ArcGIS Server is the core server geographic information system (GIS) software made by Esri . ArcGIS Server is used for creating and managing GIS Web services, applications, and data. ArcGIS Server is typically deployed on-premises within the organization’s service-oriented architecture (SOA) or off-premises in a cloud computing environment.
87-583: ArcGIS Server services supply mapping and GIS capabilities via ArcGIS Online for Esri Web and client applications, such as ArcGIS Desktop, ArcLogistics, the ArcGIS.com Viewer, ArcGIS Explorer , ArcGIS Explorer Online, ArcGIS Viewer for Flex, ArcGIS Mapping for SharePoint , Esri Business Analyst Online (BAO), and applications built with ArcGIS for iOS or BAO for iOS. Numerous third-party applications are licensed to use ArcGIS Server services, as well. ArcGIS Server extensions allow GIS functionality available within
174-409: A .ndf extension, are used to allow the data of a single database to be spread across more than one file, and optionally across more than one file system. Log files are identified with the .ldf extension. Storage space allocated to a database is divided into sequentially numbered pages , each 8 KB in size. A page is the basic unit of I/O for SQL Server operations. A page is marked with
261-405: A .sql file, and are used either for management of databases or to create the database schema during the deployment of a database. SQLCMD was introduced with SQL Server 2005 and has continued through SQL Server versions 2008, 2008 R2, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2019. Its predecessor for earlier versions was OSQL and ISQL, which were functionally equivalent as it pertains to T-SQL execution, and many of
348-501: A 16-bit server for the OS/2 operating system in 1989—and extends to the current day. Its name is entirely descriptive, it being server software that responds to queries in the SQL language. As of February 2024 , the following versions are supported by Microsoft: From SQL Server 2016 onward, the product is supported on x64 processors only and must have 1.4 GHz processor as
435-457: A 96-byte header which stores metadata about the page including the page number, page type, free space on the page and the ID of the object that owns it. The page type defines the data contained in the page. This data includes: data stored in the database, an index, an allocation map, which holds information about how pages are allocated to tables and indexes; and a change map which holds information about
522-564: A Microsoft-defined format, called Tabular Data Stream (TDS). TDS is an application layer protocol, used to transfer data between a database server and a client. Initially designed and developed by Sybase Inc. for their Sybase SQL Server relational database engine in 1984, and later by Microsoft in Microsoft SQL Server, TDS packets can be encased in other physical transport dependent protocols, including TCP/IP , named pipes , and shared memory . Consequently, access to SQL Server
609-519: A book “Local Voices, Local Choices,” to describe the success of the Tacare approach to community-led conservation. Microsoft SQL Server Microsoft SQL Server (Structured Query Language) is a proprietary relational database management system developed by Microsoft . As a database server , it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications —which may run either on
696-676: A component named SQL CLR ("Common Language Runtime") via which it integrates with .NET Framework . Unlike most other applications that use .NET Framework, SQL Server itself hosts the .NET Framework runtime , i.e., memory, threading and resource management requirements of .NET Framework are satisfied by SQLOS itself, rather than the underlying Windows operating system. SQLOS provides deadlock detection and resolution services for .NET code as well. With SQL CLR, stored procedures and triggers can be written in any managed .NET language , including C# and VB.NET . Managed code can also be used to define UDT's ( user defined types ), which can persist in
783-411: A database can also contain other objects including views , stored procedures , indexes and constraints , along with a transaction log. A SQL Server database can contain a maximum of 2 objects, and can span multiple OS-level files with a maximum file size of 2 bytes (1 exabyte). The data in the database are stored in primary data files with an extension .mdf . Secondary data files, identified with
870-718: A file in the filesystem. Notification Services was discontinued by Microsoft with the release of SQL Server 2008 in August 2008, and is no longer an officially supported component of the SQL Server database platform. SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) provides ETL capabilities for SQL Server for data import , data integration and data warehousing needs. Integration Services includes GUI tools to build workflows such as extracting data from various sources, querying data, transforming data—including aggregation, de-duplication, de-/normalization and merging of data—and then exporting
