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92-536: ARF’s mandate is to find innovative and flexible solutions to the unique challenges that are ever-present in the Arctic . By developing effective science-community partnerships and physical infrastructure initiatives, ARF aims to contribute to the economic, social and spiritual well-being of communities, provide important and timely information on how and why the environment is changing, and inform systems-based, adaptive co-management approaches to climate adaptation . ARF

184-715: A Russian flag made of rust-proof titanium alloy . The flag-placing, during Arktika 2007 , generated commentary on and concern for a race for control of the Arctic's vast hydrocarbon resources. Foreign ministers and other officials representing Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States met in Ilulissat, Greenland on 28 May 2008 at the Arctic Ocean Conference and announced

276-513: A ring species exists and has been described around the Arctic Circle in the form of the Larus gulls. There are copious natural resources in the Arctic (oil, gas, minerals, fresh water, fish and, if the subarctic is included, forest) to which modern technology and the economic opening up of Russia have given significant new opportunities. The interest of the tourism industry is also on

368-632: A sonar scanner they were able to locate the ship. The Royal Canadian Navy assisted ARF members in finding the wreck of HMS Terror , with ARF founder Jim Balsillie thanking the Navy for its efforts saying, "This historic discovery could not have happened without the Royal Canadian Navy". Due to its Arctic home port, ARF’s vessel, the R/V Martin Bergmann , was responsible for at least 80 per cent of territory surveyed during

460-585: A 170-year search for Franklin's lost expedition . After seeing foreign vessels searching for the shipwrecks while flying over King William Island, Balsillie wanted to help bolster the Canadian efforts to locate the lost ships. After forming ARF, Balsillie and MacDonald decided to refurbish an Atlantic Canadian fishing vessel, the R/V Martin Bergmann , and make it available to Parks Canada’s archaeologists. A Parks Canada led expedition located

552-518: A general contractor, who also operate a service garage and a convenience store. The Canadian High Arctic Research Station also provides some local employment. There is a modern health centre, the Kitikmeot Regional Health Centre, in the community that opened in 2005. It provides facilities that were previously unavailable in the region, however certain procedures still require a trip to Yellowknife or Edmonton . In 2010

644-456: A generator for backup when the wind and sun both fall short. First becoming operational in 2019, Naurvik has harvested micro-greens , lettuce, peas, corn, and strawberries that are distributed to community elders and other residents. The crops harvested in the pod are chosen by the community. The project is a collaboration with the Hamlet of Gjoa Haven, ARF, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada ,

736-556: A number of definitions of what area is contained within the Arctic. The area can be defined as north of the Arctic Circle (about 66° 34'N), the approximate southern limit of the midnight sun and the polar night . Another definition of the Arctic, which is popular with ecologists , is the region in the Northern Hemisphere where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F);

828-419: A population of 1,760 living in 571 of its 701 total private dwellings, a change of -0.3% from its 2016 population of 1,766. With a land area of 195.78 km (75.59 sq mi), it had a population density of 9.0/km (23.3/sq mi) in 2021. The median age of the population in 2021 was 30.4 and 76.1% of the people were over 15. Both of these figures are slightly higher than the numbers for Nunavut as

920-534: A stand-alone Canada Post postal service. Other community businesses include Jago Services, plumbing and electrical, Qillaq operates construction services, mechanics shop, heating fuel and gasoline sales as well as a service garage. Kalgen's operates the Dis & Dat Convenience Store and a separate Dis & Dat Hardware Division (formerly Kitikmeot Supplies), a hardware store. Kalvik Enterprises and Nanook Woodworking, both construction companies and Inukshuk Enterprises,

1012-557: A study of Great Slave Lake's bathymetry , geological surveys of the area and a youth science expedition in partnership with Northern Youth Leadership. Stationed in Victoria , British Columbia , the R/V Tiriarnaq (length 19.2 m (63 ft), beam 5.18 metres (17.0 ft), draft 2.62 m (8 ft 7 in)), was a former Canadian Coast Guard vessel until 2019, when it was refitted to support science research. It

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1104-570: A whole (25.6 and 67.5%). In 2021, 82.4% (Nunavut: 85.2%) of the population were listed as Indigenous and 17.6% (Nunavut: 14.8%) as non-Aboriginal. Of the total population 79.5% (Nunavut: 83.7%) were Inuit , 0.9% (Nunavut: 0.3%) Métis and 0.6% (Nunavut: 0.5%) First Nations . Cambridge Bay is the location of the Canadian High Arctic Research Station (CHARS) campus as announced by Prime Minister Stephen Harper on 24 August 2010. This multidisciplinary station

