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36-617: Badger's illustrated catalogues of cast-iron architectural elements provided the most extensive and ambitious offering of them in 19th-century America. Originally intended as an advertising device, the catalogue issued in 1865 was reprinted in 1981, with an introduction by Margot Gayle , and was digitized in 2011 by the Internet Archive with the support of the New York chapter of the Victorian Society of America. Badger

72-404: A cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available until the 20th century. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum —the spirochaete that causes syphilis —into compounds that selectively killed the pathogen. Ehrlich was awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize for his work on immunology , and pioneered

108-450: A role into identifying the relationships between bacteria and specific diseases. Since then, bacteriology has played a role in successful advances in science such as bacterial vaccines like diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid . Bacteriology can be studied and applied in many sub-fields relating to agriculture , marine biology , water pollution , bacterial genetics , veterinary medicine , biotechnology and others. A bacteriologist

144-471: A sheep or a horse) is added to the medium. When growing bacteria that are found in the intestines of mammals, such as salmonella , XLD agar which contains, among other ingredients deoxycholic acid is used. Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to

180-433: A study of disease prevention and treatment of diseases by vaccines. Pasteur's research led to Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister researching the importance of sanitized hands in medical work. In the 1840s, Semmelweis' observations and ideas surrounding sanitary techniques were rejected and his book on the topic condemned by the medical community due to its conflict with the prevailing theory and practice of humorism at

216-740: A woman in City Hall." She lost that election to Republican incumbent Stanley Isaacs . Gayle's involvement in city politics introduced her to the issue of historical preservation, which would become her life's work. In 1956 she became the only woman member on the historic buildings committee of the Municipal Art Society , under the leadership of Alan Burnham. The committee held meetings at the Century Club , where women were not permitted entry, so Margot had to keep up with committee activities by reading meeting minutes afterwards. In

252-728: Is a microbiologist or other trained professional in bacteriology. Bacteriologists are interested in studying and learning about bacteria, as well as using their skills in clinical settings. This includes investigating properties of bacteria such as morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry, phylogenetics, genomics and many other areas related to bacteria like disease diagnostic testing. They can also work as medical scientists, veterinary scientists, or diagnostic technicians in locations like clinics, blood banks, hospitals, laboratories and animal hospitals. Bacteriologists working in public health or biomedical research help develop vaccines for public use. The growth of bacteria in laboratory cultures

288-419: Is not due to spontaneous generation ( yeasts and molds , commonly associated with fermentation, are not bacteria, but rather fungi ). Along with his contemporary Robert Koch , Pasteur was an early advocate of the germ theory of disease . Between 1880 and 1881 Pasteur produced two successful vaccinations for animals against diseases caused by bacteria. The importance of bacteria was recognized as it led to

324-412: Is the cause of a disease , and these postulates are still used today. Both Koch and Pasteur played a role in improving antisepsis in medical treatment. In 1870-1885 the modern methods of bacteriology technique were introduced by the use of stains , and by the method of separating mixtures of organisms on plates of nutrient media. Though it had been known since the nineteenth century that bacteria are

360-425: Is the mainstay method used by bacteriologists. Both solid and liquid culture media are used. Solid culture medium is usually nutrient agar in a petri dish . The constituents of the nutrient agar vary according to the bacteria under investigation. For growing the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae , for example, which is dependent on hemin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for its growth, blood (usually from

396-462: The Royal Society of London . His observations also included protozoans, which he called animalcules . The German Ferdinand Cohn began studying bacteria in 1870 and is also said to be a founder of bacteriology, as he was the first to classify bacteria based on their morphology . Louis Pasteur demonstrated in 1859 that microorganisms cause the fermentation process, and that this growth

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432-823: The SoHo Cast Iron Historic District , which preserved Victorian era cast-iron architecture in New York City . Margot McCoy was born in Kansas City, Missouri . She earned an undergraduate degree from University of Michigan and a master's degree in bacteriology from Emory University . Gayle married accountant William T. Gayle and the couple lived in Greenwich Village in New York City until their divorce in 1957. She had two daughters, Carol and Gretchen. Gayle

468-541: The cholera bacterium Vibrio cholerae in 1854 in Florence during the Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1846-63 and clearly linked the presence of the bacterium in the intestinal mucosa of dead cholera patients to the disease. Although Pacini's work was available to the international scientific community via French and English translations, the discovery of the cholera-causing agent is often attributed to