957-876: A map), Geometry (for geometric calculations such as calculating areas and lengths), Geoprocessing (for scientific modeling and spatial data analysis ), Globe (for 3D and globe rendering), Image (for serving raster data and providing control over imagery delivery, such as satellite imagery or orthophotos ), Keyhole Markup Language (KML), Map (for cached and optimized map services), Mobile (for running services on field devices), Network Analyst (for routing, closest facility location, or service area analysis), Search (for enterprise search of GIS assets), Web Coverage Service (WCS), Web Feature Service (WFS) and Transactional Web Feature Service (WFS-T), and Web Map Service (WMS). In addition, ArcGIS Server editions are available at two levels, scaled according to capacity: Workgroup and Enterprise. ArcGIS Server Workgroup can be deployed on
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#17327916839151044-491: A minimum, 2.0 GHz or faster is recommended. The current version is Microsoft SQL Server 2022, released November 16, 2022. The RTM version is 16.0.1000.6. Microsoft makes SQL Server available in multiple editions, with different feature sets and targeting different users. These editions are: Tools published by Microsoft include: The protocol layer implements the external interface to SQL Server. All operations that can be invoked on SQL Server are communicated to it via
1131-508: A new database, alter any existing database schema by adding or modifying tables and indexes, or analyze performance. It includes the query windows which provide a GUI based interface to write and execute queries. Azure Data Studio is a cross platform query editor available as an optional download. The tool allows users to write queries; export query results; commit SQL scripts to Git repositories and perform basic server diagnostics. Azure Data Studio supports Windows, Mac and Linux systems. It
1218-461: A part of the database engine, provides a reliable messaging and message queuing platform for SQL Server applications. Service broker services consists of the following parts: The message type defines the data format used for the message. This can be an XML object, plain text or binary data, as well as a null message body for notifications. The contract defines which messages are used in an conversation between services and who can put messages in
1305-634: A partnership with the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) to create a data hub, Federated Systems, based on Esri's ArcGIS platform. The data hub will allow countries to measure, monitor, and report on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in a geographic context. In 2019, Esri partnered with the Jane Goodall Institute to develop tools to help communities map and manage their surrounding ecosystems using GIS software. In 2022, they partnered again to publish
1392-400: A query, then the query optimizer looks at the database schema , the database statistics and the system load at that time. It then decides which sequence to access the tables referred in the query, which sequence to execute the operations and what access method to be used to access the tables. For example, if the table has an associated index, whether the index should be used or not: if the index
1479-435: A rank of their accurateness is computed. The results are returned to the client via the SQL Server process. SQLCMD is a command line application that comes with Microsoft SQL Server, and exposes the management features of SQL Server. It allows SQL queries to be written and executed from the command prompt. It can also act as a scripting language to create and run a set of SQL statements as a script. Such scripts are stored as
1566-472: A remote SQL server and push the script executions to it, or they can run a R or Python scripts as an external script inside a T-SQL query. The trained machine learning model can be stored inside a database and used for scoring. Used inside an instance, programming environment. For cross-instance applications, Service Broker communicates over TCP/IP and allows the different components to be synchronized, via exchange of messages. The Service Broker, which runs as
1653-464: A single database session. SQL Server Native Client is used under the hood by SQL Server plug-ins for other data access technologies, including ADO or OLE DB . The SQL Server Native Client can also be directly used, bypassing the generic data access layers. On November 28, 2011, a preview release of the SQL Server ODBC driver for Linux was released. Microsoft SQL Server 2005 includes
1740-407: A single machine to support a maximum of 10 simultaneous connections to a multiuser geodatabase. With Workgroup, the multiuser geodatabase storage capacity cannot exceed ten gigabytes . ArcGIS Server Enterprise supports distributed deployment of ArcGIS Server components, unlimited simultaneous connections to a multiuser geodatabase, and unlimited multiuser geodatabase storage capacity. ArcGIS Server
1827-1071: A subset of ArcGIS Desktop extensions to be deployed as Web Services. ArcGIS Server extensions include 3D, Spatial, Geostatistical, Network, Geoportal, Image, Data Interoperability, Workflow Manager, and Schematics. Typical customer applications include using ArcGIS Server mapping and spatial analysis services in geoportals and spatial data infrastructure , integration with the organization’s asset, customer relationship , natural resource, or work order management system, development of situational awareness or common operating picture solutions, online store and resource locators, public-facing Web portals for government transparency , online tracking of weather events, resource movement, or visualizing change over time, sharing of scientific research and modeling, management and delivery of remote sensing data, collaborative mapping and user-generated content applications, as well as managing data collection projects using mobile devices and global positioning system (GPS) and supporting mobile data intelligence. ArcGIS Server
