Arbequina is a cultivar of olives . The fruit is highly aromatic, small, symmetrical and dark brown, with a rounded apex and a broad peduncular cavity. In Europe, it is mostly grown in Catalonia , Spain , but is also grown in Aragon and Andalusia , as well as California , Argentina , Chile , Australia and Azerbaijan . It has recently become one of the dominant olive cultivars in the world, largely under highly intensive, "super high-density" plantation.
52-1335: The name comes from the village of Arbeca in the Catalan comarca of Les Garrigues . It is said to have been introduced there from Palestine in the 18th century by the Duke of Medinaceli , though this might be just a legend. The Arbequina olives that are now grown in Israel were [re-]introduced from Spain. Arbequina is grown in Albania , Algeria , Argentina , Australia : Areas of Adelaide , Buaraba , Loxton , New South Wales , Queensland , South Australia , and Western Australia , Bolivia , Brazil : ( Paraná ), Chile : Areas of Arica , Huasco , and Limari , Egypt , France : Areas of Alpes-Maritimes and Hérault , Iran ( Gilan ), Israel , Libya , Mexico : Areas of Aguascalientes , Caborca , and Sonora , Morocco , Peru : Areas of Arequipa and Moquegua , Portugal , Saudi Arabia , Spain : Areas of Albacete , Almeria , Andalucía , Aragón , Avila , Barcelona , Catalonia , Córdoba , Cuenca , Girona , Granada , Guadalajara , Huesca , Lleida , Madrid , Sevilla , Tarragona , Teruel , and Zaragoza , South Africa ( Western Cape ), Turkey ,
104-468: A fuel in oil lamps , soap-making , and skincare application. The Spartans and other Greeks used oil to rub themselves while exercising in the gymnasia . From its beginnings early in the 7th century BC, the cosmetic use of olive oil quickly spread to all of the Hellenic city-states, together with athletes training in the nude, and lasted close to a thousand years despite its great expense. Olive oil
156-761: A common seedling tree for use as a rootstock. 78% of olive oil acres in California are planted on Arbequina rootstock. Although sold as a table olive as well, Arbequina olives have one of the highest concentrations of oil, and are therefore mostly used for olive oil production. Harvesting is easy since the trees are typically low to the ground and allow for easy hand picking. Oils made from Arbequina are generally buttery, fruity, and very mild in flavor, being low in polyphenols . The combination of low polyphenol levels and high levels of polyunsaturated fat as compared with other olive cultivars means that it has relatively low stability and short shelf-life. Hybridization using
208-402: A drought during the flowering phase, for example, can result in a lower quality (virgin) oil. Olive trees produce well every couple of years, so greater harvests occur in alternate years (the year in-between is when the tree yields less). However the quality is still dependent on the weather. In the ancient Levant , three methods were used to produce different grades of olive oil. The finest oil
260-549: A high smoke point, and consequently is widely used in restaurants as well as home cooking in some countries. The United States is not a member of the IOC and does not implement its grades, but on October 25, 2010, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) established Standards for Grades of Olive Oil and Olive-Pomace Oil which closely parallel the IOC standards: These grades are voluntary. Certification
312-428: A small addition of virgin for taste. Olive pomace oil is refined pomace olive oil, often blended with some virgin oil. It is fit for consumption, but may not be described simply as olive oil . It has a more neutral flavor than pure or virgin olive oil, making it less desirable to users concerned with flavor; however, it has the same fat composition as regular olive oil, giving it the same health benefits. It also has
364-586: A tomb on the island of Naxos in the Aegean Sea . Sinuhe , the Egyptian exile who lived in northern Canaan c.1960 BC, wrote of abundant olive trees. The Minoans used olive oil in religious ceremonies. The oil became a principal product of the Minoan civilization , where it is thought to have represented wealth. Olive oil was also a major export of Mycenaean Greece (c. 1450–1150 BC). Scholars believe
416-605: A traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin , and extracting the oil. It is commonly used in cooking for frying foods, as a condiment, or as a salad dressing . It can also be found in some cosmetics , pharmaceuticals , soaps , and fuels for traditional oil lamps . It also has additional uses in some religions. The olive is one of three core food plants in Mediterranean cuisine , together with wheat and grapes. Olive trees have been cultivated around
468-425: A votive glass filled with olive oil, floating on a half-inch of water. The glass has a metal holder that hangs from a bracket on the wall or sits on a table. A cork float with a lit wick floats on the oil. To douse the flame, the float is carefully pressed down into the oil. Makeshift oil lamps can easily be made by soaking a ball of cotton in olive oil and forming it into a peak. The peak is lit and then burns until all
