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49-576: Amerindian peoples of the pampas , such as the Puelche , Pehuenche , and Tehuelche , adopted the Mapudungun language as their main language (both of their names are in Mapudungun). Together with Quechua , Aymara , Guarani , and Nahuatl , Mapudungun was among the few Amerindian languages that expanded in use on the continents after the beginning of European colonization. This area of Patagonia

98-425: A natural region , interrupted only by the low Ventana and Tandil hills, near Bahía Blanca and Tandil (Argentina), with a height of 1,300 m (4,265 ft) and 500 m (1,640 ft), respectively. The climate is temperate, with precipitation of 600 to 1,200 mm (23.6 to 47.2 in) that is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year, making the soils appropriate for agriculture . The area

147-590: A boundary to the raiding tribes in the pampas. Argentine authorities were worried that strong connections between the Araucanized tribes and Chile would give Chile influence over the pampas . Both Argentina and Chile claimed Patagonia. The Argentine government feared that in case of war, the natives would side with the Chileans, who would be able to carry the war all the way to the vicinity of Buenos Aires . In 1872, Calfucurá and his 6,000 followers went across

196-591: A mean annual precipitation of 1,000 mm with less variation in seasonal rainfall in winter. The provincial government is divided into the usual three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoint the cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court. The legislative branch is a bicameral body composed of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Legislature

245-626: Is honey and its derivatives, mainly for export. Manufacturing has a sizable presence in Entre Rios, making up another 15% of output. Its industries are mostly linked to agriculture, as in food and drinks industry and flour and rice mills . Other industries include timber-wood, chemical, metallurgy , and machinery. As part of the Mesopotamic region, the land is almost completely flat, with hills some 100 meters in height. There are two main systems of low hills, called lomadas or cuchillas :

294-792: Is also one of the distinct physiography provinces of the larger Paraná – Paraguay plain division. It is considered that the limit of the Pampas plain is to the north with the Atlantic Forest and the Great Chaco Plain , to the west with the Pampas Mountains and the Cuyo Region , and to the south with Patagonia . This region has generally low elevations, whose highest levels generally do not exceed 600 metres (2,000 ft) in altitude. The coastal areas and most of

343-470: Is the most typical landscape of the countryside areas in the northern parts of the Pampas. The highest elevations of the Pampas region are found in the Sierra de la Ventana mountains , in the southern part of Buenos Aires Province, with 1,239 metres (4,065 ft) at the summit of Cerro Tres Picos . The climate of the Pampas is generally temperate, gradually giving way to a more humid subtropical climate in

392-485: Is warmer than fall in most areas (especially in the west) but significantly colder along the Atlantic. Violent storms are more common as well as wide temperature variations: days of 35 °C (95 °F) can give way to nights of under 5 °C (41 °F) or even frost, all within only a few days. Precipitation ranges from 1,400 millimetres (55 in) in the northeast to about 400 millimetres (16 in) or less in

441-650: The Guanaco have been extirpated completely from this habitat. Mammals that are still fairly present include Brazilian guinea pig , southern mountain cavy , coypu , Pampas fox , Geoffroy's cat , lesser grison , white-eared opossum , Molina's hog-nosed skunk , big lutrine opossum , big hairy armadillo and southern long-nosed armadillo . Bird species of the pampas are ruddy-headed goose , pampas meadowlark , hudsonian godwit , maguari stork , white-faced ibis , white-winged coot , southern screamer , dot-winged crake , curve-billed reedhaunter , burrowing owl and

490-616: The Mesopotamia region. It borders the provinces of Buenos Aires (south), Corrientes (north) and Santa Fe (west), and Uruguay in the east. Its capital is Paraná (391,000 inhabitants ), which lies on the Paraná River , opposite the city of Santa Fe . Together with Córdoba and Santa Fe , since 1999, the province is part of the economic-political association known as the Center Region . The first inhabitants of

539-477: The Paraná River , and includes all of Uruguay, most of Entre Ríos and Corrientes provinces in Argentina, and the southern portion of Brazil's state of Rio Grande do Sul. The Humid Pampas include eastern Buenos Aires Province, and southern Entre Ríos Province. The Semiarid Pampas includes western Buenos Aires Province and adjacent portions of Santa Fe, Córdoba, and La Pampa provinces. The Pampas are bounded by

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588-576: The Quechua : pampa , meaning "plain"), also known as the Pampas Plain , are fertile South American low grasslands that cover more than 1,200,000 square kilometres (460,000 sq mi) and include the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires , La Pampa , Santa Fe , Entre Ríos , and Córdoba ; all of Uruguay ; and Brazil 's southernmost state , Rio Grande do Sul . The vast plains are