504-410: The morphology , ecology , genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other aspects related to them. This subdivision of microbiology involves the identification, classification, and characterization of bacterial species. Because of the similarity of thinking and working with microorganisms other than bacteria, such as protozoa , fungi , and viruses , there has been a tendency for

540-499: The German physician Robert Koch who rediscovered it in 1884. Koch is credited for introducing the science of microorganisms including bacteria to the medical field. Koch, a pioneer in medical microbiology, worked on cholera , anthrax and tuberculosis . In his research into tuberculosis Koch finally proved the germ theory, for which he received a Nobel Prize in 1905. In Koch's postulates , he set out criteria to test if an organism

576-828: The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal from the Municipal Arts Society (1997); and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the New York State Historic Preservation Office (2000). She also received the Historic Districts Council 's Landmarks Lion award in 1993. A limited edition of a special beer was created and brewed in her honor In 2020 (and again in 2022). It was brewed by the Torch and Crown Brewing Company of SoHo New York and

612-565: The Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association. He was described as a "housesmith" in Boston, Massachusetts , when he set up a storefront of cast-iron columns and lintels in 1842, with the provision in the contract that if the untried new material were to prove unsuccessful he would substitute the usual granite piers. Later he claimed grandly that he was "the first person who practically used Iron for

648-560: The New York City Department of Water Supply, Gas, and Electricity to save 24 examples of the original 1896 "Bishop's crook" gas street lamp designed by Richard Rogers Bowker. They were later reproduced and became the standard street lamp model for historical projects in New York City. Gayle first moved to New York City as a script writer for CBS Radio . She wrote a talk show called The Margaret Allen Show , and sometimes included segments about architectural landmarks she

684-761: The Yorkville Clock at 85th St and Third Avenue (landmarked in 1981) and the Sun Clock, near City Hall at Broadway and Chambers Street. In 1958, after hearing that the Victorian-Gothic Jefferson Market Courthouse was being considered for sale by the city, Gayle began a community effort calling for the preservation of the building. The group included other local activists and luminaries like Ruth Wittenberg , Jane Jacobs , Lewis Mumford , Edward Hopper , Maurice Evans , and e.e. cummings . They first worked to get

720-489: The base of store-front details throughout Manhattan's SoHo – including the SoHo-Cast Iron Historic District – and NoHo neighborhoods. Notes Bibliography Margot Gayle Margot McCoy Gayle (Born Sarah Margaret McCoy May 14, 1908 – September 28, 2008) was an American historic preservationist , activist , and writer. She led the effort to designate

756-548: The building itself. The courthouse was renovated in 1967 under the oversight of architect Giorgio Cavaglieri and now houses a branch of the New York Public Library. This renovation was one of the first significant historical preservation projects in New York City, and set a precedent for a preservationist movement that would gain strength in the following decade. Margot Gayle described cast-iron architecture as her "all-consuming passion." In 1970 she founded

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792-549: The building material of an exterior", though the historian of cast-iron architecture in America, Margot Gayle, observes "the claim clearly cannot stand scrutiny". Badger acquired the patent of Arthur L. Johnson of Baltimore for rolling iron shopfront shutters, which he made ubiquitous as "Badger fronts". In 1846 he moved to New York, where his Boston partner Charles Reed soon joined him. An early handbill shows Badger's early four-storey brick factory at 44 Duane Street, New York, as it

828-628: The composting of fertilizing manures from the horse manure and other refuse of city streets. Badger retired in 1873, and died in 1884. Daniel Badger is interred in Green-Wood Cemetery , in Brooklyn , New York . In New York today, the most prominent surviving buildings for which Badger fabricated the cast iron are: Other extant buildings which feature facades cast by Badger include: Badger's cast legends D.D. Badger &Co. NY and ARCHITECTURAL IRON WORKS can still be found at

864-549: The facades really were made of iron. Gayle also worked to get landmark status for individual buildings including 287 Broadway , designed by John B. Snook ; 319 Broadway , designed by David and John Jardine ; and 90–94 Maiden Lane , the Roosevelt & Sons building. Gayle was also involved in the designation of the Bennett Building , New York City's largest cast-iron-fronted building. In 1973 Gayle convinced