520-546: Is consecrated by bishops as sacred chrism , which is used to confer the sacrament of confirmation (as a symbol of the strengthening of the Holy Spirit), in the rites of baptism and the ordination of priests and bishops, in the consecration of altars and churches , and, traditionally, in the anointing of monarchs at their coronation . Eastern Orthodox Christians still use oil lamps in their churches, home prayer corners, and cemeteries. A vigil lamp consists of
572-423: Is an intergovernmental organisation of states that produce olives or products derived from olives, such as olive oil. The IOC officially governs 95% of international production and holds great influence over the rest. The EU regulates the use of different protected designation of origin labels for olive oils. The United States is not a member of the IOC and is not subject to its authority, but on October 25, 2010,
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#1732782389054624-524: Is called "virgin oil" in English. The remaining semi-solid waste, called pomace , retains a small quantity (about 5–10%) of oil that cannot be extracted by further pressing, but only with chemical solvents. This is done in specialized chemical plants, not in the oil mills. The resulting oil is named pomace oil . Handling of olive waste is an environmental challenge because the wastewater , which amounts to millions of tons (billions of liters) annually in
676-424: Is frost-hardy and pest-resistant. Its relatively small cup, allows it to be cultivated under more intense, high-density conditions than other plantation olives. The variety is very productive and enters early into production (from the first half of November). The fruit does not ripen simultaneously, and has an average resistance to detachment. Unlike most varieties, Arbequina has a high germination percentage, making it
728-420: Is not chemical acidity in the sense of pH , but the percent (measured by weight) of free oleic acid . Measured by quantitative analysis , acidity is a measure of the hydrolysis of the oil's triglycerides: as the oil degrades, more fatty acids are freed from the glycerides , increasing the level of free acidity and thereby increasing hydrolytic rancidity . Another measure of the oil's chemical degradation
780-492: Is required to have no more than 0.8% free acidity , and is considered to have favorable flavor characteristics. Olive oil has long been a common ingredient in Mediterranean cuisine , including ancient Greek and Roman cuisine . Wild olives, which originated in Asia Minor , were collected by Neolithic people as early as the 8th millennium BC. Besides food, olive oil has been used for religious rituals , medicines , as
832-447: Is taken to make sure the olives are perfectly ripe. The process is generally as follows: The oil produced by only physical (mechanical) means as described above is called virgin oil. Extra virgin olive oil is virgin olive oil that satisfies specific high chemical and organoleptic criteria (low free acidity, no or very little organoleptic defects). A higher grade extra virgin olive oil is mostly dependent on favourable weather conditions;
884-561: Is the peroxide value , which measures the degree to which the oil is oxidized by free radicals , leading to oxidative rancidity. Phenolic acids present in olive oil also add acidic sensory properties to aroma and flavor. The grades of oil extracted from the olive fruit can be classified as: In countries that adhere to the standards of the International Olive Council , as well as in Australia, and under
936-436: Is then malaxed (slowly churned or mixed) to allow the microscopic oil droplets to agglomerate. The oil is then separated from the watery matter and fruit pulp with the use of a press (traditional method) or centrifugation (modern method). After extraction the remnant solid substance, called pomace , still contains a small quantity of oil. One parameter used to characterise an oil is its acidity . In this context, "acidity"
988-554: Is unknown. Archaeological evidence in Galilee shows that by 6000 BC olives were being turned into olive oil and in 4500 BC at a now-submerged prehistoric settlement south of Haifa . Olive trees and oil production in the Eastern Mediterranean can be traced to archives of the ancient city-state Ebla (2600–2240 BC), which were located on the outskirts of Aleppo . Here some dozen documents dated 2400 BC describe
1040-518: Is virgin oil that has been refined using charcoal and other chemical and physical filters, methods which do not alter the glyceridic structure. It has a free acidity, expressed as oleic acid, of not more than 0.3 grams per 100 grams (0.3%) and its other characteristics correspond to those fixed for this category in this standard. It is obtained by refining virgin oils to eliminate high acidity or organoleptic defects. Oils labeled as pure olive oil or olive oil are primarily refined olive oil, with
