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55-604: They are mentioned in 207 BC as treating with Carthaginian commandant Hasdrubal Barca . Headed by their chiefs Luernius and Bituitus , the Arverni were at the head of an extensive empire. After Bituitus was defeated by Domitius Ahenobarbus and Fabius Maximus in 121 BC, the Arvernian empire was reduced to suzerainty over some neighbouring tribes. In 52 BC, during the Gallic Wars , the Arvernian chief Vercingetorix led

110-553: A latinization of ʿAzrubaʿal ( Punic : 𐤏𐤆𐤓𐤁𐤏𐤋 , romanized:  ʿAzrōbaʿl ) son of Hamilcar Barca , was a Carthaginian general in the Second Punic War . He was the brother of Hannibal and Mago Barca . Little is known of Hasdrubal's early life. He was present, along with his older brother Hannibal , when his father, Hamilcar Barca , died in battle against the Iberians . Hamilcar may have drowned in

165-966: A fleet of 50 quinqueremes and 5 triremes stationed in Spain, however, only 32 Quinqueremes were manned at the start of the Second Punic War . The expedition led by Gnaeus Scipio in 218 BC had caught the Carthaginians by surprise, and before Hasdrubal could join Hanno in Catalonia, the Carthaginian commander on the north of the Ebro , the Romans had fought and won the Battle of Cissa and established their army at Tarraco and their fleet at Emporiae . Hasdrubal, commanding only 8,000 troops and outnumbered by

220-504: A new town with a half-Roman, half-Gaulish name, Augustodunum (modern Autun ). In AD 21, during the reign of Tiberius , the Aedui revolted under Julius Sacrovir , and seized Augustodunum, but they were soon put down by Gaius Silius ( Tacitus Ann. iii. 43–46). The Aedui were the first of the Gauls to receive from the emperor Claudius the distinction of jus honorum , thus being

275-616: A part of the ancient region is today known as Provence . The King Luernius was mentioned in writing by the Greek ethnographer Posidonius . Luernius was known to have scattered gold and silver coins to his followers while riding in his chariot. Under Luernius, the Arverni were at the head of a formidable Gallic military hegemony which stretched from the Rhine to the Atlantic coast. They joined Bellovesus ' migrations towards Italy, together with

330-548: Is a latinized form of Gaulish * Aruernoi ( sing. * Aruernos ). Its etymology remains unclear. Pierre-Yves Lambert has suggested to interpret it as "those who are above", by decomposing the name as * ar(e)-uer-no - (cf. Latin supernus ). Alternatively, a connection with the Gaulish stem * uernā - (" alder "; c.f. French vergne , Occitan verne ) has also been proposed. The region of Auvergne , attested in 511 as ecclesiae Arvenicae ( pagus Arvenicus or pago Alvernio in

385-537: The Aedui , Ambarri , Aulerci , Carnutes and Senones . The Arverni later played an important role in the Gallic Wars of Julius Caesar from 58 BC to 51 BC. At first the Arvenian nobles tried to avoid confronting Caesar during his early incursions. They executed the leader Celtillus , evidently for trying to gain sovereignty over all the Gauls. In 52 BC, Celtillus' son Vercingetorix rallied his supporters to fight

440-873: The Arverni in the west, the Segusiavi and Ambarri in the south, the Sequani in the east, and the Lingones and Senones in the north. Three oppida are known from the end of the La Tène period: Vieux-Dun ( Dun-les-Places ), Le Fou de Verdun ( Lavault-de-Frétoy ), and Bibracte , which occupied a central position in the Aedian economic system. During the Roman period, Bibracte was abandoned for Augustodunum ('fortress of Augustus'; modern-day Autun ). The country of