1196-503: Is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic region, from the IERS Reference Meridian travelling east, consists of parts of northern Norway ( Nordland , Troms , Finnmark , Svalbard and Jan Mayen ), northernmost Sweden ( Västerbotten , Norrbotten and Lappland ), northern Finland ( North Ostrobothnia , Kainuu and Lappi ), Russia ( Murmansk , Siberia , Nenets Okrug , Novaya Zemlya ),

1288-519: Is a large variance in predictions of Arctic sea ice loss, with models showing near-complete to complete loss in September from 2035 to some time around 2067. Arctic life is characterized by adaptation to short growing seasons with long periods of sunlight, and cold, dark, snow-covered winter conditions. Arctic vegetation is composed of plants such as dwarf shrubs , graminoids , herbs , lichens , and mosses , which all grow relatively close to

1380-837: Is a refitted Atlantic Canadian fishing vessel operated by the Arctic Research Foundation in partnership with the University of Manitoba and the Churchill Marine Observatory , a multidisciplinary research facility located in Churchill , Manitoba . The R/V William Kennedy hosts a variety of researchers and scientists, including oceanographers , geneticists and biologists who partner with local communities to conduct scientific research throughout Hudson Bay. The Nahidik (length 54 m (177 ft), draft 2.0 m (6 ft 7 in))

1472-540: Is a repurposed Newfoundland fishing trawler stationed in Cambridge Bay , Nunavut and is operational during the ice free months of the year. The Bergmann is used for scientific research, archaeological exploration and mapping waterways around Victoria Island . The R/V William Kennedy (length 20 m (66 ft), beam 8.99 metres (29.5 ft), draft 4.1 m (13 ft)) is Canada’s first research vessel dedicated exclusively to Hudson Bay . The vessel

1564-826: Is a shallow draft research vessel operating in Great Slave Lake and throughout the Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories . It is the largest vessel in the ARF fleet measuring 54 m (177 ft) in length. The former Canadian Coast Guard vessel was refitted in partnership with the Government of the Northwest Territories in 2019 and has been operational since. The vessel has supported various science projects including

1656-468: Is a unique area among Earth's ecosystems. The cultures in the region and the Arctic indigenous peoples have adapted to its cold and extreme conditions. Life in the Arctic includes zooplankton and phytoplankton , fish and marine mammals , birds, land animals, plants and human societies. Arctic land is bordered by the subarctic . The word Arctic comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός ( arktikos ), "near

1748-677: Is also claiming a large swath of seabed along the Lomonosov Ridge but, unlike Denmark, confined its claim to its side of the Arctic region. In August 2015, Russia made a supplementary submission for the expansion of the external borders of its continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean , asserting that the eastern part of the Lomonosov Ridge and the Mendeleyev Ridge are an extension of the Eurasian continent. In August 2016,

1840-432: Is also a concern. Because of the amplified response of the Arctic to global warming, it is often seen as a leading indicator of global warming. The melting of Greenland's ice sheet is linked to polar amplification. The Arctic region is especially vulnerable to the effects of any climate change , as has become apparent with the reduction of sea ice in recent years. Climate models predict much greater climate change in

1932-486: Is also predicted to have a large impact on tundra vegetation, causing an increase of shrubs, and having a negative impact on bryophytes and lichens. Apart from concerns regarding the detrimental effects of warming in the Arctic, some potential opportunities have gained attention. The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage , shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising

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2024-609: Is expected that the vessel will be stationed in the Northwest Territories in the future, and specialize in supporting near coastal research. The R/V Jenny Pierre is a vessel co-owned by the community of Gjoa Haven and ARF, in the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut . Community members reached out to ARF to refurbish the former converted lobster boat to meet the growing research needs of local groups, including its hunter and trapper organization. ARF operates four mobile science labs and one Plant Production and Research Pod, which

2116-640: Is located in Gjoa Haven , Nunavut. The mobile labs are examples of shipping container architecture as they are built out of shipping containers . Each building is powered by either renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines or solar panels , or can be hooked into the communities power grid. The labs are insulated, heated, provided with toilets and water purifiers . In addition they can communicate via satellite . The mobile labs can be moved across remote Arctic environments, either by land or by sea. ARF's first Mobile Plant Production and Research Pod