1092-682: The European Union , has low biodegradability , is toxic to plants, and cannot be processed through conventional water treatment systems. Traditionally, olive pomace would be used as compost or developed as a possible biofuel , although these uses introduce concern due to chemicals present in the pomace. A process called "valorization" of olive pomace is under research and development, consisting of additional processing to obtain value-added byproducts , such as animal feed , food additives for human products, and phenolic and fatty acid extracts for potential human use. On average, during
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#17327823890541144-734: The Levant and later to North Africa , though some scholars argue for an Egyptian origin. The olive tree reached Greece, Carthage and Libya sometime in the 28th century BC , having been spread westward by the Phoenicians . Until around 1500 BC, eastern coastal areas of the Mediterranean were most heavily cultivated. Evidence also suggests that olives were being grown in Crete as long ago as 2500 BC. The earliest surviving olive oil amphorae date to 3500 BC ( Early Minoan times), though
1196-423: The U.S. Department of Agriculture adopted new voluntary olive oil grading standards that closely parallel those of the IOC, with some adjustments for the characteristics of olives grown in the U.S. U.S. Customs regulations on "country of origin" state that if a non-origin nation is shown on the label, then the real origin must be shown on the same side of the label in letters of comparable size, so as not to mislead
1248-1198: The United States ( Winter Garden Region , Texas ), and Uruguaiana , Brazil . Arbequina is also known as: 21 kilo in Córdoba , Cuyo , and Mendoza , Alberchino in areas of Granada and Guadalajara , Arbequi in Lleida , Arbequin in Albacete , Almeria , Avila , Guadalajara , Huesca , Lleida , Logroño , Tarragona , Teruel and Mendoza in Argentina, Arbequina Catalana in some areas of Córdoba, Arlequin in Almería , Blanca in Huesca , Blanca De Espãna in some areas of Argentina, K 18 in Al-Jouf , Manglot (Del) in some areas of Albacete and Valencia . Arbequina trees are adaptable to different conditions of climate and soil, although it does best in alkaline soils; it thrives in long, hot, dry summers, but
1300-506: The grape , used as a dessert fruit and for wine. Extra virgin olive oil is mostly used raw as a condiment and as an ingredient in salad dressings . If uncompromised by heat, the flavor is stronger. It also can be used for sautéing . When extra virgin olive oil is heated above 210–216 °C (410–421 °F), depending on its free fatty acid content, the unrefined particles within the oil are burned. This leads to deteriorated taste. Refined olive oils are suited for deep frying because of
1352-530: The Arbequina and Picual (Rallo et al 2008) resulted in the newer Chiquitita variety. Arbeca Arbeca ( Catalan pronunciation: [aɾˈβeka] ) is a village in the comarca of Les Garrigues , in the province of Lleida , in Catalonia , Spain. It is the third village of Les Garrigues in number of inhabitants, close to Les Borges Blanques and Juneda . The population is about 2,500 and
1404-556: The Eastern Mediterranean region, and some dating to the Roman period are still in use today. Productivity was greatly improved by Joseph Graham's development of the hydraulic pressing system in 1795. The olive tree has historically been a symbol of peace between nations. It has played a religious and social role in Greek mythology , especially concerning the city of Athens , named after the goddess Athena because her gift of an olive tree
1456-667: The Exodus of the Tribes of Israel from Egypt , and later in the permanent Temple in Jerusalem . It was obtained by using only the first drop from a squeezed olive and was consecrated for use only in the Temple by the priests and stored in special containers. In modern times, although candles can be used to light the menorah at Hanukkah , oil containers are preferred, to imitate the original menorah. In Judaism of Ancient Israel, olive oil
1508-522: The Mediterranean since the 8th millennium BC. Spain is the world's largest producer, manufacturing almost half of the world's olive oil. Other large producers are Italy, Greece, Portugal, Tunisia, Turkey and Morocco. The composition of olive oil varies with the cultivar , altitude, time of harvest, and extraction process. It consists mainly of oleic acid (up to 83%), with smaller amounts of other fatty acids including linoleic acid (up to 21%) and palmitic acid (up to 20%). Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO)
1560-585: The Mediterranean, olive farming was introduced to places like Spain and continued to spread throughout the Roman Empire . Olive trees were introduced to the Americas in the 16th century, when cultivation began in areas with a climate similar to the Mediterranean, such as Chile, Argentina, and California . Recent genetic studies suggest that species used by modern cultivators descend from multiple wild populations, but detailed history of domestication
