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61-558: Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (5 January 1614 – 20 November 1662), younger brother of Emperor Ferdinand III , was an Austrian soldier, administrator and patron of the arts. He held a number of military commands, with limited success, and served as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands , before returning to Vienna in 1656. Despite being nominated as Holy Roman Emperor after Ferdinand's death in 1657, he stood aside in favour of his nephew Leopold I . His main interest

122-411: A tombeau for Ferdinand III's death was composed by the renowned violinist Johann Heinrich Schmelzer . Some of Ferdinand's own compositions survive in manuscripts: masses, motets, hymns and other sacred music, as well as a few secular pieces. His Drama musicum was praised by Athanasius Kircher , and the extant works, although clearly influenced by Valentini, show a composer with an individual style and

183-556: A certain aversion to the influence of the Jesuits, who had ruled his father's court. Ferdinand became Archduke of Austria in 1621. On 8 December 1625, he was crowned King of Hungary, on 27 November 1627 King of Bohemia. Ferdinand enhanced his authority and set an important legal and military precedent by issuing a Revised Land Ordinance, which deprived the Bohemian estates of their right to raise soldiers and reserved that power for

244-405: A composer. He studied music under Giovanni Valentini , who bequeathed his musical works to him, and had close ties with Johann Jakob Froberger , one of the most important keyboard composers of the 17th century. Froberger lamented the emperor's death and dedicated to him one of his most celebrated works, Lamentation faite sur la mort très douloureuse de Sa Majesté Impériale, Ferdinand le troisième ;

305-628: A great influence on Ferdinand and formed the most important link between the Habsburg courts in Madrid , Brussels and Vienna in the difficult period of the war for the Habsburgs after the death of Wallenstein. After Wallenstein's assassination, Ferdinand III personally took command over the Imperial army on 2 May 1634 and was supported by the generals Matthias Gallas and Ottavio Piccolomini ,

366-461: A model to be emulated as he is believed to have resisted multiple temptations sent to him by the devil. Flemish paintings dealing with the theme of the temptation of Saint Anthony are typically populated with witches and monstrous creatures that tempt him. Van der Venne's versions of The Temptation of St Antony with different compositions are in museums in Dunkerque, Haarlem and Holbourne and one

427-474: A number of Italian masters, purchased from the sale of collections owned by Bartolomeo della Nave and Charles I . His most prized pieces engraved in the book Theatrum Pictorium , which is often called the first "art catalogue". When the tomb of Childeric I , an early Merovingian king, was discovered in 1653 by a mason doing repairs in the church of Saint-Brice in Tournai , it was Leopold Wilhelm who had

488-659: A quick end to the war. Any hope to make early peace with France and Sweden did not materialise. With the intervention of France in 1635, the war flared up again. After initial success and a combined Spanish-Imperial campaign into the heart of France in 1636, the military situation of the emperor sharply deteriorated. The Swedes regained initiative with victory at the Battle of Wittstock in 1636 and threatened his recently-gained allies: Brandenburg-Prussia and Saxony . Ferdinand reacted by redirecting his main army under Gallas from France to northern Germany in 1637. Gallas could contain

549-570: A sense of responsibility and the willingness to make difficult decisions. In the course of the negotiations, Ferdinand had to reconsider his original goals according to the deteriorating military situation. His advisor Trauttmansdorff suggested a great battle to end the war favourably. The emperor personally took part in the campaign against the Swedes, which ended with a defeat at the Battle of Jankau on 6 March 1645. The Swedish army under Lennart Torstensson then advanced to Vienna. To raise morale in

610-458: A solid technique. Recordings of Ferdinand's compositions include: Editing Ferdinand III, by the grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King in Germany, King of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania, Bulgaria, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Margrave of Moravia, Duke of Luxemburg, of

671-496: A stronger light than Adriaen Brouwer . Various historians have attempted to explain the origins of his style. They have identified a range of influences on the work of van de Venne: his themes and style are reminiscent of his contemporary Adriaen Brouwer . His preference for brownish tonalities and themes are similar to those of Dutch such as Adriaen van Ostade , Benjamin Cuyp and Andries Both . His nervous style shows possibly