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#17327916839151914-483: A total of over a million active users in 350,000 organizations. These include Fortune 500 companies, most national governments, 20,000 cities, all 50 US States and 7,000+ universities. The firm has 4,000 total employees, and is privately held by its founders. Strategic partners include Microsoft, Salesforce , Amazon Web Services , and SAP, among others. In a 2016 Investor's Business Daily article, Esri's annual revenues were indicated to be $ 1.1 billion. In 1969, Esri
2001-622: A user sharing program. A variety of basemaps is a signature feature of ArcGIS Online. The Esri Community Maps program compiles detailed user basemap information into a common cartographic format called Topographic Basemap. The Esri Technical Certification program was launched in January 2011. The program provides an exam based certification for Esri software. The core groups for the certification include Desktop, Developer, and Enterprise. Each subcategory under these groups have two certification levels, Associate and Professional. The company hosts
2088-633: Is ArcGIS Pro 3.3.2, with the older ArcGIS Desktop (or ArcMap) version 10.8.2 in mature support (to be fully retired in March of 2026). The older ArcGIS Desktop consisted of several integrated applications, including ArcMap , ArcCatalog , ArcToolbox, ArcScene, and ArcGlobe. Esri's main desktop, or thick client, application is ArcGIS Pro which is slowly replacing the former main components of ArcGIS Desktop: ArcMap , ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox. Esri's desktop products allow users to author, analyze, map, manage, share, and publish geographic information. ArcGIS Pro
2175-439: Is a GUI tool included with SQL Server 2005 and later for configuring, managing, and administering all components within Microsoft SQL Server. The tool includes both script editors and graphical tools that work with objects and features of the server. SQL Server Management Studio replaces Enterprise Manager as the primary management interface for Microsoft SQL Server since SQL Server 2005. A version of SQL Server Management Studio
2262-433: Is a mechanism for generating data-driven notifications, which are sent to Notification Services subscribers. A subscriber registers for a specific event or transaction (which is registered on the database server as a trigger); when the event occurs, Notification Services can use one of three methods to send a message to the subscriber informing about the occurrence of the event. These methods include SMTP, SOAP, or by writing to
2349-456: Is a report generation environment for data gathered from SQL Server databases. It is administered via a web interface. Reporting services features a web services interface to support the development of custom reporting applications. Reports are created as RDL files. Reports can be designed using recent versions of Microsoft Visual Studio (Visual Studio.NET 2003, 2005, and 2008) with Business Intelligence Development Studio , installed or with
2436-526: Is also available for SQL Server Express Edition, for which it is known as SQL Server Management Studio Express (SSMSE). A central feature of SQL Server Management Studio is the Object Explorer, which allows the user to browse, select, and act upon any of the objects within the server. It can be used to visually observe and analyze query plans and optimize the database performance, among others. SQL Server Management Studio can also be used to create
2523-773: Is also used to manage multiuser geodatabases. Multiuser geodatabases leverage ArcSDE technology, implemented on a relational database management system (RDBMS). ArcGIS Server Enterprise supports IBM Db2 , IBM Informix Dynamic Server , Microsoft SQL Server , Oracle , and PostgreSQL . ArcGIS Server Workgroup supports Microsoft SQL Server Express R1 and R2. ArcGIS Server is used by the software developer and Web developer to create Web, desktop, and mobile applications. Esri provides developers with application development framework (ADF) and application programming interface (API) including, ArcGIS API for JavaScript , ArcGIS API for Flex , ArcGIS API for Microsoft Silverlight /WPF, ArcGIS API for iOS , BAO API, BAO for iOS, as well as
2610-731: Is available for the Microsoft Windows .NET Framework and the Java Platform . ArcGIS Server ships in three functional editions, Basic, Standard, and Advanced, with the Advanced edition providing the most functionality. ArcGIS Server Basic edition is used primarily to manage multiuser geodatabases and geodata services. Both ArcGIS Server Standard and Advanced editions support the following types of Web services: Feature (for Web editing), Geodata (for geodatabase replication), Geocode (for finding and displaying addresses/locations on