495-524: The Celtic stem *aidu- ('fire, ardour'; cf. Old Irish áed 'fire', Welsh aidd 'ardour'; also the Irish deity Aéd or Aodh ), itself from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰos ('firewood'; cf. Sanskrit édhas 'bonfire', Latin aedes 'building, temple'; cf. also Ancient Greek Aether 'god of the upper sky' and Aethra 'bright sky', from aíthō 'to ignite, to kindle'). The territory of

550-626: The Júcar , although the sources do not agree. Little is also known about Hasdrubal's activities during the time Hasdrubal the Fair led the Punic forces in Spain, or during the campaigns of Hannibal Barca in Spain and his Siege of Saguntum . Hannibal left a force of 13,000 infantry, 2,550 cavalry and 21 war elephants in Hispania when he marched for Italy in 218 BC. Hasdrubal commanded this force and he

605-794: The Lemovices and Petrocorii , south of the Bituriges Cubi and Aedui , north of the Ruteni , Cadurci and Vellavi , and west of the Segusiavi and Ambarri . The Arverni are known to have had the most powerful tribal hegemony in Gaul during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC under their kings, Luernius , and his son Bituitus . Their power was based on strong metallurgic technologies and weapons, elaborated and rich agriculture and catering, mining, trade and military dominance over their neighbours with tributes paid to them. But when Arverni king Bituitus

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660-503: The Roman Republic , as well as other Gallic tribes. In 121 BC, they appealed to Rome against the Arverni and Allobroges . During the Gallic Wars (58–50 BC), they gave valuable though not whole-hearted support to Caesar , before eventually giving lukewarm support to Vercingetorix in 52. Although they were involved in the revolts of Iulius Sacrovir in 21 AD and Vindex in 68 AD, their aristocracy became highly Romanized under

715-630: The "Carthaginian defeat ended the attempt to reinforce Hannibal, dooming his effort in Italy, and Rome was able to establish dominance over Spain." Aedui The Aedui or Haedui ( Gaulish : * Aiduoi , 'the Ardent'; Ancient Greek : Aἴδουοι ) were a Gallic tribe dwelling in what is now the region of Burgundy during the Iron Age and the Roman period . The Aedui had an ambiguous relationship with

770-595: The 9th c., Alvernhe ca. 1071–1127) is named after the Gallic tribe. It is assumed that the pre-Roman territory of the Arverni roughly corresponded to the limits of the Roman-era civitas Arvernorum , later inherited by the early medieval Diocese of Clermont . Their territory thus would have encompassed the modern departements of Puy-de-Dôme and Cantal , parts of Haute-Loire and Allier , as well as small areas of Creuse , Loire and Aveyron . They dwelled east of

825-509: The Aedui and the neighbouring Lingones and Sequani in the Saône - Doubs area, as evidenced by the similarity in the practices at the sanctuaries of Nuits-Saint-Georges (Aedui), Mirebeau-sur-Bèze (Lingones) and Mandeure (Sequani). According to Julius Caesar, the Aedui were one of the strongest Gallic tribes, in rivalry with the Helvetii , Sequani , Remi , and Arverni . Furthermore,

880-623: The Aedui is defined by reports of them in ancient writings. The upper Liger formed their western border, separating them from the Bituriges . The Arar formed their eastern border, separating them from the Sequani . The Sequani did not reside in the region of the confluence of the Dubis and the Arar, and of the Arar into the Rhodanus , as Caesar says that the Helvetii , traveling southward along

935-507: The Aedui sent the druid Diviciacus to Rome with an appeal to the senate for help; but his mission was unsuccessful. After his arrival in Gaul in 58 BC, Caesar restored the independence of the Aedui. In spite of this, they subsequently joined the Gallic coalition against Caesar ( B. G. vii. 42), but after the surrender of Vercingetorix at the Battle of Alesia , the Aedui gladly returned to their allegiance. Augustus dismantled their capital, Bibracte , on Mont Beuvray , and constructed