2208-526: Is operated year-round by Polar Knowledge Canada , a federal agency. It is a keystone of Canada's Northern Strategy. Its mandate is stated: To be a world-class research station in Canada's Arctic that is on the cutting edge of Arctic issues. The Station will anchor a strong research presence in Canada's Arctic that serves Canada and the world. It will advance Canada's knowledge of the Arctic in order to improve economic opportunities, environmental stewardship, and

2300-574: Is operating in the Northern community of Gjoa Haven , Nunavut. Local residents named the project, Naurvik, which means "the growing place." There are three containers that have be repurposed as a "Grow Pod", "Utility Pod", and "Power Pod". The Plant Production and Research Pod, which utilizes hydroponics is an adaptation of the mobile lab, further developed to grow fresh produce and test new agriculture technologies. It operates from three shipping containers powered by solar panels and wind turbines with

2392-712: Is served by two CBC Radio One rebroadcasters to allow residents to hear Inuvialuktun language programming, which is the language spoken in Cambridge Bay, that is aired in the afternoons by CHAK . Cable television is available from the local Co-op and satellite television from either Shaw Direct or Bell Satellite TV . Although Cambridge Bay lies on the Northwest Passage, there are no passenger ships other than tourist cruises. Lines include NEAS (from Nunavut and Nunavik ) and Nunavut Sealink and Supply , Arctic Co-operatives Limited , Desgagnes Transarctik ,

2484-745: Is subject to some regulatory control through the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters , adopted by the International Maritime Organization on 1 January 2017 and applies to all ships in Arctic waters over 500 tonnes. Research in the Arctic has long been a collaborative international effort, evidenced by the International Polar Year . The International Arctic Science Committee , hundreds of scientists and specialists of

2576-606: The Muttaburrasaurus of Australia. However, others claim that dinosaurs lived year-round at very high latitudes, such as near the Colville River , which is now at about 70° N but at the time (70 million years ago) was 10° further north. The earliest inhabitants of North America's central and eastern Arctic are referred to as the Arctic small tool tradition (AST) and existed c.  2500 BCE . AST consisted of several Paleo-Eskimo cultures, including

2668-692: The Arctic Council , and the Barents Euro-Arctic Council are more examples of collaborative international Arctic research. While there are several ongoing territorial claims in the Arctic , no country owns the geographic North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The surrounding six Arctic states that border the Arctic Ocean—Canada, Kingdom of Denmark (with Greenland), Iceland, Norway, Russia, and

2760-667: The Arctic poppy ). Herbivores on the tundra include the Arctic hare , lemming , muskox , and reindeer (caribou). They are preyed on by the snowy owl , Arctic fox , grizzly bear , and Arctic wolf . The polar bear is also a predator, though it prefers to hunt for marine life from the ice. There are also many birds and marine species endemic to the colder regions. Other terrestrial animals include wolverines , moose , Dall sheep , ermines , and Arctic ground squirrels . Marine mammals include seals , walruses , and several species of cetacean — baleen whales and also narwhals , orcas , and belugas . An excellent and famous example of

2852-557: The Bering Strait . This was the furthest east any large ship travelled from the Bering Strait until Henry Larsen 's west–east sailing of the Northwest Passage aboard St. Roch in 1941. Cambridge Bay was the site of Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) outposts established during the 1920s. Although at this point most Inuit would have continued the traditional lifestyle, and only visited

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2944-557: The Ekalluk River . The Ekalluk River is both an important commercial fishing and archaeological area, and of particular importance is the short section of the river known as Iqaluktuuq . About 37 km (23 mi) west of the community lie the Finlayson Islands which were surveyed by Sir Richard Collinson on board HMS Enterprise during his search for the lost expedition of Sir John Franklin . The area

3036-472: The Fort Smith Region, Northwest Territories , Cambridge Bay became the administrative centre for the Kitikmeot Region, Northwest Territories , and remained so for the new Kitikmeot Region after the 1999 division of the Northwest Territories . In 1982 a division plebiscite was held. Although about 80% of the population then living in what is now Nunavut voted in favour of division, Cambridge Bay