1612-501: The association of Città dell'Olio. Italy imports about 65% of Spanish olive oil exports. Greece has by far the largest per capita consumption of olive oil worldwide, around 24 liters per year. Consumption in Spain is 15 liters; Italy 13 liters; and Israel, around 3 liters. Canada consumes 1.5 liters and the US 1 liter. The International Olive Council (IOC)
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1664-463: The consumer. Yet most major U.S. brands continue to put "imported from Italy" on the front label in large letters and other origins on the back in very small print. "In fact, olive oil labeled 'Italian' often comes from Turkey, Tunisia, Morocco, Spain, and Greece." This makes it unclear what percentage of the olive oil is really of Italian origin. All production begins by transforming the olive fruit into olive paste by crushing or pressing. This paste
1716-622: The entire Mediterranean basin during evolution of the Roman Republic and Empire . According to the historian Pliny the Elder , Italy had "excellent olive oil at reasonable prices" by the 1st century AD—"the best in the Mediterranean". As olive production expanded in the 5th century AD the Romans began to employ more sophisticated production techniques such as the olive press and trapetum (pictured left). Many ancient presses still exist in
1768-583: The ground to induce sweating and decay before they are ground. According to the Geoponica , salt and a little nitre are added when oil is stored. In countries of the levant, a sharp-tasting green oil was sometimes extracted from unripe olives, known in medieval times as anpeqinon ( Ancient Greek : ὀμφάκιον, ὀμφάχινον ; Arabic : زيت الأنفاق ), being a corruption of the Latin words oleum omphacium and used in cuisine and in medicine. Today, this oil
1820-435: The higher smoke point and milder flavour. Extra virgin oils have a smoke point around 180–215 °C (356–419 °F), with higher-quality oils having a higher smoke point, whereas refined light olive oil has a smoke point up to 230 °C (446 °F). That they can be used for deep frying is contrary to the common misconception that there are no olive oils with a smoke point as high as many other vegetable oils . In
1872-494: The lands of the king and the queen. These belonged to a library of clay tablets perfectly preserved by having been baked in the fire that destroyed the palace. A later source is the frequent mentions of oil in the Tanakh . Dynastic Egyptians before 2000 BC imported olive oil from Crete, Syria and Canaan , and oil was an important item of commerce and wealth. Remains of olive oil have been found in jugs over 4,000 years old in
1924-456: The misconception, heating at these high heats is theorised to impact taste or nutrition. The Roman Catholic, Orthodox and Anglican churches use olive oil for the oil of catechumens (used to bless and strengthen those preparing for baptism) and oil of the sick (used to confer the Sacrament of anointing of the sick or extreme unction). Olive oil mixed with a perfuming agent such as balsam
1976-403: The north-northeast of Les Garrigues, near the comarques of Pla d'Urgell and Urgell , and about 30 kilometers from Lleida , the capital of the province of the same name. This Province of Lleida location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Olive oil Olive oil is a liquid fat obtained by pressing whole olives , the fruit of Olea europaea ,
2028-452: The oil is consumed, whereupon the rest of the cotton burns out. Olive oil is a usual offering to churches and cemeteries. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints uses virgin olive oil that has been blessed by the priesthood for anointing the sick. In Jewish observance, olive oil was the only fuel allowed to be used in the seven-branched menorah in the Mishkan service during
2080-622: The oil was made by a process where olives were placed in woven mats and squeezed. The oil was collected in vats. This process was known from the Bronze Age , was used by the Egyptians, and continued to be used through the Hellenistic period . The importance of olive oil as a commercial commodity increased after the Roman conquest of Egypt, Greece and Asia Minor led to more trade along the Mediterranean. Olive trees were planted throughout
2132-582: The olive oil in Spain. The world's largest olive oil mill ( almazara , in Spanish), capable of processing 2,500 tonnes of olives per day, is in the town of Villacarrillo , Jaén. Italian major producers are the regions of Calabria and, above all, Apulia . Many PDO and PGI extra-virgin olive oil are produced in these regions. Extra-virgin olive oil is also produced in Tuscany , in cities including Lucca , Florence , and Siena , which are also included in