990-637: The Aedui took part in the expedition of Bellovesus into Italy in the sixth century BC. Before Caesar 's time, they had attached themselves to the Romans and were honoured with the title of brothers and kinsmen of the Roman people. When the Sequani, their traditional rivals, defeated and massacred the Aedui at the Battle of Magetobriga in 63 BC, with the assistance of the Germanic chieftain Ariovistus ,

1045-554: The Aedui was situated between the Saône and Loire rivers, in a strategic position regarding trade routes. It included most of the modern départements of Saône-et-Loire and Nièvre , the southwestern-part of Côte-d'Or between Beaune and Saulieu , and the southern part of Yonne around Avallon , corresponding to the Saône plains, the Morvan granitic massif, and the low Nivernais plateau, from east to west. They dwelled between

1100-580: The Carthaginian navy shattered, Hasdrubal was forced to either call Carthage for reinforcements or build new ships. He did neither. The performance of the Iberian crews had been poor in the battle, and their dismissal sparked a rebellion in the Turdetani tribe. Hasdrubal would spend all of 216 BC subduing the rebels around the area near Gades . Hasdrubal received orders from Carthage to move into Italy and join up with Hannibal in order to put pressure on

1155-404: The Carthaginians held the upper hand in Italy, and also robbed Hannibal of anticipated seaborne reinforcements and further weakened the Carthaginian hold on the Iberian tribes. Mago and his army were diverted to Iberia after the Carthaginian defeat at Ibera. The classicist Howard Scullard is of the opinion that the Roman victory prevented them from being expelled from Iberia, not least because

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1210-521: The Empire. They are mentioned as Ardues (Ἄρδυες) by Polybius (2nd c. BC), Haedui by Cicero (mid-1st c. BC) and Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), Haeduos by Livy (late 1st c. BC), Aedui by Pliny (mid-1st c. AD), Aidúōn (Αἰδύων) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as Aídouoi (Aἴδουοι) by Cassius Dio (3rd c. AD). The ethnonym Aedui is a Latinized form of Gaulish * Aiduoi ( sing. * Aiduos ), which means 'the Ardent ones'. It derives from

1265-493: The Gallic revolt against the armies of Caesar . After an initial victory at the Battle of Gergovia , Vercingetorix was defeated by the Romans at the Battle of Alesia , after which the Arverni lost their power of suzerainty. They maintained however a status of civitas libera , and remained a prosperous tribe during the Roman period. Under emperor Augustus , their capital was moved from Gergovia to Augustonemetum (present-day Clermont-Ferrand ). Following Alemannic invasions of

1320-497: The Gergovia battle against Julius Caesar and his cavalry did marvels in pursuing the Roman troops. Having earlier split his forces, Caesar awaited their return while receiving supplies from allied Gauls. Vercingetorix was then defeated by Caesar at the Battle of Alesia , after several months where the legions built 14 ranges of military equipment around the city to lay siege upon the Gallic soldiers. After several weeks of support from

1375-654: The Iberian tribes would have abandoned Rome; and from Hasdrubal promptly marching at full strength to reinforce Hannibal in Italy, where "Rome could hardly withstand the double force." Klaus Zimmermann agrees: "the Scipios' victory ... may well have been the decisive battle of the war" The Carthaginians from then on were forced to contest the Romans in the area between the Ebro and Jucar. This defeat also led to Mago and Hasdrubal Gisco arriving in Iberia with two armies and ending

1430-631: The Romans at the Battle of Cannae in August of 216 BC, resulting in the defection of most of South Italy, and in the north the Gauls had wiped out 25,000 Roman and Italian soldiers in the Battle of Silva Litana , putting Rome on the defensive in North Italy. Hannibal had sent his youngest brother, Mago , who had marched into Italy with him in 218 BC, to Carthage to gather reinforcements. Carthaginian Senate had authorized sending 4,000 Numidian cavalry and 40 Elephants and 500 talents to Hannibal and Mago