2697-933: Is available over these protocols. In addition, the SQL Server API is also exposed over web services . Data storage is a database , which is a collection of tables with typed columns. SQL Server supports different data types, including primitive types such as Integer , Float , Decimal , Char (including character strings), Varchar (variable length character strings), binary (for unstructured blobs of data), Text (for textual data) among others. The rounding of floats to integers uses either Symmetric Arithmetic Rounding or Symmetric Round Down ( fix ) depending on arguments: SELECT Round(2.5, 0) gives 3. Microsoft SQL Server also allows user-defined composite types (UDTs) to be defined and used. It also makes server statistics available as virtual tables and views (called Dynamic Management Views or DMVs). In addition to tables,
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2784-589: Is done in a background thread so that other operations do not have to wait for the I/O operation to complete. Each page is written along with its checksum when it is written. When reading the page back, its checksum is computed again and matched with the stored version to ensure the page has not been damaged or tampered with in the meantime. SQL Server allows multiple clients to use the same database concurrently. As such, it needs to control concurrent access to shared data, to ensure data integrity—when multiple clients update
2871-437: Is generated for a query, it is temporarily cached. For further invocations of the same query, the cached plan is used. Unused plans are discarded after some time. SQL Server also allows stored procedures to be defined. Stored procedures are parameterized T-SQL queries, that are stored in the server itself (and not issued by the client application as is the case with general queries). Stored procedures can accept values sent by
2958-400: Is limited to 8 KB in size. However, if the data exceeds 8 KB and the row contains varchar or varbinary data, the data in those columns are moved to a new page (or possibly a sequence of pages, called an allocation unit ) and replaced with a pointer to the data. For physical storage of a table, its rows are divided into a series of partitions (numbered 1 to n). The partition size
3045-591: Is managed by the Buffer Manager . Either reading from or writing to any page copies it to the buffer cache. Subsequent reads or writes are redirected to the in-memory copy, rather than the on-disc version. The page is updated on the disc by the Buffer Manager only if the in-memory cache has not been referenced for some time. While writing pages back to disc, asynchronous I/O is used whereby the I/O operation
3132-434: Is now the only ArcGIS Desktop platform that is undergoing new development for future product releases. Server GIS products provide GIS functionality and data deployed from a central environment. ArcGIS Server is an Internet application service, used to extend the functionality of ArcGIS Desktop software to a browser based environment. It is available on Solaris and Linux as well as Windows. ArcSDE (Spatial Database Engine)
3219-410: Is on a column which is not unique for most of the columns (low "selectivity"), it might not be worthwhile to use the index to access the data. Finally, it decides whether to execute the query concurrently or not. While a concurrent execution is more costly in terms of total processor time, because the execution is actually split to different processors might mean it will execute faster. Once a query plan
3306-548: Is one of the world's leading supplier of GIS software, web GIS and geodatabase management applications. Founded in 1969 as a land-use consulting firm, Esri currently has 49 offices worldwide including 11 research and development centers in the United States, Europe, the Middle East and Africa and Asia Pacific. There are 10 regional U.S. offices and over 3,000 partners globally, with users in every country and
3393-489: Is the native client side data access library for Microsoft SQL Server, version 2005 onwards. It natively implements support for the SQL Server features including the Tabular Data Stream implementation, support for mirrored SQL Server databases, full support for all data types supported by SQL Server, asynchronous operations, query notifications, encryption support, as well as receiving multiple result sets in
3480-769: Is used as a relational database connector for other Esri software to store and retrieve GIS data within a commercially available database: currently, it can be used with Oracle, PostgreSQL , DB2, Informix and Microsoft SQL Server databases. It supports its native SDE binary data format, Oracle Spatial , and ST_geometry. ArcIMS (Internet Mapping Server) provides browser-based access to GIS. As of ArcGIS 10.1, ArcIMS has been deprecated in favor of ArcGIS Server, but there are still many instances of ArcIMS (10.0 and older) in production environments. Other server-based products include Geoportal Server, ArcGIS Image Server and Tracking Server as well as several others. Mobile GIS conflates GIS, GPS, location-based services , hand-held computing, and
3567-405: Is user defined; by default all rows are in a single partition. A table is split into multiple partitions in order to spread a database over a computer cluster . Rows in each partition are stored in either B-tree or heap structure. If the table has an associated, clustered index to allow fast retrieval of rows, the rows are stored in-order according to their index values, with a B-tree providing
