct entities. It also widely holds to the pretribulational return of Christ , which believes that Jesus will return to take up Christians into heaven by means of
3021-456: The views of the Chiliasts concerning the millennium." He maintains a premillennial distinction, namely that there would be two resurrections, one of believers before Jesus's reign and then a general resurrection afterwards. Justin wrote in chapter 80 of his work Dialogue with Trypho , "I and others who are right-minded Christians on all points are assured that there will be a resurrection of
3078-498: Was Marcion . Marcion opposed the use of the Old Testament and most books of the New Testament that were not written by the apostle Paul . Regarding Marcion and premillennialism, Harvard scholar H. Brown noted, Throughout the Patristic period—particularly in the 3rd century—there had been rising opposition to premillennialism. Origen was the first to challenge the doctrine openly. Through allegorical interpretation, he had been
3135-606: Was "a man of small mental capacity" because he had taken the Apocalypse literally. Oxford theologian Alister McGrath has noted that "all medieval theology is 'Augustinian' to a greater or lesser extent." Augustine's (354-430) influence shaped not only the Western Middle Ages , but it also influenced the Protestant reformers , who constantly referred to his teaching in their own debates. His teaching
3192-916: Was propagated on the popular level largely through the Scofield Reference Bible and on the academic level with Lewis Sperry Chafer 's eight-volume Systematic Theology . More recently dispensational eschatology has been popularized through Hal Lindsey 's 1970s bestseller, The Late, Great Planet Earth and through the Left Behind Series by Tim Lahaye and Jerry Jenkins . Popular proponents of dispensational premillennialism have been John F. MacArthur , Phil Johnson, Ray Comfort , Jerry Falwell , Todd Friel , Dwight Pentecost , John Walvoord , Tim Lahaye , Charles Caldwell Ryrie , Norman Geisler , Erwin Lutzer , and Charles L. Feinberg . Craig Blaising and Darrell Bock have developed
3249-524: Was that the first men offered to God not only fruits of the earth, but of their flocks too. Hence, according to St. Augustine , came their name, which in Greek is composed of ἀρτος , 'bread' and τυρος , 'cheese'. Augustine says, "The name of the Artotyrites is derived from their sacrificial offering, for they offer bread and cheese. They claim that the first humans made offerings from the products of
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