3128-581: The Government of Nunavut . Cambridge Bay is the largest stop for passenger and research vessels traversing the Arctic Ocean 's Northwest Passage , a disputed area which the Government of Canada claims are Canadian Internal Waters , while other nations state they are either territorial waters or international waters . The first known people to occupy the area were the Pre-Dorset people, somewhere around 1800 BCE, about 4,000 years ago, and were seal and caribou hunters. The next group to enter

3220-605: The Hecla-class bomb vessel , HMS Erebus , in September 2014 after Inuit identified the search area. In September 2016, the ARF announced the discovery of the wreck of the Royal Navy 's long-lost HMS Terror off the south-west coast of King William Island in Terror Bay , which was abandoned in 1848 during Sir John Franklin 's ill-fated voyage through the Northwest Passage . ARF spokesperson, Adrian Schimnowski, said

3312-627: The Ilulissat Declaration , blocking any "new comprehensive international legal regime to govern the Arctic Ocean," and pledging "the orderly settlement of any possible overlapping claims." As of 2012, the Kingdom of Denmark is claiming the continental shelf based on the Lomonosov Ridge between Greenland and over the North Pole to the northern limit of the exclusive economic zone of Russia . The Russian Federation

3404-617: The Independence cultures and Pre-Dorset culture. The Dorset culture ( Inuktitut : Tuniit or Tunit ) refers to the next inhabitants of central and eastern Arctic. The Dorset culture evolved because of technological and economic changes during the period of 1050–550 BCE. With the exception of the Quebec / Labrador peninsula, the Dorset culture vanished around 1500 CE. Supported by genetic testing , evidence shows that descendants of

3496-755: The National Research Council and the Canadian Space Agency . Arctic Focus is a media platform hosted and developed by ARF. Established in August 2018, Arctic Focus publishes stories from across the Arctic authored by researchers, northern residents, explorers and journalists. It aims to foster education about Arctic regions while also offering a platform for Northern based creators and writers to publish their work. Arctic The Arctic ( / ˈ ɑːr k t ɪ k / or / ˈ ɑːr t ɪ k / ) (from Greek ἄρκτος, 'bear')

3588-469: The Northwest Passage and had crossed the sea ice on foot. Another overland expedition led by John Rae reached Cambridge Bay in 1851, and the first ship to reach the bay was HMS Enterprise under Richard Collinson who wintered there in 1852/53. Both Rae and Collinson were searching for Franklin's lost expedition . Collinson's ship came from the west, having entered the Canadian Arctic via

3680-852: The UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf began to consider Russia's submission. Canada claims the Northwest Passage as part of its internal waters belonging to Canada, while the United States and most maritime nations regards it as an international strait , which means that foreign vessels have right of transit passage. Since 1937, the larger portion of the Asian-side Arctic region has been extensively explored by Soviet and Russian crewed drifting ice stations . Between 1937 and 1991, 88 international polar crews established and occupied scientific settlements on

3772-562: The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development , on 21 June 2012, proposed protecting the Arctic, similar to the Antarctic Treaty System . The initial focus of the campaign will be a UN resolution creating a global sanctuary around the pole, and a ban on oil drilling and unsustainable fishing in the Arctic. The Arctic has climate change rates that are amongst the highest in the world. Due to

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3864-600: The University of Regina , is able to offer a Bachelor of Education . The Kitikmeot Inuit Association , Nunavut Impact Review Board , and Nunavut Planning Commission have offices in Cambridge Bay, as well as the Lands and Resources Department of Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated . There are three churches in Cambridge Bay: St. George's Anglican Church, which is part of the Diocese of Arctic , Our Lady of

3956-668: The birthing centre was opened in the same building and included local midwives. In 2017, the long term residential care unit was opened upstairs at the Kitikmeot Regional Health Centre. There is a RCMP detachment in Cambridge Bay and the Kitikmeot Law Centre has its offices in the community. The hotels include the Umingmak Lodge Bed and Breakfast, the Arctic Islands Lodge, run by the Co-op and

4048-430: The drift ice and were carried thousands of kilometres by the ice flow. The Arctic is comparatively clean, although there are certain ecologically difficult localized pollution problems that present a serious threat to people's health living around these pollution sources. Due to the prevailing worldwide sea and air currents, the Arctic area is the fallout region for long-range transport pollutants , and in some places