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732-584: A younger son, Leopold was educated for the church but was never ordained. Despite not being a member of the clergy , he held various Prince-Bishoprics within the Holy Roman Empire to provide him an income: Halberstadt (1628–1648), Passau (1625–1662), Breslau (1656–1662), Olmütz (1637–1662) and Strasbourg (1626–1662). He was also appointed to the Bishopric of Halberstadt in 1627, Magdeburg in 1629 and Bremen in 1635. All three were in

793-691: Is known about Jan van de Venne's life and career. Even though some of the artist's works bear the mark of the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke , he is believed to have been active mainly in Brussels . This is testified by his relationships with prominent personalities in Brussels including at the court. Both Cardinal-infant Ferdinand and Archduke Leopold Wilhelm , the governors of the Southern Netherlands, were his patrons. Van de Venne

854-823: Is recorded as a master in the Guild of Saint Luke in Brussels in 1616. He is believed to have been active as a painter as well as a gilder of moldings and perhaps even a painter of imitation marble on frames and altarpieces. He remained active in Brussels where he died in or before 1651. Van de Venne left very few signed paintings. His oeuvre has been reconstituted based on signed or documented works which show his very individual style, subjects, use of light and brilliancy. His works are typically small-scale oil on panel compositions. Van de Venne specialised in caricatures of so-called ‘low-life’ subjects, such as card-players, tooth-pullers and musicians, and in expressive religious scenes. His paintings demonstrate harsh caricatures in

915-676: The Aulic Council restructured, which competed with the Imperial Chamber Court . It had already been recognized at the Peace of Westphalia and remained in effect until 1806. In late 1652, he summoned a Reichstag in Regensburg, which lasted until 1654. The event was the last traditional imperial diet and was replaced by the future Perpetual Reichstag , with its permanent congress of emissaries. The Reichstag decided that

976-625: The Battle of Lens against Condé and then he helped negotiate an end to the war in the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia ; the Franco-Spanish War continued, obliging him to remain in Brussels until 1656. While in Brussels, he employed David Teniers the Younger as keeper of his collection, spending immense sums on works by Frans Snyders , Peter Snayers , Daniel Seghers , Peter Franchoys , Frans Wouters , Jan van den Hoecke , Pieter Thijs , Jan van de Venne and others. He also acquired

1037-744: The Capuchin Crypt in Vienna. His interior organs were separately buried in the Ducal Crypt . On 20 February 1631, Ferdinand III married his first wife, Maria Anna of Spain (1606–1646). She was the youngest daughter of Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria . They were first cousins, as Maria Anna's mother was a sister of Ferdinand's father. They were parents to six children: On 2 July 1648 in Linz , Ferdinand III married his second wife, Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria (1632–1649). She

1098-579: The Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) . Despite his reluctance, Ferdinand made him Imperial commander in 1639, largely due to lack of reliable subordinates; he resigned following a disastrous defeat at Second Breitenfeld in 1642, a battle fought against the advice of his generals. He was re-appointed after another Imperial defeat at the 1645 Battle of Jankau , then Governor of the Spanish Netherlands in 1647. In that role, he lost

1159-785: The Second Northern War . Ferdinand also brought about the royal election of his son Ferdinand IV , who, however, died in 1654. Because his second son, Leopold, was still too young to be elected as King of the Romans, Ferdinand delayed the opening and the conclusion of the Deputationstag after the Reichstag to gain time until the next election. Finally, Leopold was crowned King of Hungary and Bohemia. In 1656, Ferdinand sent an army into Italy to assist Spain in its struggle with France. Ferdinand died on 2 April 1657 and rests in

1220-539: The Spanish Netherlands , which largely ended direct military co-operation with Spain. Although Piccolomini and the emperor's brother Archduke Leopold Wilhelm , as the new Imperial commander, could repel Banér back to the Weser river in 1640, the Bohemian lands now underwent continuous threat, and the emperor permanently lost control over northern Germany. An Imperial Diet was arranged for 1641 in Regensburg , where

