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52-560: The Arctic Winter Games are a biennial multi-sport and indigenous cultural event involving circumpolar peoples residing in communities or countries bordering the Arctic Ocean . The Arctic Winter Games were founded in 1969 under the leadership of Alaska Governor Walter J. Hickel , Stuart (Stu) M. Hodgson , Commissioner of the Northwest Territories , and James Smith , Commissioner of Yukon . The idea to "provide

104-672: A forum where athletes from the circumpolar North could compete on their own terms, on their own turf" came from Cal Miller, an advisor with the Yukon team at the 1967 Canada Winter Games . In 1970 in Yellowknife , Canada, 500 athletes, trainers and officials came together for the first Arctic Winter Games. The participants came from the Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Alaska. Participants now come from Alaska , Northern Alberta , Yukon , Nunavut , Nunavik , Northwest Territories , Greenland , Finland and Norway . The games in 2002 were

156-580: A regime of co-management between the states and the indigenous communities present in the territory on which the resource extraction is being held. Moreover, the law states that indigenous peoples have to be part of « strategic planning », in other words in defining the various deadlines of such projects. They should as well receive a « fair and equitable benefit sharing ». A revenue sharing scheme would improve Arctic indigenous peoples' living standards and enable them to gain further economic autonomy. Finally, following United Nation Declaration of

208-568: A river. Since the Komi people inhabit territories densely covered with forests, the main material for the construction of houses and farm buildings has traditionally been wood. Komi dwellings in many respects resemble North Russian houses in their internal structure. 2 major types of house types exist among the Komi, the Sysol house type (Сысольский тип) and the Vym house type (Bымский тип). The Sysol home

260-520: A single language with two regional language standards. The two separate standards were created in the early Soviet era partly because of the traditional administrative borders, and partly to hinder pan-Komi nationalistic aspirations. Until the 18th century, Komi was written in the Old Permic script (Komi: Важ Перым гижӧм, 𐍮𐍐‎𐍕 𐍟‎𐍔‎𐍠𐍨𐍜 𐍒‎𐍣‎𐍕𐍩𐍜‎, Važ Perym gižöm ), also known as Anbur in reference in reference to its first 2 letters, which

312-716: A state-only control as the Arctic Council's aim is to focus on sustainable development and environmental protection in the Arctic region, excluding de facto other topics like security or border disputes. Circumpolar peoples do not have access or have only limited access to these types of discussions which concerns their land but are discussed elsewhere. In 2023, the Statement of the Arctic Peoples’ Conference 2023 – Inuiaat Issittormiut Ataatsimeersuarnerat 2023

364-585: A wider area than the Russian Perm , extending into the Arkhangelsk Oblast . Since the 20th century, the name has been applied only to the southern Komi (Komi-Permyaks) in the Perm Krai. In Russia, permyak also means "an inhabitant of Perm or Perm Krai", regardless of ethnicity. The name for the northern Komis – Zyryans – has a more contradictory origin. It exists since at least

416-549: Is composed of Inuit . It is difficult to find an exact number of the indigenous peoples in the Arctic as states have a tendency to downplay the numbers. Moreover, each state has its own different methods to count its indigenous population. For instance, Russia excludes from the official status of "small peoples of the North" ( Russian : "малые народы Севера" or "Коренные малочисленные народы Севера" ) every community that exceeds  50,000 people. They are therefore excluding from

468-408: Is in a square-shaped, divided internally between a commercial section and the private section for its residents. The Vym house type is not very easy to distinguish from the Sysol home, its major differences lying in the windows and internal arrangement. The Izhma Komi, living in sparsely-wooded areas live in chum tents. The efforts of Stephen of Perm to convert the Komi people to Orthodoxy had allowed

520-486: Is named for Stuart (Stu) Milton Hodgson , former Commissioner of the Northwest Territories. The past winners of the trophy are: The Arctic Winter Games International Committee consists of the following people A total of 29 sports have been represented at the Arctic Winter Games. Arctic Sports, badminton, cross country skiing, ice hockey and volleyball are the only sports to be featured in all editions of

572-530: Is sometimes mistakenly translated. The voice of indigenous people in the Arctic is important as they have usually been seen as the representatives and voices of the impact of climate change in the Arctic . Some numerically large indigenous communities hold a role in the geopolitics of the Arctic region through the status of permanent participant in the Arctic Council . It is the case of the Aleuts though

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624-630: Is typical for the Uralic-speaking peoples. 37% carry its subclade N1c and 18.5 percent belong to subgroup N-P43 . The second most common Y-haplogroup for Komi is R1a (27.4%). Among the mtDNA haplogroups, the most common is H (33%). About one in four have the haplogroup U . 13.6 % belong to its subgroup U4 and 9.9% belong to subgroup U5 . Haplogroup T is found with a frequency of 13.3%. A study on northeastern European populations, published in March 2013, found that Komi-Zyryans form

