Misplaced Pages

#786213

27-475: Arwi was an outcome of the cultural synthesis between seafaring Arabs and Tamil-speaking Muslims of Tamil Nadu . This language was enriched, promoted and developed in Kayalpattinam . It had a rich body of work in jurisprudence, Sufism , law, medicine and sexology , of which little has been preserved. It was used as a bridge language for Tamil Muslims to learn Arabic. The patrons of Arwi seem to have been

54-672: A close relationship between Marakkars of India and Marrakkar and Moors of Sri Lanka. The Marakkars of Sri Lanka falls under the ' Sri Lankan Moors group, defined by the Sri Lankan government as a separate ethnic group. There are also words derived from Sinhala , such as Mattapa for the terrace. There are also words from the Purananuru era, such as Aanam for Kulambu and Puliaanam for rasam or soup. Susan Bayly states in her book Saints Goddesses and Kings that Tamil Marakkayars have always looked down upon converted Muslims and had

81-660: A higher social standing directly linked to Arabs. She states the Sunni Shafi Madhab connection to Arabia as proof of their identity. They (marakkars) strictly maintained the sect by intermarriage between the Marakkayars of Malabar and Tamil Nadu. She states that the Labbais sect follows the rules, like marrying the father's sister's daughter (Murapennu – a famous South Indian "Kalyana murai"). Nagore, Kulasekarapattinam, Kayalpattanam, Kilakkarai, and Adiramapattanam are

108-538: A robust maritime spice trading community in medieval South Asia . They traded in and with locations such as Myanmar , Thailand , Malaysia in East Asia and South Asia , Maldives and Sri Lanka . The Marakayars have dominated the educational and economic landscape in Tamil Nadu since the 17th century. There are two main hypotheses regarding the term "Marrakayar" etymology and its various forms. The first

135-755: Is also extinct as a spoken language. Today, they use Malayalam and Tamil as their primary language, with influence from Arabic. Many Arabic and Arabized words exist in Malayalam and Tamil, spoken by Marakkars. Among many examples, greetings and blessings are exchanged in Arabic instead of Malayalam/Tamil, such as Assalamu Alaikum instead of Shaanthiyum Samadanavum , Jazakallah instead of Nanni/Nandri and Pinjhan/Finjan/Pinjaanam for Bowl/Cup. There are also words which are unique to Marakkars and Sri Lankan Moors , such as Laatha for elder-sister, Kaka for elder-brother, Umma for mother and Vappa for father, suggesting

162-609: Is currently lost. Al-Shāfiʿī fundamentally criticised the concept of judicial conformism (the Istiḥsan ). Al-Shāfiʿī ( c.  767 –820 AD) visited most of the great centres of Islamic jurisprudence in the Middle East during the course of his travels and amassed a comprehensive knowledge of the different ways of legal theory. He was a student of Mālik ibn Anas , the founder of the Mālikī school of law, and of Muḥammad Shaybānī ,

189-521: Is from the term 'Marakala+aayar', which may mean those who controlled or owned boats. In Tamil/Malayalam, " marakalam " signifies "wooden boat" and " aayar ". That it is the association of these two words that give Marakkayar. KVK Iyer says in his history of Kerala that Marakkar was a prized title given by the Zamorin of Calicut . Derived from Marakka Rayar, it signifies the captain of a ship Rayar (captain) of Marakkalam (ship). According to tradition,

216-1513: Is the Arabic alphabet, with thirteen additional letters used to represent the Tamil vowels e and o and several Tamil consonants that could not be mapped to Arabic sounds. Below are several sample texts in Arwi orthography, in standard Tamil Script, and transliterated into Latin as per ISO 15919 . சோனக இஸ்லாமிய கலாச்சார நிலையம் (அமைக்கப்பட்டது) தங்களுக்கு எமது நல்வாழ்தும் சோபனமும் கூறுவதோடு கொழும்பு கோட்டை பிரிஸ்டல் வீதி, 27 ஆம் நம்பர் இல்லமாகிய இஸ்லாமிய கலாச்சார நிலைய புதுக்கட்டிட திறப்பு விழாவிற்கு 1965, மே மாதம் 30 ஆம் தேதி, ஹிஜ்ரா 1385 முஹர்ரம் 28 பிறை ஞாயிறு பிற்பகல் 4:15 மணிக்கு சங்கமிக்குமாறு தங்களை அன்புடன் அழைக்கி றோம். கெளரவ பிரதமர் திரு டட்லி சோனானாயக அவர்கள் ஞாபகார்த்த பலதையை திரை நீக்கம் செய்வார்கள். தலைமை நிலையத் தலைவர் ஜனைப் கர் ராஜிக் ஃபரீத் அவர்கள் புதுச்சட்டிடத்தை திறந்து வைப்பார்கள். Taṅkaḷukku ematu nalvāḻtum cōpaṉamum kūṟuvatōṭu koḻumpu kōṭṭai pirisṭal vīti, 27 ām nampar illamākiya islāmiya kalāccāra nilaiya putukkaṭṭiṭa tiṟappu viḻāviṟku 1965 iṟappu viḻāviṟku 1965, mē mātam 30 ām tēti, hijrā 1385 muharram 28 piṟai ñāyiṟu piṟpakal 4:15 Maṇikku caṅkamikkumāṟu taṅkaḷai aṉpuṭaṉ aḻaikki ṟōm. Keḷarava piratamar tiru Ṭaṭli Cōṉāṉāyaka avarkaḷ ñāpakārtta palataiyai tirai nīkkam ceyvārkaḷ. Talaimai nilaiyat talaivar jaṉaip kar rāziq farīd avarkaḷ putuccaṭṭiṭattai tiṟantu vaippārkaḷ. We send you our felicitations, greetings and cordially invite you to attend