1281-520: The Dutch Bambocciante painter Andries Both is believed to have derived his propensity for caricature-like distortions of the faces and poses of his figures from the compositions of van de Venne. Many of his works are caricatural portraits of heads. The squeaky misery of the characters he depicts often in profile and the virtuosity of the pasty effects come close to the early production of Georges de La Tour . The use of light that make

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1342-604: The German theatre. Negotiations for a peace agreement began in 1644 in Münster and Osnabrück and lasted until 1648 while the war continued. The negotiations in Westphalia turned out to be difficult and began with a dispute over the rules of procedure. The emperor had to give in to pressure from France and Sweden and to admit all imperial estates to the congress and receive the ius belli ac pacis . In addition to peace between

1403-611: The Higher and Lower Silesia, of Württemberg and Teck, Prince of Swabia, Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Kyburg and Goritia, Marquess of the Holy Roman Empire, Burgovia, the Higher and Lower Lusace, Lord of the Marquisate of Slavonia, of Port Naon and Salines, etc. etc. See also Jan van de Venne Works by Jan van de Venne were formerly attributed to an artist referred to as ‘Pseudo-Van de Venne’. This Pseudo-Van de Venne

1464-706: The Protestant north, where the infrastructure of the Catholic church had long since disappeared; he never exercised power and all three were secularised in 1648. He became the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order in 1641. During his lifetime, the Habsburg rulers of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire faced the 1568 to 1648 Dutch Revolt , the 1618 to 1648 Thirty Years War and other conflicts, including

1525-639: The Spanish Infanta , his cousin Maria Anna of Spain , after years of negotiations with Spanish relatives in 1631. Although it was in the middle of the war, the elaborate wedding was celebrated over fourteen months. The marriage produced six children, including his successors, Ferdinand IV of Hungary and Emperor Leopold I . His loving and intelligent wife and her brother, the Spanish Cardinal Infante Ferdinand , had

1586-594: The Swedes in Pomerania until severe lack of supplies forced him to retreat back to Bohemia in late 1638. At the same time, Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar , a German Protestant in French service, took the Habsburg possessions in Alsace and the stronghold of Breisach after a long siege . To check the advance of Swedish General Johan Banér , who invaded Bohemia via Saxony in 1639, Ferdinand had to recall Piccolomini's army from

1647-635: The beginning of the war, a further (eighth) electoral estate being created in the Palatinate. The implementation of the Counter-Reformation in the core countries of Ferdinand was sanctioned. Only in some parts of Silesia were certain concessions made to the Protestants. From now on, the institutions of the empire would be equally occupied by Catholics and Protestants. The imperial estates could enforce considerable rights. That included

1708-587: The city, the emperor circled the city in a large procession with an image of the Virgin Mary . As the Swedish army drew closer, Ferdinand left the city. Archduke Leopold Wilhelm managed to drive off the opponents. At times, Ferdinand managed to get Prince George I Rákóczi of Transylvania , an ally of France and Sweden, on his side. In the 1645 Peace of Linz, the emperor had to guarantee the Hungarian estates

1769-518: The clothes and folds flicker also evokes the last French Mannerists such as Claude Vignon or Claude Deruet . Jan van de Venne occasionally used the paired model whereby two different tronies are paired up and juxtaposed with each other. Jan van de Venne regularly painted scenes with gypsies. As many of these works with gypsies are in collections in French museums (Aix-en Provence, Auxerre, Besançon, Chambéry, Dijon, Dunkirk, Hazebrouck, Lille, Marseille, Louvre, Quimper and Semur-en-Auxois) he earned

1830-544: The content of the peace treaties in Münster and Osnabrück under imperial law should become part of the imperial constitution. The emperor managed to postpone some of the constitutional questions that were particularly dangerous for his power. The fact that some of the nobles who had been raised by his father to the rank of prince gained a seat and a vote in the Reichstag also speaks for his growing strength. At this Reichstag, he also made an alliance with Poland-Lithuania against Sweden . His empire came to Poland's support during