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3654-590: The ADO.NET APIs like any other managed application that accesses SQL Server data. However, doing that creates a new database session, different from the one in which the code is executing. To avoid this, SQL Server provides some enhancements to the ADO.NET provider that allows the connection to be redirected to the same session which already hosts the running code. Such connections are called context connections and are set by setting context connection parameter to true in
3741-754: The Esri International User Conference , which was first held on the Redlands campus in 1981 with 16 attendees. The 44th User Conference was held in San Diego at the San Diego Convention Center from July 15th - 19th, 2024. In 2022, 31,590 users from 142 countries attended either in person or digitally. Esri provides low-cost access to ArcGIS software via special programs. The company has provided free access to ArcGIS Online to over 100,000 K-12 schools in
3828-600: The XML for Analysis standard as the underlying communication protocol. The cube data can be accessed using MDX and LINQ queries. Data mining specific functionality is exposed via the DMX query language. Analysis Services includes various algorithms— Decision trees , clustering algorithm, Naive Bayes algorithm, time series analysis, sequence clustering algorithm, linear and logistic regression analysis, and neural networks —for use in data mining. SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS)
3915-544: The ArcGIS Mobile software development kit (SDK), and ArcGIS Server REST and SOAP APIs. Esri Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. , doing business as Esri ( / ˈ ɛ z r iː / ), is an American multinational geographic information system (GIS) software company headquartered in Redlands, California . It is best known for its ArcGIS products. With 40% market share as of 2011, Esri
4002-550: The SQL server instance, allowing people to do machine learning and data analytics without having to send data across the network or be limited by the memory of their own computers. The services come with Microsoft's R and Python distributions that contain commonly used packages for data science, along with some proprietary packages (e.g. revoscalepy , RevoScaleR , microsoftml) that can be used to create machine models at scale. Analysts can either configure their client machine to connect to
4089-514: The U.S. as part of Barack Obama’s ConnectED initiative. In 1989, Esri created the Esri Conservation Program to assist in changing the operations of non-profit organizations for their objectives of nature conservation and social change. Esri’s ArcGIS platform has provided GIS data, analytics software, and training to thousands of non-profit organizations and individual conservation projects since 1993. In 2017, Esri began
4176-443: The changes made to other pages since last backup or logging, or contain large data types such as image or text. While a page is the basic unit of an I/O operation, space is actually managed in terms of an extent which consists of 8 pages. A database object can either span all 8 pages in an extent ("uniform extent") or share an extent with up to 7 more objects ("mixed extent"). A row in a database table cannot span more than one page, so
4263-427: The client application. For this it exposes read-only tables from which server statistics can be read. Management functionality is exposed via system-defined stored procedures which can be invoked from T-SQL queries to perform the management operation. It is also possible to create linked Servers using T-SQL. Linked servers allow a single query to process operations performed on multiple servers. SQL Server Native Client
4350-420: The client as input parameters, and send back results as output parameters. They can call defined functions, and other stored procedures, including the same stored procedure (up to a set number of times). They can be selectively provided access to . Unlike other queries, stored procedures have an associated name, which is used at runtime to resolve into the actual queries. Also because the code need not be sent from
4437-564: The client every time (as it can be accessed by name), it reduces network traffic and somewhat improves performance. Execution plans for stored procedures are also cached as necessary. T-SQL (Transact-SQL) is Microsoft's proprietary procedural language extension for SQL Server. It provides REPL (Read-Eval-Print-Loop) instructions that extend standard SQL's instruction set for Data Manipulation ( DML ) and Data Definition ( DDL ) instructions, including SQL Server-specific settings, security and database statistics management. It exposes keywords for
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#17327916839154524-510: The command line parameters are identical, although SQLCMD adds extra versatility. Microsoft Visual Studio includes native support for data programming with Microsoft SQL Server. It can be used to write and debug code to be executed by SQL CLR. It also includes a data designer that can be used to graphically create, view or edit database schemas. Queries can be created either visually or using code. SSMS 2008 onwards, provides intellisense for SQL queries as well. SQL Server Management Studio