4140-424: The permafrost thaws. The melting of Greenland's ice sheet is linked to polar amplification . Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking. Perhaps the most alarming result of this is Arctic sea ice shrinkage. There

4232-546: The 1960s. On 27 April 2006, a large portion of the church, which had been designated a heritage site by the Hamlet Council, was destroyed by a fire which the RCMP said was deliberate. A Distant Early Warning Line site was established in 1955 and about 200 Inuit were hired to help in the construction. The military presence and the services and economy this represented acted as a magnet for Inuit who had previously used

4324-800: The Arctic Roman Catholic Church , which is part of the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith , and the Glad Tidings Pentecostal Church. There are several businesses in the community and these include a Northern Store which includes a Quick Stop, selling KFC and Pizza Hut products, the Ikaluktutiak Co-operative, part of the Arctic Co-operatives Limited , a branch of the Royal Bank of Canada and

4416-685: The Arctic than the global average, resulting in significant international attention to the region. In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide. The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost , leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms. Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases . Climate change

4508-473: The Bear, northern" and from the word ἄρκτος ( arktos ), meaning bear. The name refers either to the constellation known as Ursa Major , the "Great Bear", which is prominent in the northern portion of the celestial sphere , or to the constellation Ursa Minor , the "Little Bear", which contains the celestial north pole (currently very near Polaris , the current north Pole Star, or North Star). There are

4600-606: The Dorset culture, known as the Sadlermiut , survived in Aivilik, Southampton and Coats Islands , until the beginning of the 20th century. The Dorset / Thule culture transition dates around the ninth–10th centuries CE. Scientists theorize that there may have been cross-contact of the two cultures with sharing of technology, such as fashioning harpoon heads, or the Thule may have found Dorset remnants and adapted their ways with

4692-422: The Dorset people in "an example of prehistoric genocide." By 1300 CE, the Inuit , present-day Arctic inhabitants and descendants of Thule culture, had settled in west Greenland, and moved into east Greenland over the following century ( Inughuit , Kalaallit and Tunumiit are modern Greenlandic Inuit groups descended from Thule). Over time, the Inuit have migrated throughout the Arctic regions of Eastern Russia,

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4784-412: The Green Row operated by Inukshuk Enterprises. Phone service is provided by Northwestel , a division of BCE Inc. and, with their companion Bell Mobility , also handle cell phone coverage. Buildings in Cambridge Bay, like in most Nunavut communities, have water and sewage tanks that require regular services by truck. These services along with garbage pick-up are done by the Hamlet. Cambridge Bay

4876-449: The Inuit, but were easily scared off. The next group to arrive were the Thule people , ancestors of the modern Inuit, who arrived in the area around 1250 CE from present day Alaska . The Thule people built food caches and stone houses in the area and were noted for their sophisticated tools. Although there is no positive evidence it is suspected that the Thule may have interacted with the Tuniit. About 500 years ago, around 1500 CE,

4968-475: The North , and Saami Council ). The council operates on consensus basis, mostly dealing with environmental treaties and not addressing boundary or resource disputes. Though Arctic policy priorities differ , every Arctic nation is concerned about sovereignty/defense, resource development, shipping routes, and environmental protection. Much work remains on regulatory agreements regarding shipping, tourism, and resource development in Arctic waters. Arctic shipping

5060-477: The Qikiqtaaluk Corporation, Sakku Investments Corporation and the Kitikmeot Corporation. provide annual sealift to the community. The only passenger services are through the Cambridge Bay Airport , from which daily air service to Yellowknife and other Kitikmeot Region communities are offered by Canadian North . Charter and MEDIVAC ( air ambulance ) services are provided by Keewatin Air . Former MEDIVAC operator Adlair Aviation still operates charters in

5152-422: The United States ( Alaska ), Canada ( Yukon , Northwest Territories , Nunavut ), Danish Realm ( Greenland ), and northern Iceland ( Grímsey and Kolbeinsey ), along with the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas. Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost under the tundra . Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places. The Arctic region

5244-631: The United States, Canada, and Greenland. Other Circumpolar North indigenous peoples include the Chukchi , Evenks , Iñupiat , Khanty , Koryaks , Nenets , Sámi , Yukaghir , Gwichʼin , and Yupik . The eight Arctic nations (Canada, Kingdom of Denmark [Greenland & The Faroe Islands], Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, and US) are all members of the Arctic Council , as are organizations representing six indigenous populations (The Aleut International Association , Arctic Athabaskan Council , Gwich'in Council International , Inuit Circumpolar Council , Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of