1485-441: The Romans in their homeland, but Hasdrubal delayed, arguing that Carthaginian authority over the Iberian tribes was too fragile and the Roman forces in the area too strong for him to execute the planned movement. Hasdrubal was reinforced by 4,000 infantry and 500 cavalry and was ordered by the Carthaginian senate to march to Italy in the same year, and he spent 216 BC crushing the Iberian rebels near Gades. Hannibal Barca had defeated

1540-408: The Romans, but was expelled from Gergovia by the nobles, including his uncle Gobanitio. He then raised a great army in the country, and returned to the city where he ejected his opponents and was declared king. This accomplished, Vercingetorix forged an alliance with at least 15 Gallic tribes, requesting the presence of sons of chiefs to prove their alliance. He then led the majority of the Gauls and won

1595-419: The Romans, raided the Romans with a flying column of light infantry and cavalry, which inflicted severe losses on their naval crews and reduced the fighting strength to 35 ships. This loss was offset by the arrival of an allied Greek contingent from the city of Massilia . In the spring of 217 BC, Hasdrubal led a joint expedition north to fight the Romans. He commanded the army, while his deputy Himilco commanded

1650-582: The Scipio brothers did not venture south of the Ebro until 212 BC. As a result, most historians consider these engagements to be ahistorical. At the instigation of the Romans, Syphax , one of the kings of the Numidian tribes, attacked Carthaginian territories in Africa in 213/212 BC. The situation in Iberia was sufficiently under control, because Hasdrubal and his Iberian army crossed over to Africa and crushed

1705-510: The Scipios. Carthaginians gained control of Iberia up to the Ebro as a result of this victory. However, the lack of cooperation between the Carthaginian generals led to the surviving Roman force of 8,000 retiring safely to the north of the river Ebro. These troops somehow managed to keep the Carthaginian armies from gaining a foothold north of the Ebro and resist all Carthaginians efforts to expel them. The Romans reinforced this detachment with 10,000 troops under Claudius Nero in 211 BC to stabilize

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1760-463: The absence of the three Carthaginian armies in 209 BC, captured Carthago Nova and gained other advantages. Hasdrubal was defeated by Scipio at the Battle of Baecula but managed to retreat with two-thirds of his army intact. Later in 208 BC, Hasdrubal was summoned to join his brother in Italy. He eluded Scipio by crossing the Pyrenees at their western extremity and safely made his way into Gaul in

1815-642: The bodies of fallen Roman Consuls. The significance of the Battle of the Metaurus is recognized amongst historians. It is included in Edward Shepherd Creasy 's The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World (1851), the rationale being that it effectively removed the Carthaginian threat from Rome's ascendancy to global dominion by leaving Hannibal stranded in Italy. Paul K. Davis sees its importance as

1870-411: The early 3rd century BC, the emergence of settlements with diversified functions, along with the creation of sanctuaries, suggest the beginning of a civilization centered around the oppidum . Outside of the Roman province and prior to Roman rule, Gaul was occupied by self-governing tribes divided into cantons, and each canton was further divided into communes. The Aedui, like other powerful tribes in

1925-551: The first Gauls permitted to become senators. Until Claudius (41–54 AD), the Aedui were the first northern Gallic people to send senators to Rome. The oration of Eumenius , in which he pleaded for the restoration of the schools of his native Augustodunum, suggests that the district was then neglected. The chief magistrate of the Aedui in Caesar's time was called the Vergobretus (according to Mommsen , "judgment-worker"). He

1980-460: The fleet. The Punic Army and the fleet moved north side by side and encamped on the mouth of the Ebro River. Carelessness of the Carthaginian fleet enabled Gnaeus Scipio to surprise the Carthaginians and crush their naval contingent at the Battle of Ebro River . Hasdrubal was obliged to march back to Cartagena , fearing seaborne attacks on Carthaginian territories. With the Iberian contingent of