1891-514: The decisive victory of the Battle of Nördlingen , a joint effort with the help of the Spanish forces under Cardinal Infante Ferdinand . As a consequence, the Swedes lost control over southern Germany and retreated to the northern Germany. Ferdinand gained a wider political influence even if his personal contribution in Nördlingen had been rather limited. His influence increased further after

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1952-411: The education of the young archduke. Simon von Thun instructed Ferdinand in military matters. Ferdinand is said to have spoken several languages, but how many and to what degree is unclear. After the deaths of his brothers Karl (1603) and Johann Karl (1619), he was designated as his father's successor and systematically prepared to take over the reign. Like his father, he was a devout Catholic , but he had

2013-535: The emperor after the Peace of Westphalia permitted an active imperial policy in co-operation with parts of the estates. In the Habsburg monarchy, the prerequisites for the development of a uniform absolutist state remained intact. Thus, imperial policies of the peace negotiations succeeded in that respect despite the failure to meet some of the original negotiation goals. At the Nuremberg peace congress of 1649/1650,

2074-601: The empire, Sweden received Rügen and Western Pomerania , as well as the bishoprics of Bremen-Verden and the city of Wismar , as Imperial fiefs. The Tyrolean cadet line of the Habsburgs lost the Sundgau and Breisach in the Upper Rhine to France, as well as supremacy over the Décapole . Further transfers of property took place in various regions of the empire. Bavaria retained its electoral dignity that it had won at

2135-664: The estates discussed possible peace arrangements. It turned out to be problematic that the Emperor had excluded princes, who had previously been on the opposing side, as well as the Protestant administrators of various princes of the Imperial Diet. However, it finally succeeded in making all imperial estates agree with the exception of the Electoral Palatinate , the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Hesse-Kassel to

2196-418: The fall of the powerful Imperial minister, Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg , who had domineered the politics of Ferdinand II. In 1635, Ferdinand III worked as Imperial commissioner in the negotiations for the Peace of Prague , as he tried to persuade the prince electors to adopt the idea of concerted warfare. He also advocated the inclusion of the still-reluctant Protestant estates into the peace process. Even after

2257-403: The final withdrawal of foreign troops and the political settlement of the relationship with Sweden and France were carried out during which hostilities nearly started again. Empress Maria Anna of Spain had died giving birth to her last child on 13 May, 1646. Ferdinand remarried to another first cousin, Maria Leopoldine of Austria (1632–1649), on 2 July 1648. The wedding ceremony, held in Linz ,

2318-733: The find published in Latin. On his return to Vienna in 1656, his collection relocated to the Hofburg Palace, where Jan Anton van der Baren , a Flemish priest and artist, served as director. The collection was bequeathed to his nephew Leopold I , and is now part of the collections of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. He played an active role in court politics and was close to his stepmother, Eleonora of Mantua (1598-1655), who shared his interest in Italian art and

2379-422: The imperial territories had been absolutely devastated by two decades of war. The population was completely exhausted and massively diminished; countless people were impoverished, disabled, sick or homeless; and many had lost their families and had abandoned all moral standards. Ferdinand did not endeavour to continue the war, but the momentum of the war, the political circumstances and his reluctance to act prevented

2440-495: The influence of David Teniers the Elder and some authors even conjecture he may have studied under Teniers. Lucas van Leyden 's engravings as well Adam Elsheimer 's treatment of the effects of light and shade are also cited as possible influences. Some of his works have formerly been attributed to the style of Rembrandt. Jan van de Venne is believed to have in turn exerted an influence on other contemporary artists. For instance

2501-548: The instructions for the peace talks for Trautmannsdorf, who left for Westphalia as chief negotiator. The documents were kept strictly secret and were published only in 1962. Reviews revealed that Ferdinand had surrendered numerous previous claims and was ready for greater concessions than were ultimately necessary. The empire suffered considerable territorial losses. The Three Bishoprics , effectively under French control since 1552, were officially ceded to France. The Netherlands and Switzerland gained complete independence. Within