4611-532: The connection string. SQL Server also provides several other enhancements to the ADO.NET API, including classes to work with tabular data or a single row of data as well as classes to work with internal metadata about the data stored in the database. It also provides access to the XML features in SQL Server, including XQuery support. These enhancements are also available in T-SQL Procedures in consequence of
4698-411: The database, identified by their respective transaction IDs. The main mode of retrieving data from a SQL Server database is querying for it. The query is expressed using a variant of SQL called T-SQL , a dialect Microsoft SQL Server shares with Sybase SQL Server due to its legacy. The query declaratively specifies what is to be retrieved. It is processed by the query processor, which figures out
4785-521: The database. Managed code is compiled to CLI assemblies and after being verified for type safety , registered at the database. After that, they can be invoked like any other procedure. However, only a subset of the Base Class Library is available, when running code under SQL CLR. Most APIs relating to user interface functionality are not available. When writing code for SQL CLR, data stored in SQL Server databases can be accessed using
4872-439: The data—no other user can access the data as long as the lock is held. Shared locks are used when some data is being read—multiple users can read from data locked with a shared lock, but not acquire an exclusive lock. The latter would have to wait for all shared locks to be released. Locks can be applied on different levels of granularity—on entire tables, pages, or even on a per-row basis on tables. For indexes, it can either be on
4959-761: The entire index or on index leaves. The level of granularity to be used is defined on a per-database basis by the database administrator. While a fine-grained locking system allows more users to use the table or index simultaneously, it requires more resources, so it does not automatically yield higher performance. SQL Server also includes two more lightweight mutual exclusion solutions—latches and spinlocks—which are less robust than locks but are less resource intensive. SQL Server uses them for DMVs and other resources that are usually not busy. SQL Server also monitors all worker threads that acquire locks to ensure that they do not end up in deadlocks —in case they do, SQL Server takes remedial measures, which in many cases are to kill one of
5046-571: The growing availability of geographic data. ArcGIS technology can be deployed on a range of mobile systems from lightweight devices to PDAs, laptops, and Tablet PCs. The firm's products for this use include Collector for ArcGIS, Survey123 for ArcGIS, ArcGIS QuickCapture and more. Former products and applications in this category included ArcPad and ArcGIS for Mobile. ArcGIS includes Internet capabilities in all Esri software products. The services, provided through ArcGIS Online at www.arcgis.com, include web APIs, hosted map and geoprocessing services, and
5133-471: The heap structure has performance advantages over the clustered structure. Both heaps and B-trees can span multiple allocation units. SQL Server buffers pages in RAM to minimize disk I/O. Any 8 KB page can be buffered in-memory, and the set of all pages currently buffered is called the buffer cache. The amount of memory available to SQL Server decides how many pages will be cached in memory. The buffer cache
5220-607: The high end, provides full, advanced analysis and data management capabilities, including geostatistical and topological analysis tools. Additionally, ArcGIS is compatible with following OGC standards : WFS, WCS, GFS and various others. ArcGIS Explorer , ArcReader, and ArcExplorer are basic freeware applications for viewing GIS data. ArcGIS Desktop extensions are available, including Spatial Analyst for raster analysis, and 3D Analyst for terrain mapping and analysis. Other more specialized extensions are available from Esri and third parties. Esri's original product, ARC/INFO ,
5307-441: The included Report Builder . Once created, RDL files can be rendered in a variety of formats, including Excel, PDF , CSV , XML , BMP , EMF , GIF , JPEG , PNG , and TIFF , and HTML Web Archive. Originally introduced as a post-release add-on for SQL Server 2000, Notification Services was bundled as part of the Microsoft SQL Server platform for the first and only time with SQL Server 2005. SQL Server Notification Services
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#17327916839155394-482: The index. The data is in the leaf node of the leaves, and other nodes storing the index values for the leaf data reachable from the respective nodes. If the index is non-clustered, the rows are not sorted according to the index keys. An indexed view has the same storage structure as an indexed table. A table without a clustered index is stored in an unordered heap structure. However, the table may have non-clustered indices to allow fast retrieval of rows. In some situations
5481-474: The indexer (that creates the full text indexes) and the full text query processor. The indexer scans through text columns in the database. It can also index through binary columns, and use iFilters to extract meaningful text from the binary blob (for example, when a Microsoft Word document is stored as an unstructured binary file in a database). The iFilters are hosted by the Filter Daemon process. Once
