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22-711: There are two possible origins for the name of the city, one that links it to the Tupi-Guarani language of the region's indigenous inhabitants, and another that relates it to the Língua Geral of São Paulo . The two versions come from similar expressions, " arará kûara" and "arara kûara", which mean "lair of the macaws." The city is in the Microregion of Araraquara , part of the Mesoregion of Araraquara , 270 km north of São Paulo . In telecommunications,

44-568: A population of more than 100,000 people at its peak. The population lived in homes with tamped earth floors, organized themselves into matrilineal clans , and divided tasks by sex, age, and skill level. The arrival of Europeans in the sixteenth century was catastrophic to the indigenous population of the island; 90% died due to high mortality from Eurasian infectious diseases ; they lacked immunity against these diseases that had become endemic in Eurasian cities. In contrast, however, during

66-403: A sustainable-use conservation unit established in 1989 to protect the environment of the region. Large parts of the islands are flooded during the rainy season because of higher water levels of the rivers along the coast and heavy rainfall in the interior. Marajó is almost entirely flat. During the rainy season, much of the island becomes flooded as a large lake. There are 20 large rivers on

88-520: Is Tupi–Guarani. **Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious. Sound changes from Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) defining each of the 8 Tupi-Guarani groups as listed by Rodrigues & Cabral (2002): Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi–Guarani languages. O'Hagan et al. (2014, 2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani

110-574: Is a large coastal island in the state of Pará , Brazil. It is the main and largest of the islands in the Marajó Archipelago . Marajó Island is separated from the mainland by Marajó Bay , Pará River , smaller rivers (especially Macacos and Tajapuru), Companhia River, Jacaré Grande River, Vieira Grande Bay and the Atlantic Ocean . From approximately 400 BC to 1600 AD, Marajó was the site of an advanced Pre-Columbian society called

132-464: Is also the location of Lake Arari, which has an area of 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi), but shrinks by 80% during the dry season. There are large herds of domesticated water buffalo , which are technically invasive to the island; they now number about 450,000, higher than the island's human population. The western side of the island is characterized by várzea forests and small farms. Lumber and açaí palm are produced there. The island

154-459: Is in the Marajó várzea ecoregion, an area of seasonally and tidally flooded várzea forest . To the north of the large savanna area are palm swamps , mainly with Buriti Palm ( Mauritia flexuosa ) and Euterpe oleracea . During the rainy season, the swamps are flooded one meter high. Little is known about the ecology of these swamps. The most important towns are in the southeastern portion of

176-646: Is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015): ( † = extinct) The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021). Below is a list of Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Schleicher (1998): The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Lemle (1971): Maraj%C3%B3 Marajó ( Portuguese pronunciation: [maɾaˈʒɔ] )

198-400: Is one of the two official languages of Paraguay . The words petunia , jaguar , piranha , ipecac , tapioca , jacaranda , anhinga , carioca , and capoeira are of Tupi–Guarani origin. Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní: *Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language , and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary

220-537: Is the Ferrroviaria Women Soccer team coach. Tupi-Guarani language Tupi–Guarani (/tuːˈpiː ɡwɑˈrɑːni/ /ɡwɑˈɾɑ-/; Tupi-Guarani: [tuˈpi ɡwaɾaˈni]; pronunciation ) is the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America . It consists of about fifty languages, including Guarani and Old Tupi . The most widely spoken in modern times by far is Guarani, which

242-525: Is the local football (soccer) team of the city organized back in 1950 by the railroad workers at EFA – Araraquara Railroad Company (Estradas de Ferro de Araraquara). The team is known as "Locomotives" and plays home matches at Estádio Fonte Luminosa , which has a maximum seating capacity of 27,000 people. Ferroviária also has a very competitive professional female soccer team organized in 2001 that started to collect titles almost straight away. The Ferroviária Women Soccer team got its first state title in 2002 –

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264-652: The Jacaré Grande River , Vieira Grande Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean . The island sits almost directly on the Equator . Together with smaller neighboring islands that are separated from Marajó by rivers, they form the Marajó Archipelago, with an aggregate area of 49,602 square kilometres (19,151 sq mi). The archipelago is contained in the 59,985 square kilometres (23,160 sq mi) Marajó Archipelago Environmental Protection Area ,

286-707: The Marajoara culture , which existed from approximately 400 BC to 1600 AD. The island has been a center of archaeological exploration and scholarship since the nineteenth century. Scholars from the 1980s forward have divided the pre-Columbian period into the Ananatuba phase (c. 1100 – c. 200 BC), the Mangueiras phase (c. 1000 BC – c. 100 AD), the Formiga phase (c. 100-400 AD), the Marajoará phase (c. 400-1200 AD), and

308-461: The Marajoara culture , which may have numbered more than 100,000 people at its peak. Today, the island is known for its large water buffalo population, as well as the pororoca tidal bore periodically exhibited by high tides overcoming the usual complex hydrodynamic interactions in the surrounding rivers. It is the second-largest island in South America , and the 35th largest island in

330-565: The Aruã phase (1200-1500 AD). Since the 1990s, there has been debate over the origins and sophistication of Marajó's pre-Columbian society. Based on fieldwork in the 1940s and 1950s, the archaeologist Betty Meggers initially argued that the Marajoara culture had been founded by emigrants from the Andes and that the society steadily declined until its final collapse at approximately 1400 AD, due to

352-599: The Marajó's poor soil fertility and other environmental factors. Megger's hypotheses subsequently became associated with environmental determinism . Her theory has since been rejected, however, by the archaeologist Anna Curtenius Roosevelt , who re-excavated Marajó in the 1980s. According to Roosevelt, the Marajoara culture developed independently within the Amazon and featured both intensive subsistence agriculture and major public works. Roosevelt estimated that Marajó may have had

374-911: The São Paulo State championship. The women's team did it again in 2004, 2005 and 2013 to rake up four state titles. The Ferroviaria women soccer team kept evolving in structure to get national projection – it won in 2014 the Copa do Brasil and two more national titles, the Brasileirão in 2014 and 2019. They also reached two most important titles for the women soccer in Americas. In March 2021, the Ferroviaria Women soccer team won its second title of Libertadores da America championship in 2020 edition (due to COVID-19 limitations). The first title at Libertadores da America came on 2015. Lindsay Camila

396-480: The city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo . In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable). The city is served by Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport . Ferroviária

418-477: The island. Because of the changing water levels and regular seasonal flooding, many settlements are built on stilts ( Palafitas ). The island is known for the pororoca , a tidal bore phenomenon in the river that creates large waves reaching 4 m (13 ft) in height. It is a tourist destination , especially for surfing of the bore. The eastern side of the island is dominated by savanna vegetation. There are large fazendas with animal husbandry. This

440-434: The island: Soure , Salvaterra , and the largest city, Breves . They feature a basic touristic infrastructure and are popular because of the generous, lightly populated beaches. The city of Soure, on the island's Atlantic coast, serves as an entry point to the island via its ferry link to Belém . The island is shared by 16 municipalities of three microregions: The island was the site of an advanced pre-Columbian society,

462-523: The world . With a land area of 40,100 square kilometres (15,500 sq mi) Marajó is comparable in size to Switzerland . Its maximum span is 295 kilometres (183 mi) long and 200 kilometres (120 mi) in perpendicular width. Marajó Island is separated from the mainland by Marajó Bay , the Pará River , some smaller rivers (especially Macacos and Tajapuru), the Companhia River,

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484-753: Was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers , just to the south of Marajó Island in eastern Pará State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River , Proto- Tupinambá expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/ Araguaia River towards the Paraná River basin. Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by Jolkesky (2016), which

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