900-547: The field of bacteriology to extend as microbiology. The terms were formerly often used interchangeably. However, bacteriology can be classified as a distinct science. Bacteriology is the study of bacteria and their relation to medicine. Bacteriology evolved from physicians needing to apply the germ theory to address the concerns relating to disease spreading in hospitals the 19th century. Identification and characterizing of bacteria being associated to diseases led to advances in pathogenic bacteriology . Koch's postulates played

936-713: The group the Friends of Cast Iron Architecture (FCIA) as part of the opposition to Robert Moses's plan to build an expressway through TriBeCa and SoHo. The expressway project was abandoned in 1971 and the 26-block SoHo Cast Iron Historic District was established in 1973. It preserved important buildings and protected the neighborhood from the rapid development that was occurring in neighboring areas of Manhattan . To increase public appreciation of cast-iron architecture, Gayle and other FCIA members led walking tours of architectural landmarks in SoHo, handing out magnets to demonstrate that

972-664: The stopped clocks on each side of the building back into working condition, holding meetings in Gayle's apartment at 44 West Ninth Street and called themselves the Committee of Neighbors To Get The Clock on the Jefferson Market Courthouse Started. After the preservationist groups gained the support of Manhattan Borough President Edward Dudley and Mayor Robert Wagner , the clock was back in working order by 1961 and Gayle shifted her focus to preserving

1008-404: The time. After Lister's publications, which supported hand washing and sanitation with germ theory, doctors started sanitizing their hands in the 1870s; mandatory handwashing was not incorporated into common health practice until as late as the 1980s. The discovery of the connection of microorganisms to disease came later in the nineteenth century, when Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini isolated

1044-518: The train shed was erected rapidly through the use of a traveling stage, upon which the arched girders were successively erected. Shortly thereafter, he erected the cast-iron Manhattan Market, with an arched girder roof, using the same traveling stage. Badger was also one of the founding partners of the New York Sanitary and Chemical Compost Manufacturing Company (incorporated 1864) for the purpose of manufacturing street-cleaning equipment and

1080-553: The use of stains to detect and identify bacteria, with his work being the basis of the Gram stain and the Ziehl–Neelsen stain . A major step forward in the study of bacteria came in 1977 when Carl Woese recognised that archaea have a separate line of evolutionary descent from bacteria. This new phylogenetic taxonomy came from the sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA and divided prokaryotes into two evolutionary domains as part of

1116-514: The wake of the destruction of Pennsylvania Station , she helped lobby on behalf of the landmarks preservation law of 1965. Gayle was the founder of many advocacy and preservationist groups in the New York City area, including the Victorian Society in America, the Friends of Cast-Iron Architecture, and the Friends of the City's Historic Clocks. She was especially interested in public clocks, and successfully fought to get many of them protected, including

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1152-568: Was a lifelong Democratic Party activist and a member of the League of Women Voters . While studying in Atlanta, she lobbied for repeal of the Jim Crow -era poll taxes that were meant to suppress voter registration, and was so active on that issue that she earned the nickname Poll Tax Margot. In 1957, she made a New York City Council bid as a reform candidate running with the slogan "We need

1188-519: Was born in 1806 to a shipbuilding family on Badger's Island in the harbor of Portsmouth, New Hampshire , and worked in a blacksmith 's shop in Portsmouth until he set up in Woburn, Massachusetts , as a maker of saws. Following a fire, he invested his savings in a foundry and rolling mill in Boston , where he was very successful. As a "black and white smith", he was admitted in 1837 as a member of

1224-656: Was interested in preserving, like the St. Peter's Church clock in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan. She wrote an architecture column for The Daily News for 16 years. Margot Gayle received the first New York Landmarks Conservancy Lucy G. Moses Preservation Leadership Award (1993); the General Tools Award for Distinguished Service to Industrial Archaeology from the Society for Industrial Archeology (1997);

1260-484: Was named "Magnetic Energy." The name refers to the magnets she gave to participants on her tours of SoHo. The magnets were used to identify the cast iron components in each building's facade. In 2022 a newly created public plaza in SoHo, Manhattan was named Rapkin-Gayle Plaza after Margot Gayle and urban planner Chester Rapkin. Bacteriology Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies

1296-465: Was shortly after 1848. His later foundry occupied the whole block in the East Village from 13th to 14th Streets and Avenues B to C. Badger's Architectural Iron Works sent prefabricated cast-iron elements as far afield as Havana and Cairo . Under his contract for the cast iron for the first Grand Central Depot (opened 1871), he erected the second-widest cast-iron span in the world at the time;

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