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2562-663: The military adviser Johann Kaspar von Stadion and the political adviser Obersthofmeister (Lord Chamberlain) Maximilian von und zu Trauttmansdorff . He achieved his first major military successes in July 1634 by regaining the city of Regensburg , which had been captured and occupied by the Swedish Empire in November 1633. In August 1634, the city of Donauwörth was recaptured, which had been occupied by Sweden since April 1632. In September 1634, those successes were surpassed by

2623-531: The monarch. His father was unable to secure him the election as king of the Romans at the Diet of Regensburg of 1630. After he had unsuccessfully applied for the supreme command of the Imperial army and to participate in campaigns of Albrecht von Wallenstein , he joined Wallenstein's opponents at the Imperial court in Vienna and was involved in the arrangements on his second deposition in early 1634. He married

2684-523: The much-delayed peace treaty . Although his authority as emperor was weakened after the war, his position in Bohemia, Hungary and Austria was stronger than that of his predecessors before 1618. Ferdinand was the first Habsburg monarch to be recognised as a musical composer. Ferdinand was born in Graz as the third son of Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg and his first wife, Maria Anna of Bavaria , and

2745-426: The parties involved, the internal constitution of the empire was also newly regulated. The Imperial Court received weekly reports on the negotiations. Even though the reports had been produced by officials, the process also proved to be an extremely busy time for the emperor since despite all of his advisers, he had to make the decisions. The study of the documents suggests that Ferdinand was a monarch with expertise with

2806-450: The position of Prime Minister of Austria and chief diplomat but was replaced by Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar in 1647 because of health, which had begun to deteriorate. Trauttmansdorff was succeeded as Obersthofmeister by the later Prime Minister Johann Weikhard of Auersperg , who also taught the royal heir, Ferdinand IV. Unlike his father, Ferdinand III employed no spiritual counsellor. When Ferdinand became emperor, vast sections of

2867-429: The remains of the Imperial army that was soon to show great effectiveness under his successor, Leopold I. Under Ferdinand the fortifications of Vienna were massively expanded and updated, as he invested a total sum of over 80,000 fl . Despite a considerable loss of authority in the empire, Ferdinand remained active in imperial politics. He would also re-establish his positions in the empire's institutions. Ferdinand had

2928-410: The resignation of the supreme command, Ferdinand continued to occupy himself with theoretical military issues. Raimondo Montecuccoli later dedicated one of his works to him. Ferdinand III was elected as king of the Romans at the Diet of Regensburg on 22 December, 1636. Upon the death of his father on 15 February 1637, Ferdinand became emperor. His political adviser Trauttmansdorff advanced to

2989-596: The resolutions of the Diet. In 1641, a preliminary peace was signed in Hamburg between Ferdinand, Spain, France and Sweden, and a final peace congress was to convene in Osnabrück and Münster . An alliance between Sweden and France was fully effective since 1642. The Swedes won the Battle of Breitenfeld in 1642. One year later, France decisively defeated Spain at the Battle of Rocroi and could now dedicate more troops to

3050-628: The right of imperial representation and freedom of religion for the Protestants, which prevented the Counter-Reformation and future absolutist rule in Hungary. The Habsburgs could no longer win the war without the support of their Spanish allies. Domestic difficulties stopped Spanish financial and military support for Ferdinand in 1645. Without foreign military funds, the Imperial troops were incapable of offensive operations, which weakened Ferdinand's position in negotiations. He reissued

3111-448: The right to form alliances with foreign powers even if they were not allowed to be directed against the emperor or the empire. The largest territories benefited most from those regulations. Ferdinand's attempt at absolutist rule of the empire failed, but the empire and the imperial office remained significant. The emperor considered the peace agreement to be no catastrophic defeat, and thanks to Trautmannsdorff's negotiating skills, worse

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3172-758: The sobriquet 'le Maître des Tziganes' (the Master of the Gypsies) in France. An example of one of his gypsy scenes is the Gypsy family at the Louvre , which shows a gypsy family preparing an outdoor meal over a fire while a woman is delousing a child. He also painted various versions of The Temptation of St Antony . This subject was very popular in Flemish art from the late 15th century. Catholics regard Saint Anthony as