5336-443: The United States—are limited to a 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) off their coasts. Two Arctic states (Finland and Sweden) do not have direct access to the Arctic Ocean. Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , a country has ten years to make claims to an extended continental shelf beyond its 200 nautical mile zone. Due to this, Norway (which ratified

5428-404: The area as a temporary site for meeting, hunting, fishing and trade, and a permanent community was soon established across the bay in its current location. Unlike the majority of the DEW Line radar sites which were abandoned or automated, this site which changed in 1989, known as CAM-MAIN, remains a manned operation, with about 18 people, as part of the North Warning System . Originally part of

5520-415: The area rather than live there permanently. The HBC opened a post here in 1921, later than in most places, and built at the site now called the "old town". In 1925 the HBC purchased the historic ship Maud , which they renamed the Baymaud , from the creditors of Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen . The ship sailed to the Arctic in 1926 but it became stuck in the winter ice at Cambridge Bay. The Maud

5612-412: The area were a Paleo-Eskimo peoples known as the Dorset , who arrived approximately 500 CE. They were the first known people to have fished for the Arctic char . The last of the Paleo-Eskimo people, who appeared here about 800 CE, were the Tuniit , and evidence of their living quarters can be seen close to Cambridge Bay. The Tuniit, who were known to the Inuit as giants, were taller and stronger than

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5704-448: The coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F). Coastal Arctic climates are moderated by oceanic influences, having generally warmer temperatures and heavier snowfalls than the colder and drier interior areas. The Arctic is affected by current global warming , leading to climate change in the Arctic , including Arctic sea ice decline , diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet , and Arctic methane emissions as

5796-399: The concentrations exceed the levels of densely populated urban areas. An example of this is the phenomenon of Arctic haze , which is commonly blamed on long-range pollutants. Another example is with the bioaccumulation of PCB's ( polychlorinated biphenyls ) in Arctic wildlife and people. There have been many proposals to preserve the Arctic over the years. Most recently a group of stars at

5888-413: The convention in 1996), Russia (ratified in 1997), Canada (ratified in 2003) and the Kingdom of Denmark (ratified in 2004) launched projects to establish claims that certain sectors of the Arctic seabed should belong to their territories. On 2 August 2007, two Russian bathyscaphes , MIR-1 and MIR-2 , for the first time in history descended to the Arctic seabed beneath the North Pole and placed there

5980-491: The day-to-day operations of the station. In addition it is expected that 150 jobs will be created during construction for local and other people throughout the north. However, some of these jobs will require the hiring of specialised people from southern locales. Construction began in August 2014 and opened on August 21, 2019. Construction costed $ 250 million. Several educational services are available, including daycare, preschool, Kullik Ilihakvik (elementary school) named for

6072-448: The government would provide $ 46.2 million for the CHARS Science and Technology Program. The prime minister stated that to provide for the continuing research and operations $ 26.5 million per year, beginning in 2018–19, would be made available. It is expected that the station will provide 35 to 50 jobs. These jobs, which will be full-time, part-time and seasonal, will start in 2017 and run the Science and Technology Program as well as provide

6164-429: The ground, forming tundra . An example of a dwarf shrub is the bearberry . As one moves northward, the amount of warmth available for plant growth decreases considerably. In the northernmost areas, plants are at their metabolic limits, and small differences in the total amount of summer warmth make large differences in the amount of energy available for maintenance, growth and reproduction. Colder summer temperatures cause

6256-424: The increase. The Arctic contains some of the last and most extensive continuous wilderness areas in the world, and its significance in preserving biodiversity and genotypes is considerable. The increasing presence of humans fragments vital habitats. The Arctic is particularly susceptible to the abrasion of groundcover and to the disturbance of the rare breeding grounds of the animals that are characteristic to

6348-406: The major impacts to the region from climate change the near climate future of the region will be extremely different under all scenarios of warming. The effects of climate change in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice , and melting of the Greenland ice sheet . Potential methane release from the region, especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates ,

6440-423: The modern Inuit made an appearance. Like the Thule they made use of caches, hunted caribou and fished for char. They also hunted seal from the ice in winter and returned to the land in spring. They were also known to make use of inukhuk and built igluit . Although they had no collective name, the various groups of Inuit that made use of native copper for tools have since become known as Copper Inuit and are