2035-457: The historical record between 121 BC and 52 BC, and they may have adopted a constitutional oligarchy at this time. However, there were at least two later attempts to re-establish rulership by Celtillus and Vercingetorix . The defeat of the Arverni under Bituitus led directly to the establishment of Gallia Narbonensis as a Roman province , referred to simply as the Provincia so often that

2090-655: The pass between the Jura Mountains and the Rhodanus, which belonged to the Sequani, plundered the territory of the Aedui. These circumstances explain an apparent contradiction in Strabo , who in one sentence says that the Aedui lived between the Arar and the Dubis, and in the next, that the Sequani lived across the Arar (eastward). Burgundy is situated in the heartland of the early La Tène culture (see Vix Grave ). By

2145-591: The region in the 3rd century AD, Clermont-Ferrand was reduced in size but remained an important centre during the later part of the Roman period. In 475, despite a heroic struggle led by their bishop, Sidonius Apollinaris , the Arvernian territory was eventually ceded to the Visigoths. They are mentioned as Arvernos by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), Arvernorum by Livy (late-1st c. BC), A̓roúernoi (Ἀρούερνοι) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), and as A̓rouernō͂n (Ἀρουερνῶν) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD). The ethnonym Arverni

2200-430: The region, such as the Arverni , Sequani , and Helvetii , had replaced their monarchy with a council of magistrates called grand-judges. The grand-judges were under the authority of a senate. This senate was made up of the descendants of ancient royal families. Free men in the tribes were vassals of the heads of these families, in an exchange of military, financial, and political interests. According to Livy (v. 34),

2255-466: The situation, and with another 10,000 soldiers under Scipio Africanus Major in 210 BC, who spent the year training his army and improving his diplomatic contacts. The Carthaginian armies had dispersed into the interior of Iberia in 209 BC, possibly to maintain control over the Iberian tribes, which they were dependent on for soldiers and provisions. The Carthaginian armies were subsequently outgeneraled by Scipio Africanus Major , who, taking advantage of

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2310-455: The spring of 207 to make his way through the Alps and into Northern Italy. Hasdrubal made much faster progress than his brother had, partly due to the construction left behind by Hannibal's army when he had passed via the same route a decade earlier, but also due to the removal of the Gallic threat that had plagued Hannibal early on. The Gauls now feared and respected the Carthaginians, and not only

2365-532: The spring of 215 BC and marched for the Ebro, besieged a pro-Roman town and offered battle at Ibera . In this battle, Hasdrubal used his cavalry superiority to attempt to clear the field while attempting to envelop the enemy on both sides with his infantry. However, the Romans broke through the thinned-out center of the Carthaginian line and then defeated each wing separately, inflicting severe losses, and taking heavy losses themselves. The Scipios' victory ensured Hasdrubal's failure to reinforce Hannibal overland when

2420-533: The threat of Syphax in a battle where 30,000 Numidians were killed. With his Roman-trained army shattered, Syphax fled to Mauritania. The aid of Masinissa , a Numidian prince, was invaluable during this episode, and he crossed over to Iberia with Hasdrubal after the African expedition ended with 3,000 Numidian cavalry. The Roman commanders captured Saguntum in 212   BC and in 211   BC hired 20,000 Celtiberian mercenaries to reinforce their army. Observing that

2475-489: The three Carthaginian armies were deployed apart from each other, the Romans split their forces and invaded Carthaginian territory with the aim of defeating the Carthaginian forces in detail. However, In late 212 BC, Hasdrubal, with timely cooperation from Mago Barca and Hasdrubal Gisco, completely routed his opponents at the Battle of the Upper Baetis , destroying the majority of the Roman army in Iberia and killing both

2530-516: The undisputed command of the Barcid family in Iberia. The Carthaginians fought the Scipio brothers and had on the whole the worst of the conflict between 215 and 212 BC, but managed to prevent the loss of any territory. According to Livy , the Romans fought multiple battles against the Carthaginians south of the Ebro from 215 to 214 BC, at Iliturgi, Munda, and Orongi. Livy's chronology is confused and contradicted by Polybius , who explicitly states that