5568-514: The indexer in case of updates. When a full text query is received by the SQL Server query processor, it is handed over to the FTS query processor in the Search process. The FTS query processor breaks up the query into the constituent words, filters out the noise words, and uses an inbuilt thesaurus to find out the linguistic variants for each word. The words are then queried against the inverted index and
5655-515: The introduction of the new XML Datatype (query, value, nodes functions). SQL Server also includes an assortment of add-on services. While these are not essential for the operation of the database system, they provide value added services on top of the core database management system. These services either run as a part of some SQL Server component or out-of-process as Windows Service and presents their own API to control and interact with them. The SQL Server Machine Learning services operates within
5742-401: The join, but result in different execution plans. In such case, SQL Server chooses the plan that is expected to yield the results in the shortest possible time. This is called query optimization and is performed by the query processor itself. SQL Server includes a cost-based query optimizer which tries to optimize on the cost, in terms of the resources it will take to execute the query. Given
5829-487: The lab, Jack and Laura Dangermond conceptualized using computer-powered mapping and analysis for complex problem-solving. The company released Arc/Info, the first commercial GIS program, containing maps attached to relational database. In the late 1990s, Esri reengineered Arc/Info and developed it into a modular and scalable GIS platform. Esri then switched from providing contract mapping services to developing mapping software products. The first ArcGIS software offering (8.1)
5916-493: The network, or database caches on the client side. Replication Services follows a publisher/subscriber model, i.e., the changes are sent out by one database server ("publisher") and are received by others ("subscribers"). SQL Server supports three different types of replication: SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) adds OLAP and data mining capabilities for SQL Server databases. The OLAP engine supports MOLAP , ROLAP and HOLAP storage modes for data. Analysis Services supports
6003-430: The network. Also, service broker supports security features like network authentication (using NTLM , Kerberos , or authorization certificates ), integrity checking, and message encryption . SQL Server Replication Services are used by SQL Server to replicate and synchronize database objects, either in entirety or a subset of the objects present, across replication agents, which might be other database servers across
6090-410: The operations that can be performed on SQL Server, including creating and altering database schemas, entering and editing data in the database as well as monitoring and managing the server itself. Client applications that consume data or manage the server will leverage SQL Server functionality by sending T-SQL queries and statements which are then processed by the server and results (or errors) returned to
6177-400: The optimistic concurrency control mechanism, which is similar to the multiversion concurrency control used in other databases. The mechanism allows a new version of a row to be created whenever the row is updated, as opposed to overwriting the row, i.e., a row is additionally identified by the ID of the transaction that created the version of the row. Both the old as well as the new versions of
6264-403: The queue. The queue acts as storage provider for the messages. They are internally implemented as tables by SQL Server, but do not support insert, update, or delete functionality. The service program receives and processes service broker messages. Usually the service program is implemented as stored procedure or CLR application. Routes are network addresses where the service broker is located on
6351-415: The row are stored and maintained, though the old versions are moved out of the database into a system database identified as Tempdb . When a row is in the process of being updated, any other requests are not blocked (unlike locking) but are executed on the older version of the row. If the other request is an update statement, it will result in two different versions of the rows—both of them will be stored by
6438-485: The same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet). Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server, aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users . The history of Microsoft SQL Server begins with the first Microsoft SQL Server product—SQL Server 1.0,
6525-416: The same data, or clients attempt to read data that is in the process of being changed by another client. SQL Server provides two modes of concurrency control: pessimistic concurrency and optimistic concurrency . When pessimistic concurrency control is being used, SQL Server controls concurrent access by using locks. Locks can be either shared or exclusive. An exclusive lock grants the user exclusive access to