6532-464: The northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region. The climate of the Arctic region is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. Its precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow and is low, with most of the area receiving less than 50 cm (20 in). High winds often stir up snow, creating the illusion of continuous snowfall. Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and

6624-752: The operation of research vessels, remote mobile laboratories and community growing pods. ARF maintains and operates five research vessels: the R/V Martin Bergmann , the R/V William Kennedy , and the R/V Jenny Pierre , the R/V Tiriarnaq , and the R/V Nahidik . These vessels support numerous science and community programs across Canada's Arctic regions . The R/V Martin Bergmann (length 18.42 m (60.4 ft) beam 5.68 m (18.6 ft), draft 3.43 m (11.3 ft))

6716-603: The possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route . One harbinger of the opening navigability of the Arctic took place in the summer of 2016 when the Crystal Serenity successfully navigated the Northwest Passage, a first for a large cruise ship. In addition, it is believed that the Arctic seabed may contain substantial oil fields which may become accessible if the ice covering them melts. These factors have led to recent international debates as to which nations can claim sovereignty or ownership over

6808-523: The predecessor culture. The evidence suggested that Inuit descend from the Birnirk of Siberia, who through the Thule culture expanded into northern Canada and Greenland, where they genetically and culturally completely replaced the Indigenous Dorset people some time after 1300 CE. The question of why the Dorset disappeared so completely has led some to suggest that Thule invaders wiped out

6900-474: The quality of life of Northerners and all Canadians. Cambridge Bay was chosen after a feasibility study that also included Pond Inlet and Resolute as potential locations. Prime Minister Harper announced that, starting in 2012, the Government of Canada would spend $ 142.4 million over a six-year period to build, equip and provision the station. Additionally, again starting in 2012 and spread over six years,

6992-610: The region. In the summer floatplane charters are provided by DAL Aviation from the Cambridge Bay Water Aerodrome . In 2012, the roads of Cambridge Bay were imaged for Google Street View by a tricycle fitted with a camera system. While Cambridge Bay had no cars at the time (only snowmobiles, ATVs, SUVs, buses and trucks), Google responded to a proposal by Cambridge Bay resident Chris Kalluk to include Arctic communities in Street View in order to educate

7084-777: The region. The Arctic also holds 1/5 of the Earth's water supply. During the Cretaceous time period , the Arctic still had seasonal snows, though only a light dusting and not enough to permanently hinder plant growth. Animals such as the Chasmosaurus , Hypacrosaurus , Troodon , and Edmontosaurus may have all migrated north to take advantage of the summer growing season, and migrated south to warmer climes when winter came. A similar situation may also have been found amongst dinosaurs that lived in Antarctic regions, such as

7176-564: The rest of the world. Through Google Street View, one can even enter the indoor swimming pool and have a look around. Cambridge Bay has a polar climate , no month having an average temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher, and is listed as ET on the Köppen climate classification . It has never recorded a temperature above freezing between 31 October and 19 April. Summers are typically cool and rainy, with pleasant days and chilly nights. Winters are cold, dark, and long, with October being

7268-661: The same people that Vilhjalmur Stefansson called the Blond Eskimos . The main groups that lived or interacted in the Cambridge Bay area were the Ekalluktogmiut (Iqaluktuurmiutat or Ikaluktuurmiut), Ahiagmiut (Ahiarmiut), the Killinirmuit and the Umingmuktogmiut . The first Europeans to reach Cambridge Bay were overland Arctic explorers led by Thomas Simpson in 1839; they were searching for

7360-607: The search. When the search for the HMS ; Terror and HMS  Erebus concluded, Balsillie and MacDonald saw opportunities to expand the foundation in order to generate broader public interest in the Arctic and challenges faced in the region. ARF refocused its efforts on developing partnerships and infrastructure to support initiatives including food security, climate change and economic development. Since 2011, ARF has made possible dozens of scientific missions and contributed to many cultural initiatives in Arctic regions with

7452-432: The size, abundance, productivity and variety of plants to decrease. Trees cannot grow in the Arctic, but in its warmest parts, shrubs are common and can reach 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in height; sedges , mosses and lichens can form thick layers. In the coldest parts of the Arctic, much of the ground is bare; non-vascular plants such as lichens and mosses predominate, along with a few scattered grasses and forbs (like