3233-475: The throne at the beginning of the last decade of the Thirty Years' War and introduced lenient policies to depart from the old ideas of divine rights under his father, as he had wished to end the war quickly. After military defeats and against a background of declining power, Ferdinand was compelled to abandon the political stances of his Habsburg predecessors in many respects to open the long road towards

3294-429: Was a daughter of Leopold V, Archduke of Austria , and Claudia de' Medici . They were first cousins as male-line grandchildren of Charles II, Archduke of Austria , and Maria Anna of Bavaria . They had a single son: On 30 April 1651, Ferdinand III married Eleonora Gonzaga . She was a daughter of Charles IV Gonzaga, Duke of Rethel . They were parents to four children: Ferdinand III was a well-known patron of music and

3355-595: Was a prominent supporter of the Catholic Counter-Reformation . Although suggested as a candidate to replace Ferdinand as Holy Roman Emperor in 1657, he ensured his nephew Leopold I was elected when he reached 18 in July 1658. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III (Ferdinand Ernest; 13 July 1608 – 2 April 1657) was Archduke of Austria , King of Hungary and Croatia from 1625, King of Bohemia from 1627 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1637 to his death. Ferdinand ascended

3416-644: Was baptised as Ferdinand Ernst . He grew up in Carinthia with loving care from his parents and developed great affection for his siblings and his father with whom he always found a consensus in future disagreements. At his father's court, he received religious and scholarly training from Jesuits . The Maltese knights Johann Jacob von Dhaun (member of the Lower Austrian estate, a union of the local nobility) and Christoph Simon von Thun (the head of Ferdinand's Imperial court and household) had greatly influenced

3477-586: Was erroneously believed to be the brother, also called Jan, of the better known Dutch painter Adriaen van de Venne . Adriaen's brother Jan, however, died in Middelburg in 1625. Art historian Jacques Foucart from the Louvre corrected the wrong attribution in an article published in 1978. Foucart identified Pseudo-Van de Venne with another Jan van de Venne whom he identified as a Flemish artist. This identification of ‘Pseudo-Van de Venne’ with Jan van de Venne, an artist believed to have been born in Mechelen c. 1600, has since gained wide acceptance. Very little

3538-578: Was in art, and he patronised artists including David Teniers the Younger , Frans Snyders , Peter Snayers , Daniel Seghers , Peter Franchoys , Frans Wouters , Jan van den Hoecke and Pieter Thijs . His collection of 17th century Venetian and Dutch paintings are now held by the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Born at Wiener Neustadt on 5 January, 1614, he was the sixth of seven children born to Emperor Ferdinand II (1578-1637) and his first wife, Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574–1616). His elder brother became Emperor Ferdinand III (1608–1657). As

3599-511: Was notably splendid. The marriage, however, lasted little more than a year and ended with Maria Leopoldine's own premature death in childbirth. Ferdinand's last marriage was to Eleonora Magdalena Gonzaga of Mantua-Nevers in 1651. Empress Eleonora was very pious and donated, among other things, for the Ursuline monastery in Vienna and the Order of the Starry Cross for noble women. She was also well educated and interested in art. She also composed music and wrote poetry and, together with Ferdinand,

3660-403: Was prevented. As a matter of fact, the consequences for the Austrian hereditary lands were comparatively favourable. The expropriations in Bohemia and the Verneuerte Landesordnung (Renewed Regional Order) of 1627 remained untouched. Upper Austria , which had been pledged to Bavaria, stayed under Habsburg house rule without paying a refund. Despite many losses, the constitutional position of

3721-414: Was the centre of the Italian Academy. Ferdinand's sovereign power in the Austrian hereditary lands, as well his royal power in Hungary and Bohemia , was significantly greater than his predecessor's had been before 1618. Princely power was strengthened, and the influence of the estates was massively reduced. The church reform towards the Counter-reformation continued. Ferdinand formed a standing army from

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