637-449: The 1840s but intensifying after the 1880s, European immigrants began to migrate to the Pampas, first as part of government-sponsored colonization schemes to settle the land and later as tenant farmers "working as either a sharecropper or as paid laborers for absentee landowners" in an attempt to make a living for themselves. However, many immigrants eventually moved to more permanent employment in cities, as industrialization picked up after

686-452: The 1903 census, of the 425,373 inhabitants of the province, 153,067 were immigrants. Entre Rios' economy is the sixth largest in Argentina. Its output in 2006 was estimated at US$ 7.71 billion, or, US$ 6,710 per capita in 2006 (about a fourth less than the national average). In 2013, its output was estimated at $ 63.814 billion Pesos (about US$ 11.688 billion) or, 48,327 pesos (about US$ 8,851) per capita at current market prices. This

735-576: The 1930s. As a result, Argentina's history of immigration in Buenos Aires Province is typically associated with cities and urban life, unlike in Entre Ríos Province and Santa Fe Province, where European immigration took on a more rural profile. Entre R%C3%ADos Province, Argentina Entre Ríos ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈentɾe ˈri.os] , "Between Rivers") is a central province of Argentina , located in

784-766: The Buenos Aires Province are predominantly plain (with some wetlands ) and the interior areas (mainly in the southern part of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay) have low ranges of hills (like Serras de Sudeste in Brazil and Cuchilla Grande in Uruguay). Low hills covered by grasslands are called coxilhas ( Portuguese pronunciation: [koˈʃiʎɐs] ) in Portuguese and cuchillas ( Spanish pronunciation: [kuˈtʃiʝas] ) in Spanish, and it

833-859: The Cuchilla de Montiel (west) and the Cuchilla Grande (east), which are separated by the Gualeguay River . The name of the province means "between rivers". Entre Ríos is limited and traversed by many rivers and streams: the Paraná River and its delta to the west and south; the Uruguay River and the Mocoretá River to the east; and the Guayquiraró River to the north. Two national parks are located within

882-475: The Pampas south and west of Buenos Aires . Much of the area is also used for cattle , and more recently, to cultivate vineyards in the Buenos Aires wine region . The area is also used for farming honey using European honeybees . These farming regions are particularly susceptible to flooding during thunderstorms. The weather averages out to be 16 °C (60 °F) year-round in the Pampas. Starting in

931-500: The Pampas, but it is much more frequent in the southwest than around the Parana and Uruguay Rivers. Temperatures under −5 °C (23 °F) can occur everywhere, but values of −10 °C (14 °F) or lower are confined to the south and west. Snow almost never falls in the northernmost third and is rare and light elsewhere, except for exceptional events in which depths have reached 30 cm (12 in). Springs are very variable; it

980-517: The Pampas: Human activity has caused major changes to the wildlife of the Pampas. Most big or medium-sized species such as puma , rhea , Capybara , plains viscacha , maned wolf , marsh deer and Pampas deer have lost their habitats especially due to the spread of agriculture and ranching , and are only present in very few relicts of the pampas. Other species, such as the Jaguar and

1029-767: The Sierra de la Ventana mountains, Argentina). Summer temperatures are more uniform than winter temperatures, generally ranging from 28 to 33 °C (82 to 91 °F) during the day. However, most cities in the Pampas occasionally have high temperatures that push 38 °C (100 °F), as occurs when warm, dry, northerly winds blow from southern Brazil, northern Argentina or Paraguay . Autumn arrives gradually in March and peaks in April and May. In April, highs range from 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F) and lows from 9 to 13 °C (48 to 55 °F). The first frosts arrive in mid-April in

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1078-432: The amount of rainy days is fairly constant. Very intense thunderstorms are common in the spring and summer, and it has among the most frequent lightning and highest convective cloud tops in the world. The severe thunderstorms produce intense hailstorms , both floods and flash floods , and the most consistently active tornado region outside the central and southeastern US. Climate charts for different locations of

1127-544: The area in 1783 under the threat of a Portuguese invasion from Brazil, and gave official status to many of the above-mentioned towns. He was also the first to refer to the region as Entre Ríos . At this stage, European settlement was minimal, though during the May Revolution , the few colonists in the cities along the Paraná shore supported Manuel Belgrano and his army on his way to Paraguay . On September 29, 1820,

1176-782: The area that is now Entre Ríos were the Charrúa and Chaná who each occupied separate parts of the region. Spaniards entered in 1520, when Rodríguez Serrano ventured up the Uruguay River searching for the Pacific Ocean . The first permanent Spanish settlement was erected in the current La Paz Department at the end of the 16th century. As governor of Asunción first and then of Buenos Aires , Hernandarias conducted expeditions to Entre Ríos unexplored lands. Juan de Garay , after founding Santa Fe, explored this area, which he called la otra banda ("the other bank"). However,