243-497: Is the pattern that has survived to this day. The Marakkars, the early Muslim inhabitants of Kerala, Coastal Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka, are Sunnis of the Shafi‘i school of thought (Madhab). Most Marakkars are, in some way or other, connected to foreign trade through which they became more advanced economically and socially than the different Muslim groups in the locality and even many Hindu sub-castes. The Marakkars were known to be

270-827: The Istiḥsān (juristic discretion). The Shafiʽi school was widely followed in the Middle East until the rise of the Ottomans and the Safavids . Traders and merchants helped to spread Shafiʽi Islam across the Indian Ocean , as far as India and Southeast Asia . The Shafiʽi school is now predominantly found in parts of the Hejaz and the Levant , Lower Egypt , Somalia , Yemen and Indonesia , and among

297-771: The Kurdish people , in the North Caucasus and generally all across the Indian Ocean ( Horn of Africa and the Swahili Coast in Africa and coastal South Asia and Southeast Asia ). One who ascribes to the Shafi'i school is called a Shafi'i , Shafi'ite or Shafi'ist ( Arabic : ٱلشَّافِعِيّ , romanized :  al-shāfiʿī , pl. ٱلشَّافِعِيَّة , al-shāfiʿiyya or ٱلشَّوَافِع , al-shawāfiʿ ). Including: The fundamental principle of

SECTION 10

#1732780481787

324-633: The Nawab of the Carnatic , they were Islamic and were part of the Mughal Empire. Many hadith manuscripts have been found. Most of the fiqh books, particularly those of Imaam Abu Hanifa and Imaam Shaafi , have been found in Arwi. There was also a translation of the Bible into Arwi in 1926. Arwi still has a place among the more Arwi Muslim and Sri Lankan Moor families. The Arwi alphabet

351-558: The Sunnah ) and human speculation regarding the Law. Where passages of Qurʾān and/or the Ḥadīths are ambiguous, the school seeks guidance of Qiyās (analogical reasoning). The Ijmā' (consensus of scholars or of the community) was "accepted but not stressed". The school rejected the dependence on local traditions as the source of legal precedent and rebuffed the Ahl al-Ra'y (personal opinion) and

378-538: The Arabic links. The Marakkayar port of Porto Novo (Mahmud Bandar) was popular and busy in the later years. In Ramnad, however, the Marikkars mainly handled trade for the Setupati royal family. In Kerala, Marakkar, known as Marikkars , are primarily concentrated in and around Malabar. They were traditionally boatmen. According to tradition, Marakkars were originally marine merchants of Kochi who left for Ponnani in

405-846: The Kunjali Marakkars were maritime merchants of Arab descent who supported the trade in the Indian Ocean and settled in the coastal regions of Kayalpattinam, Kilakarai, Adirampattinam, Thoothukudi, Nagore and Karaikal. But they shifted their trade to Kochi and then migrated to Ponnani in the Zamorin 's dominion when the Portuguese fleets came to the Kingdom of Cochin . With the emergence of the Portuguese in India , some Marakkars were forced to take up arms and enlist themselves in

432-621: The Marikkar community. Shafi%E2%80%98i Others In terms of Ihsan : The Shafi'i school or Shafi'ism ( Arabic : ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلشَّافِعِيّ , romanized :  al-madhhab al-shāfiʿī ) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . It was founded by the Muslim scholar , jurist , and traditionist al-Shafi'i ( c.  767–820 CE ), "the father of Muslim jurisprudence", in

