17-644: Arcadocypriot , or southern Achaean , was an ancient Greek dialect spoken in Arcadia in the central Peloponnese and in Cyprus . Its resemblance to Mycenaean Greek , as it is known from the Linear B corpus, indicates that they are closely related to it, and belong to the same dialect group, known as Achaean. In Cyprus the dialect was written using solely the Cypriot syllabary . The most extensive surviving text of
34-640: The Roman influence in the area grew, the league erupted into an open revolt against Roman domination, in what is known as Achaean War . The Achaeans were defeated at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC and the League was dissolved by the Romans. According to the foundation myth formalized by Hesiod , their name comes from their mythic founder Achaeus , who was supposedly one of the sons of Xuthus , and brother of Ion ,
51-473: The 6th century BC in response to the rising power of Sicyon to the east and Sparta to the south, and during the 5th century BC in response to the expansionism of the Achaemenids . Herodotus described them as unified nation composed of 12 city-states: Pellene , Aegeira , Aeges, (Achaea) Boura , Helike , Aegion , Rhypes , Patrai , Pherae , Olenos , Dyme and Tritaia . The rise of Macedonia in
68-649: The Classical era the Achaeans inhabited the region of Achaea in the northern Peloponnese , and later established colonies in Italy including Kroton and Sybaris . They spoke Achaean Doric Greek , a dialect of Doric Greek . In Hellenistic times, an Achaean Doric koine developed which was eventually replaced by the Attic -based Koine Greek in the 2nd century BC. The Achaeans cemented their common identity in
85-583: The Greeks on their return home carried Agapenor and the Arcadian fleet to Cyprus, and so Agapenor became the founder of Paphos , and built the sanctuary of Aphrodite at Palaepaphos (Old Paphos). The establishment happened before 1100 BC. With the arrival of Dorians in the Peloponnese, a part of the population moved to Cyprus, and the rest was limited to the Arcadian mountains. According to John T Hooker,
102-626: The Peloponnese. As a consequence, the Achaeans went to the region known as Aegialus and forced the Aegialians (by now known as the Ionians ) out of their land. The Ionians took temporary refuge in Athens, and Aegialus became known as Achaea. Pausanias says that 'Achaean' was the name of those Greeks originally inhabiting the Argolis and Laconia , because they were descended from the sons of
119-819: The collapse of the Mycenaean world, communication ended, and Cypriot was differentiated from Arcadian. It was written until the 3rd century BC using the Cypriot syllabary . Tsan was a letter in use only in Arcadia until around the 6th century BC. Arcadocypriot kept many characteristics of Mycenaean, early lost in Attic and Ionic, such as the /w/ sound ( digamma ). ποσκατυβλάψη poskatublapse (Attic proskatablapsei ) Proto-Greek Mycenaean Ancient Koine Medieval Modern Achaeans (tribe) The Achaeans ( / ə ˈ k iː ə n z / ; Greek : Ἀχαιοί , romanized : Akhaioí ) were one of
136-646: The dialect is the Idalion Tablet . A significant literary source on the vocabulary comes from the lexicon of 5th century AD grammarian Hesychius . The prevailing dialect spoken in southern Greece (including Achaea, the Argolid, Laconia, Crete, and Rhodes) at the end of the Bronze Age, was Proto-Arcado-Cypriot. The Mycenaean and Arcado-Cypriot dialects belong to the same group, known as Achaean. Certain common innovations of Arcadian and Cypriot, as attested in
153-525: The first millennium BC, indicate that they represent vernaculars that had slightly diverged from the Mycenaean administrative language, sometime before a migration to Cyprus; possibly during the 13th or 12th century BC. Pausanias reported: Agapenor , the son of Ancaeus , the son of Lycurgus , who was king after Echemus , led the Arcadians to Troy . After the capture of Troy the storm that overtook
170-586: The founder of the Ionian tribe. Xuthus was in turn the son of Hellen , the mythical patriarch of the Greek ( Hellenic ) nation. Both Herodotus and Pausanias recount the legend that the Achaeans (referring to the tribe of the Classical period) originally dwelt in Argolis and Laconia . According to Herodotus, the Achaeans were forced out of those lands by the Dorians , during the legendary Dorian invasion of
187-592: The four major tribes into which Herodotus divided the Greeks , along with the Aeolians , Ionians and Dorians . They inhabited the region of Achaea in the northern Peloponnese , and played an active role in the colonization of Italy, founding the city of Kroton . Unlike the other major tribes, the Achaeans did not have a separate dialect in the Classical period , instead using a form of Doric . The etymology of
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#1732766312074204-530: The late 4th century BC seems to have destroyed this first Achaean League , with the Macedonians eventually controlling so many of the member city-states that the Achaean federal government had virtually ceased to function. After Macedon's defeat by the Romans in the early 2nd century BC, the League was able to finally defeat a heavily weakened Sparta and take control of the entire Peloponnese. However, as
221-688: The mythical Achaeus , Archander and Architeles . According to Pausanias, Achaeus originally dwelt in Attica, where his father had settled after being expelled from Thessaly. Achaeus later returned to Thessaly to reclaim the land, and it was from there that Archander and Architeles travelled to the Peloponnesus . It was supposedly for this reason that there was also an ancient part of Thessaly known as Phthiotic Achaea . Robert S. P. Beekes Robert Stephen Paul Beekes ( Dutch: [ˈrɔbərd ˈbeːkəs] ; 2 September 1937 – 21 September 2017)
238-529: The preferable explanation for the general historico-linguistic picture is that in the Bronze Age , at the time of the great Mycenaean expansion, a dialect of a high degree of uniformity was spoken both in Cyprus and in the Peloponnese but that at some subsequent epoch the speakers of West Greek intruded upon the Peloponnese and occupied the coastal states, but made no significant inroads into Arcadia. After
255-481: The term Ἀχαιοί is unknown. Robert S. P. Beekes proposed that it originated in a Pre-Greek form *Akay a- . Margalit Finkelberg , while acknowledging that its ultimate etymology is unknown, proposed an intermediate Greek form *Ἀχαϝyοί. The term Ἀχαιοί was also used by Homer to refer to Greeks as a whole, and may relate to the Hittite term Ahhiyawa , believed to refer to Mycenaean Greece or part of it. In
272-557: Was a Dutch linguist who was emeritus professor of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics at Leiden University and an author of many monographs on the Proto-Indo-European language . One of his most well-known books is Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction , a standard handbook on Proto-Indo-European that treats the area of linguistic reconstruction thoroughly but also features cultural reconstruction and comparative linguistic methods in general. Beekes
289-648: Was also a co-author, with L. Bouke van der Meer , of De Etrusken spreken (1991). He advocated the Asia Minor theory to explain the Etruscans ' origin. In 1993, he was elected member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . He also did work on Pre-Greek , the (non-Indo-European) language that was spoken in Greece before Greek , possibly around 2000 BC. Since this language
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