1225-471: The drier Argentine Espinal grasslands, which form a semicircle around the north, west, and south of the Humid Pampas. Winters are cold to mild, and summers are hot and humid. Rainfall is fairly uniform throughout the year but is a little heavier during the summer. Annual rainfall is heaviest near the coast and decreases gradually further inland. Rain during the late spring and summer usually arrives in

1274-412: The form of brief heavy showers and thunderstorms. More general rainfall occurs the remainder of the year as cold fronts and storm systems move through. Although cold spells during the winter often send nighttime temperatures below freezing, snow is quite rare. In most winters, a few light snowfalls occur over inland areas. Central Argentina boasts a successful agricultural business, with crops grown on

1323-621: The leader ( caudillo ) Francisco Ramírez declared the territory an autonomous entity, the Republic of Entre Ríos . This lasted until his assassination on July 10 of the next year. In 1853, in a meeting of all the provinces except Buenos Aires , Paraná was elected as the capital of the Argentine Confederation , and the Governor of Entre Ríos and leader (caudillo) Urquiza as its first president . The provincial capital

1372-682: The leader in Chile for help fighting against the Boreanos tribe . In 1859, Calfucurá attacked Bahía Blanca in Argentina with 3,000 warriors. Many other bands of Mapuche also became involved in the internal conflicts of Argentina until the Conquest of the Desert . In the 1870s, to counter the cattle raids (and the native peoples on horseback), Argentina constructed a deep trench, called Zanja de Alsina , to prevent cattle from being driven west and establish

1421-465: The north ( Cfa , according to the Köppen climate classification , with a Cwa tendency (drier winters) in the northwestern edge); a cold semi-arid climate ( BSk ) on the southern and western fringes (like San Luis Province , western La Pampa Province and southern Buenos Aires Province); and an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) in the southeastern part (in the localities of Mar del Plata , Necochea , Tandil and

1470-422: The pampas are relicts of drier past climates. These explanations have been criticised as mono-causal. "Overall, we expect that low propagule pressure, abiotic stresses, biotic resistance, and a paucity of specific symbionts might have exerted a synergistic influence in slowing tree invasion rates ". The World Wildlife Fund divides the Pampas into three distinct ecoregions . The Uruguayan Savanna lies east of

1519-513: The pampas to attack the cities of General Alvear , Veinticinco de Mayo and Nueve de Julio , resulting in the deaths of 300 settlers and the loss of 200,000 head of cattle, which the Mapuche drove back to Chile. After this, Argentina organized its forces to launch what it called the Conquest of the Desert and attacked indigenous people for years. It is estimated that more than 5000 native peoples were killed or captured in that major assault, which

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1568-449: The pristine pampas were treeless regions has been much debated. Perhaps the most commonly cited explanation is seasonal drought. A related hypothesis is that grass roots compete for water and exclude tree seedlings. The effect might be increased by heavy, clayed soils which limit tap root penetration. Other causes that have been proposed are fires set by indigenous peoples for land clearance; the existence of heavy-bodied herbivores; and that

1617-438: The production mainly to Europe . Livestock production focuses on cattle (4.5 million head), and in sheep production in a decreasing proportion, covering 60,000 km . The dairy industry, currently in expansion, produces almost 250 thousand tons per year of dairy products. Of the national production of chickens and eggs, Entre Ríos contributes 37% of the first and 25% percent of the second. Another emerging production

1666-500: The province is 1,000 mm or more. Based on observational data from 1991-2020, across the entire province, the average seasonal mean maximum and minimum temperature across the summer months (December-February) are 31 °C (max) and 18 °C (min), with an average seasonal mean temperature of 24 °C. For the winter months (June-August), the average seasonal mean temperatures are 18 °C (max) and 7 °C (min) with an average seasonal mean temperature of 13°C. Observed mean seasonal precipitation data for

1715-529: The province. but the south experiencing significantly more rainfall in the winter months particularly in the winter months (June-August). In the northern part of the province, towards the province of Corrientes , mean temperatures range from 13 °C in winter to 27 °C in summer, with a mean annual precipitation of 1,300 mm. In comparison, the climate of southern parts of the province, towards the province of Buenos Aires becomes slightly more temperate; mean temperatures range from 10 °C in winter to 26 °C in summer, with

1764-474: The province: El Palmar National Park and Predelta National Park . There are also hot springs in several locations, especially along the basin of the Uruguay River, located in cities like Federación , Villa Elisa , Colón , etc. The climate of Entre Rios is subtropical throughout with no dry season. Under the Köppen climate classification system, the province is classed as having a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ). The mean annual precipitation throughout

1813-476: The region remained entirely indigenous and uninhabited by Europeans until a group of colonists from neighbouring Santa Fe Province settled on the Bajada del Paraná in the late seventeenth century, now the site of the provincial capital. At the same time towns appear, which we now know as Nogoyá , Victoria , Gualeguay , Gualeguaychú , Concepción del Uruguay and Concordia . Tomás de Rocamora further explored