7544-588: The snowiest month. Snowfall and frosts are possible all year round, though rare during July. Rainfall is usually limited to the summer months of June to September, when the temperature rises above freezing for a few months before dipping back down for another nine months of winter. Average high temperatures reach freezing around June 1 and drop below freezing around September 24. Springs are typically sunny but still very chilly. Autumns are short and crisp, with more frequent cloud cover starting to appear during August and with September being almost constantly cloudy. The sun

7636-526: The traditional Inuinnaqtun name for the area is Ikaluktutiak (old orthography ) or Iqaluktuuttiaq (new orthography) meaning "good fishing place". The traditional language of the area is Inuinnaqtun and is written using the Latin alphabet rather than the syllabics of the Inuktitut writing system. Like Kugluktuk , Bathurst Inlet and Umingmaktok , syllabics are rarely seen and used mainly by

7728-651: The traditional stone lamp the qulliq , Killinik High School, and a public library and museum located in the high school. The community is also the regional centre for the Kitikmeot Campus of Nunavut Arctic College who oversee the Cambridge Bay Community Learning Centre. Courses range from Adult Basic Education to the Nunavut Teacher Education Program (NTEP), which, in partnership with

7820-402: The waters of the Arctic. Cambridge Bay Cambridge Bay ( Inuinnaqtun : Iqaluktuuttiaq Inuktitut : ᐃᖃᓗᒃᑑᑦᑎᐊᖅ ; 2021 population 1,760; population centre 1,403 ) is a hamlet located on Victoria Island in the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut , Canada. It is the largest settlement on Victoria Island. Cambridge Bay is named for Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge , while

7912-465: The wreck was found in nearly pristine condition in about 24 m (80 ft) of water, with most windowpanes still intact. Intending to search about 100 km (62 mi) further north the R/V Bergmann sailed into Terror Bay on the advice of Sammy Kogvik, a resident of Gjoa Haven. Kogvik, and other Inuit from Gjoa Haven had reported over several years that there was a ship in the bay. Using

8004-461: Was a traditional hunting and fishing location and archaeological sites are often found. The barren-ground caribou , muskox , Arctic char , lake trout and ringed seal were the primary prey, and remain important food sources. Situated east of Cambridge Bay is Ovayok Territorial Park , which includes the large esker known as Uvayuq , formerly Ovayok or Mount Pelly. In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada , Cambridge Bay had

8096-545: Was built near the previous location of Cambridge Bay. The construction of the LORAN tower involved hiring Inuit who, after the tower was complete, remained in the area. The tower was demolished 5 August 2014. In 1954 construction was completed on the Roman Catholic Church. The church, Cambridge Bay's first, was constructed from local material using seal oil and sand as mortar , and was used for services until

8188-591: Was delayed to 2015 due to ice conditions preventing the arrival of salvage equipment until late in the open water season. The planned salvage of 2015 was also delayed, however during the summer of 2016 the Maud was raised and prepared for return to Norway during the summer of 2017, where she will be displayed at a museum in Vollen , Asker . In 1947 following World War II the Cambridge Bay LORAN Tower

8280-505: Was founded in 2011 by Jim Balsillie , former co-CEO of Research in Motion , and Waterloo-area businessman, Tim MacDonald, to assist Parks Canada 's search for HMS  Terror and HMS  Erebus . English explorer Sir John Franklin set sail in search of the Northwest Passage in 1845. HMS Erebus , HMS Terror and crew were last seen by Inuit near King William Island and never returned to England. Their disappearance prompted

8372-416: Was later anchored near the shore and used for various purposes, including the first ever radio weather reports from the Arctic coast. In 1930 the ship sank and, although some material was removed at the time, the ship remained visible for 86 years. A Norwegian plan to salvage the ship and return it to Norway, though initially denied an export permit, was granted on appeal, and was to be carried out in 2014 but

8464-620: Was one of only two communities to vote against division. Kugluktuk , then called Coppermine, was the other. Situated between Dease Strait and Queen Maud Gulf on the southeast coast of Victoria Island ( Kitlineq ), part of the Arctic Archipelago , Cambridge Bay is a transportation and administrative centre for the Kitikmeot Region. To the north of the community is Tahiryuaq (also spelt Tahikyoak and formerly Ferguson Lake) which flows into Wellington Bay via

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