2585-469: The western Gallic people with large numbers of troops coming to support Vercingetorix from outside the city, the Gauls were close to merging the inner and outer forces on 2 occasions. When the outer forces decided to depart, Vercingetorix decided to surrender himself to the Romans in order to save the people of Alesia. In the aftermath of the Gallic Wars the Arverni soldiers were pardoned and its senate

2640-467: The winter of 208. Scipio's failure to stop Hasdrubal's march to Italy was criticized by the Roman Senate . Scipio did not exploit his victory at Baecula to drive out the Carthaginians from Iberia, instead choosing to withdraw to his base at Tarraco . He secured alliances with many of the Iberian tribes, who switched sides after the Roman successes at Carthago Nova and Baecula. Hasdrubal waited until

2695-626: Was Hasdrubal allowed to pass through the Alps unmolested, his ranks were bolstered by many enthusiastic Gauls. Hasdrubal, in the same fashion as his brother, succeeded in bringing his war elephants , raised and trained in Hispania. It was not until Hasdrubal sent messengers to Hannibal that decisive measures were taken. Hasdrubal wished to meet with his brother in South Umbria. However, this was not to be. Hasdrubal's messengers were captured, and he

2750-617: Was defeated by the Romans of Quintus Fabius and Gnaeus Ahenobarbus in 121 BC at the climactic Battle of the Isère River , their ascendancy passed to the Aedui and Sequani . Unlike the Allobroges , who were brought under direct Roman rule as a result of the Celtic wars of the 120s, the Arverni negotiated a treaty that preserved their independence, though their territory was diminished. No further Arvernian kings are mentioned in

2805-429: Was elected annually, and possessed powers of life and death, but was forbidden to go beyond the frontiers of his territory. Certain clientes, or small communities, were also dependent upon the Aedui. The Temple of Janus was located just outside the Aedian town of Augustodunum . It probably dates back to the second half of the 1st century AD. At the end of the La Tène period, religious convergences occurred between

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2860-519: Was given the authority to raise additional 20,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry, and he had raised an army of 12,000 infantry, 1500 cavalry and 20 war elephants , by the spring of 215 BC, which was meant to land at Locri in Italy. Carthage had sent an army and fleet under Himilco to guard Iberia in 216 BC, leaving Hasdrubal free to invade North Italy, catching the Romans in a strategic pincer movement in Central Italy. Hasdrubal left Cartagena in

2915-531: Was restored to power. The Arverni and the majority of other Gaulish states were pulled into the Roman political hemisphere but retained full rights and home rule. According to Gregory of Tours and his book Historia Francorum ("History of the Franks") the Arverni senators were still active in the sixth century and were deeply involved in the politics of the nascent Frankish state. Hasdrubal Barca Hasdrubal Barca (245   – 22   June 207   BC),

2970-477: Was to set out for Italy in 217 BC to reinforce Hannibal. Hannibal left another army under Hanno in Catalonia, consisting of 10,000 foot and 1,000 horse, on his way to Italy in 218 BC. Hasdrubal was destined to fight for the next six years against the brothers Gnaeus and Publius Cornelius Scipio commanding an army which initially numbered 4 legions (8,000 Roman and 14,000 allied infantry, 600 Roman and 1,600 allied horse) along with 60 quinqueremes. The Punic navy had

3025-432: Was ultimately checked by two Roman armies. Being forced to give battle, he was decisively defeated at the Battle of the Metaurus . Hasdrubal, with his armies defeated and in full disorganized retreat, charged into the fray to his certain death, and was beheaded. His head was packed into a sack and thrown into his brother Hannibal's camp as a sign of his utter defeat. This action was in stark contrast to Hannibal's treatment of

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