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2184-440: The percentage is far higher in some Mediterranean countries. The International Olive Council requires the median of the fruity attribute to be higher than zero for a given olive oil in order to meet the criteria of extra virgin olive oil classification. Virgin olive oil is a lesser grade of virgin oil, with free acidity of up to 2.0%, and is judged to have a good taste, but may include some sensory defects. Refined olive oil
2236-500: The period 2016 to 2021, world production of olive oil was 3.1 million metric tons (3.4 million short tons). Spain produced 44% of world production. The next largest producers were Italy, Greece, Tunisia, Turkey and Morocco. Villacarrillo , Jaén , Andalucía , Spain is a center of olive oil production. Spain's olive oil production derives 75% from the region of Andalucía , particularly within Jaén province which produces 70% of
2288-619: The production of olive oil is assumed to have started before 4000 BC. Olive trees were certainly cultivated by the Late Minoan period (1500 BC) in Crete, and perhaps as early as the Early Minoan. The cultivation of olive trees in Crete became particularly intense in the post-palatial period and played an important role in the island's economy, as it did across the Mediterranean. Later, as Greek colonies were established in other parts of
2340-423: The stages of maturity, olive fruit changes colour from green to violet, and then black. Olive oil taste characteristics depend on the stage of ripeness at which olive fruits are collected. Olive oil is an important cooking oil in countries surrounding the Mediterranean, and it forms one of the three staple food plants of Mediterranean cuisine , the other two being wheat (as in pasta , bread, and couscous ), and
2392-475: The synthesis of cadmium selenide quantum dots . The Ranieri Filo della Torre is an international literary prize for writings about extra virgin olive oil. It yearly honors poetry, fiction and non-fiction about extra virgin olive oil. Olive oil is produced by grinding olives and extracting the oil by mechanical or chemical means. Green olives usually produce more bitter oil, and overripe olives can produce oil with fermentation defects, so for good olive oil care
2444-476: The village has given its name to arbequina olives , used to produce a highly valued olive oil for human consumption, grown not only in Les Garrigues but also in many places in Spain, such as Andalusia . The economy of the village is basically agrarian, with the cultivation on its irrigated and unirrigated land of almonds , cereals , pears , apples , olives , peaches , etc. Arbeca is situated in
2496-553: The voluntary United States Department of Agriculture labeling standards in the United States: Extra virgin olive oil is the highest grade of virgin olive oil derived by cold mechanical extraction without use of solvents or refining methods. It contains no more than 0.8% free acidity , and is judged to have a superior taste, having some fruitiness and no defined sensory defects. Extra virgin olive oil accounts for less than 10% of oil in many producing countries;
2548-417: Was also popular as a form of birth control; Aristotle in his History of Animals recommends applying a mixture of olive oil combined with either oil of cedar , ointment of lead , or ointment of frankincense to the cervix to prevent pregnancy. It is not clear when and where olive trees were first domesticated. The modern olive tree may have originated in ancient Persia and Mesopotamia and spread to
2600-489: Was also used to prepare the holy anointing oil used for priests, kings, prophets, and others. Olive oil is also a natural and safe lubricant , and can be used to lubricate kitchen machinery (grinders, blenders, cookware, etc.). It can also be used for illumination (oil lamps) or as the base for soaps and detergents. Some cosmetics also use olive oil as their base, and it can be used as a substitute for machine oil. Olive oil has also been used as both solvent and ligand in
2652-418: Was held to be more precious than rival Poseidon 's gift of a salt spring. There are many olive cultivars , each with a particular flavor, texture, and shelf life that make them more or less suitable for different applications, such as direct human consumption on bread or in salads, indirect consumption in domestic cooking or catering, or industrial uses such as animal feed or engineering applications. During
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#17327823890542704-474: Was produced from fully developed and ripe olives harvested solely from the apex of the tree, and lightly pressed, "for what flows from light pressure is very sweet and very thin". The remaining olives are pressed with a heavier weight, and vary in ripeness. Inferior oil is produced from unripe olives that are stored for extended periods of time until they grow soft or begin to shrivel to become more fit for grinding. Others are left for extended periods in pits in
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