6612-445: The sequence of steps that will be necessary to retrieve the requested data. The sequence of actions necessary to execute a query is called a query plan . There might be multiple ways to process the same query. For example, for a query that contains a join statement and a select statement, executing join on both the tables and then executing select on the results would give the same result as selecting from each table and then executing
6699-526: The sequence they are specified in the query but are near each other, they are also considered a match. T-SQL exposes special operators that can be used to access the FTS capabilities. The Full Text Search engine is divided into two processes: the Filter Daemon process ( msftefd.exe ) and the Search process ( msftesql.exe ). These processes interact with the SQL Server. The Search process includes
6786-424: The source string, indicated by a Rank value which can range from 0 to 1000—a higher rank means a more accurate match. It also allows linguistic matching ("inflectional search"), i.e., linguistic variants of a word (such as a verb in a different tense) will also be a match for a given word (but with a lower rank than an exact match). Proximity searches are also supported, i.e., if the words searched for do not occur in
6873-459: The text is extracted, the Filter Daemon process breaks it up into a sequence of words and hands it over to the indexer. The indexer filters out noise words , i.e., words like A , And , etc., which occur frequently and are not useful for search. With the remaining words, an inverted index is created, associating each word with the columns they were found in. SQL Server itself includes a Gatherer component that monitors changes to tables and invokes
6960-494: The threads entangled in a deadlock and roll back the transaction it started. To implement locking, SQL Server contains the Lock Manager . The Lock Manager maintains an in-memory table that manages the database objects and locks, if any, on them along with other metadata about the lock. Access to any shared object is mediated by the lock manager, which either grants access to the resource or blocks it. SQL Server also provides
7047-560: The transformed data into destination databases or files. SQL Server Full Text Search service is a specialized indexing and querying service for unstructured text stored in SQL Server databases. The full text search index can be created on any column with character based text data. It allows for words to be searched for in the text columns. While it can be performed with the SQL LIKE operator, using SQL Server Full Text Search service can be more efficient. Full allows for inexact matching of
7134-533: The use of the Esri ArcGIS geodatabase as the asset and feature data repository central to computerized maintenance management systems (CMMS) as a part of enterprise asset management and analytical software systems. GIS-centric certification criteria have been specifically defined by NAGCS, the National Association of GIS-Centric Solutions. As of October 2024, the company's desktop GIS suite
7221-564: Was a command line GIS product available initially on minicomputers, then on UNIX workstations. In 1992, a GUI GIS, ArcView GIS , was introduced. Over time, both products were offered in Windows versions, and ArcView also as a Macintosh product. The names ArcView and ArcInfo were used for a while to name different levels of licensing in ArcGIS Desktop, and less often refer to these original software products. The Windows version of ArcGIS
7308-576: Was announced at the Esri International User Conference (Esri UC) in 2000. ArcGIS 8.1 was officially released on April 24, 2001. Esri uses the name ArcGIS to refer to its suite of GIS software products, which operate on desktop, server, and mobile platforms. ArcGIS also includes developer products and web services. In a general sense, the term GIS describes any information system that integrates, stores, edits, analyzes, shares and displays geographic information for informing decision making . The term GIS-Centric, however, has been specifically defined as
7395-415: Was founded by the couple, Jack and Laura Dangermond, as Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), in Redlands, California. Esri was established when the couple started working on the technology to integrate human development with environmental stewardship at Harvard University’s lab for computer graphics and spatial analysis in the early 1960s. Inspired by the early mapmaking software in development at
7482-504: Was introduced in early 2015 as a modern and fully 64-bit application with integrated 2D and 3D functionality. The product suite is available in three levels of licensing: Basic (formerly called ArcView ), Standard (formerly called ArcEditor ) and Advanced (formerly called ArcInfo ). Basic provides a basic set of GIS capabilities suitable for many GIS applications. Standard, at added cost, allows more extensive data editing and manipulation, including server geodatabase editing. Advanced, at
7569-615: Was released to General Availability in September 2018. Prior to release the preview version of the application was known as SQL Server Operations Studio. Business Intelligence Development Studio (BIDS) is the IDE from Microsoft used for developing data analysis and Business Intelligence solutions utilizing the Microsoft SQL Server Analysis Services , Reporting Services and Integration Services . It
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