459-640: The Samoothiri Raja's dominion when the Portuguese came to Kochi. They offered their men, ships and wealth in defence of their motherland to the Samoothiri of Kozhikode – The Raja, who took them into his service and eventually became the Admirals of his fleet. They served as the naval chiefs in the Zamorin's army. Kunjali Marakkar, one of the first Keralites to rebel against the Portuguese, hailed from

486-761: The Shafiʽ;i thought depends on the idea that "to every act performed by a believer who is subject to the Law there corresponds a statute belonging to the Revealed Law or the Shari'a ". This statute is either presented as such in the Qurʾān or the Sunnah or it is possible, by means of analogical reasoning ( Qiyas ), to infer it from the Qurʾān or the Sunnah. As-Shafiʽi was the first jurist to insist that Ḥadīth were

513-853: The boon of realizing the insignificance of myself உன்னை அல்லாது வேறு யாரை விளிப்பேன் என்னை விட்டும் ஹக்காக உன்னில் ஒளிப்பேன் Eṉṉai viṭṭum hakkāka uṉṉil oḷippēṉ I will [leave my wretched self and] annihilate in Thee! Marakkar The Marakkars are a South Asian Muslim community found in parts of the Indian states of Kerala , Tamil Nadu , and Sri Lanka . The Marakkars speak Malayalam in Kerala and Tamil in Tamil Nadu and both Tamil and Sinhala in Sri Lanka . The community trace their ancestry to marriages between early Arab Muslim traders of

540-701: The decisive source of law (over traditional doctrines of earlier thoughts). In order of priority, the sources of jurisprudence according to the Shafiʽi thought, are: The school rejected dependence on local community practice as the source of legal precedent. The concept of Istishab was first introduced by the later Shafiʽi scholars. Al-Shafiʽi also postulated that "penal sanctions lapse in cases where repentance precedes punishment". Views on FGM The school does not differentiate male and female circumcision and considers female circumcision ( Female Genital Mutilation ) alongside male circumcision to be wajib (obligatory). This makes it unique among

567-548: The early 9th century. The other three schools of Sunnī jurisprudence are Ḥanafī , Mālikī and Ḥanbalī . Like the other schools of fiqh, Shafiʽi recognize the First Four Caliphs as the Islamic prophet Muhammad 's rightful successors and relies on the Qurʾān and the "sound" books of Ḥadīths as primary sources of law. The Shafi'i school affirms the authority of both divine law-giving (the Qurʾān and

SECTION 20

#1732780481787

594-628: The four primary Sunni schools of Jurisprudence as the only one to fully require FGM. The groundwork legal text for the Shafiʽi law is al-Shafiʽi's al-Risala ("the Message"), composed in Egypt . It outlines the principles of Shafiʽi legal thought as well as the derived jurisprudence. A first version of the Risālah , al-Risalah al-Qadima , produced by al-Shafiʽi during his stay in Baghdad ,

621-573: The high seas and indigenous Paravar coastal women on the Gulf of Mannar coast and with Mukkuvar coastal women. Arab traders have also married other South Asian women in India and Sri Lanka, but their descendants are not necessarily members of the Marakkar community. The Islamized Arabs who arrived on the Coromandel and Malabar Coast brought Islamic values and customs and inter-married with

648-455: The indigenous women who followed the local Buddhist , Jain & Hindu customs. Naturally, their children will have embedded Islamic and local values and transmitted them to their descendants. From the outset, the Arabs must, in all probability, have asserted the centrality of Islamic values in their relationship with the local women while making the necessary adjustments to local customs. This

675-593: The main centres with old mosques and remains of ancient Sahabi saints. Bayly mentions Patattu marakkayar signifies a title or Pattam having been granted to one of these families. Could that be the Pattu Marakkar that we know from Cochin? The Kayal Patanam Quadiri Sufis had connections with the Calicut Sufi families. This confirms the relationship between the Calicut, Cochin and Kayal Marakkayar families and

702-447: The opening ceremony of our new building at No. 27 Bristol Street, Fort, Colombo, on the 30th May, 1965, the 28th Day of Muharram 1385, Sunday afternoon, 4:15 pm. Honourable Prime Minister Mr. Dudley Senanayake will unveil the commemoration block. The President of the centre, Sir Razik Fareed will open the building. என்னை ஆளும் வல்லோனே ஏகாந்த நாதா தன்னை அறியும் தவத்தை தந்தாள்குவாய் நீ Taṉṉai aṟiyum tavattai tantāḷkuvāy nī Bless me with

729-591: The service of the Hindu king ( the zamorin ) of Calicut . The Marakkar naval chiefs of Calicut were known as Kunjali Marakkars . The Arabic language brought by the early merchants is no longer spoken, though many Arabic words and phrases are still commonly used. Until recently, the Mappila Muslims employed Arabi Malayalam , and the Tamil Muslims employed Arwi as their native language, though this

#786213