1862-511: The rhea. Invasive species include the European hare , wild boar and house sparrow . Most of the large mammals native to the Pampas became extinct as part of the end-Pleistocene extinction event of most large mammals across the Americas around 12,000 years ago. Notable former inhabitants of the Pampas include the giant elephant-sized ground sloth Megatherium americanum , along side

1911-426: The sabertooth cat Smilodon populator . The dominant vegetation types are grassy prairie and grass steppe , in which numerous species of the grass genus Stipa are particularly conspicuous. "Pampas grass" ( Cortaderia selloana ) is an iconic species of the Pampas. Vegetation typically includes perennial grasses and herbs . Different strata of grasses occur because of gradients of water availability. Why

1960-444: The same time period reports a mean seasonal precipitation of 371 mm in summer (December-February), 348 mm (March-May), 148 mm in winter (June-August) and 302 mm (September-November). Differences exist within the climate of the province, with the northern parts being warmer than the central and southern parts, with the north experiencing more annual rainfall than the south, but with relatively dry winters, compared with southern parts of

2009-410: The smaller (though still large) ground sloths Mylodon , Glossotherium Lestodon and Catonyx , the rhinoceros like ungulate Toxodon , the camel-like Macrauchenia , the gomphothere (elephant-relative) Notiomastodon , the equines Equus neogeus and Hippidion , and the glyptodonts (car-sized relatives of armadillos) Glyptodon and Doedicurus , the bear Arctotherium and

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2058-450: The south and late May or early June in the north. Winters are generally mild, but cold waves often occur. Typical temperatures range from 12 to 19 °C (54 to 66 °F) during the day, and from 1 to 6 °C (34 to 43 °F) at night. With strong northerly winds, days of over 25 °C (77 °F) can be recorded almost everywhere, and during cold waves, high temperatures can be only 6 °C (43 °F). Frost occurs everywhere in

2107-512: The southern and western edges. It is highly seasonal in the West, with some places recording averages of 120 millimetres (4.7 in) monthly in the summer, and only 20 millimetres (0.79 in) monthly in the winter. The eastern areas have small peaks in the fall and the spring, with relatively rainy summers and winters that are only slightly drier. However, where summer rain falls as short, heavy storms, winter rain falls mostly as cold drizzle, and so

2156-423: Was 21% below the average GDP per capita of 69,678 pesos (about US$ 12,762) for Argentina in 2013 at current market prices. Its economy has long been more agricultural than the median in Argentina, comprising about 15% of output. Entre Rios' agricultural products include rice (60% of the national production), soybeans , wheat , maize , and citrus of which it is the second biggest producer, and exporting 16% of

2205-456: Was assassinated in 1870 after altogether 16 years of governing before finishing his mandate, which had probably been ordered by his supportor Ricardo López Jordán , not trusting him anymore. Urquiza encouraged immigration through "colonization contracts", setting up many agricultural colonies with European (mainly Volga Germans , Russians (including Russian Jews and Poles ), Italians , Swiss and French ) settlers. According to data of

2254-578: Was called Camino de los chilenos and ran a length of about 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) from Buenos Aires Province to the mountain passes of Neuquén Province . The lonco Calfucurá crossed the Andes from Chile to the Pampas around 1830 to aid the indigenous people, after Juan Manuel de Rosas , the governor of Buenos Aires , started to fight the Boreanos tribe. However, other sources directly contradict this statement, saying that de Rosas contacted

2303-563: Was facilitated by the new Remington rifle arming the 6,000 Argentine soldiers (as stated by Gen. Ignacio Fotheringham) [Bodley p. 63, 72]. However, the losses to the Army were minimal, with only 13 soldiers killed; the lop-sided victory was taken as proof of European superiority and celebrated in art. Until December 2012, the 100 peso bill of Argentina had a picture honoring the Conquest of the Desert on one side. Pampas The Pampas (from

2352-456: Was generally isolated from European settlement until late in the 19th century.. The Mapuche who migrated to Patagonia lived often as nomads. As European settlers established frontier settlements, the Mapuche raided them for cattle or looted their produce. They drove off the cattle stolen in the incursions ( malones ) and took them to Chile through the mountain passes to trade for goods, especially alcoholic beverages. The main trail for this trade

2401-478: Was moved to Concepción del Uruguay. Later Urquiza, who had first won against Buenos Aires at the Battle of Cepeda in 1859, let his troops move back in the even Battle of Pavón in 1861, which allowed his rival Bartolomé Mitre from Buenos Aires to become president. At the time he was fulfilling his third term as governor of the province from 1860 to 1864 and after a voluntary interruption was reelected in 1886, but he

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