676-1229: The Aleut International Association , the Canadian and Alaskan Athabaskans through the Arctic Athabaskan Council , the Gwichʼin through the Gwich'in Council International , the Inuit through the Inuit Circumpolar Council , the Sámi through the Saami Council and the Indigenous peoples of the Russian north through Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON). Generally, when indigenous peoples participate in international discussion, they have

728-676: The Vychegda , Pechora and Kama rivers in northeastern European Russia . They mostly reside in the Komi Republic , Perm Krai , Murmansk Oblast , Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug , and Nenets Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Federation . There have been at least three names for the Komi: Permyaks , Zyrians (Russian: пермяки, зыряне ) and Komi . The name Permyaks first appeared in Russian sources in

780-467: The 10th century and came from the ancient name of the land between the Mezen and Pechora rivers– Perm or " Great Perm " ( Russian : Пермь Великая ). Several origins of the name have been proposed but the most accepted is from Veps Peräma "back, outer or far-away land". In Old Norse and Old English , it was known as Bjarmaland and Beormas respectively but those Germanic names designate

832-540: The 14th century and has many different forms in various Russian sources such as Seryan, Siryan, Syryan, Suryan and Ziryan, Ziranian, Zyryan ( Russian : серьяне, сирьяне, сыряне, суряне, зиряне, зыряне ), but the latter finally became predominant. Turkin believed that it may come from a small tribe of the Komi (probably named saran ) which was first met by the Russians, who used the name for all northern Komi. The neighbouring Uralic-speaking peoples use similar names for

884-528: The 1860s. A national movement to revive Komi culture also emerged. Russian rule in the area collapsed after World War I and the revolutions of 1917 . In the subsequent Russian Civil War , the Bolsheviks fought the Allies for control of the region. The Allied forces encouraged the Komi to set up their own independent state with the help of political prisoners freed from the local penal colonies. After

936-649: The 336,309 recorded as Komi in the 1989 census. The Komi language belongs to the Permian branch of the Uralic family . There is limited mutual intelligibility with Udmurt . There are two main dialects: Zyrian in the Komi Republic and Permyak in the Komi-Permyak Okrug , which have been traditionally treated as separate languages. They are mutually intelligible, and can also be considered to form

988-582: The Allies withdrew in 1919, the Bolsheviks took over. They promoted Komi culture with the policy of korenizatsiya , but increased industrialisation damaged the Komi traditional way of life and the landscape of the republic. Stalin 's purges of the 1930s devastated the Komi intelligentsia , who were accused of "bourgeois nationalism". The remote and inhospitable region was also regarded as an ideal location for gulags . The influx of political prisoners and

1040-493: The Arctic Winter Games has become a platform for showcasing the talents and traditions of northern communities. The next Arctic Winter Games are scheduled to take place in Whitehorse , Yukon from 8–15 March 2026. Since 2004 the same nine contingents have participated in the Arctic Winter Games. Another four contingents have taken part in the games throughout the games' history: Russia , Magadan , Tyumen and Chukotka . In

1092-484: The Arctic Winter Games. The table below shows the sports and the years in which they have been a part of the Arctic Winter Games programme. Circumpolar peoples Approximately four million people are resident in the Arctic , among which 10 percent are indigenous peoples belonging to a vast number of distinct communities. They represent a minority with the exception of Greenland of which 90 percent of its population

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1144-637: The Inuit, and other related peoples, have migrated throughout the Arctic and subarctic regions of Canada ( Inuit Nunangat ), Greenland , Russia ( Siberia ), and the United States ( Alaska ). Other Indigenous peoples of the circumpolar north include the Chukchi , Evenks , Iñupiat , Khanty , Koryaks , Nenets , Sámi , Yukaghir , and Yupik . Yupik people still refer to themselves as Eskimo which means "snowshoe netters", not "raw meat eaters" as it

1196-514: The Komi Republic resides in urban centres but a notable minority continues to live in villages. The Komi population in the countryside tends to be higher than that of Komi in urban areas, where ethnic Russians make up the majority of the population. Like the rest of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia, the population continues to steadily decrease - the 2010 census recorded only 228,235 people who indicated their nationality as "Komi", as compared to

1248-401: The Komi people is quite diverse and has numerous local variants. While men's clothing had remained mostly similar throughout the territories inhabited by the Komi people (excluding the winter costumes of Komi males), women's clothing has more variety, each region having its own distinct clothing type. These differences lie in the embroidery technique, type of fabrics and ornamentation. In general,

1300-574: The Komi to begin constructing and experimenting with church architecture, creating many churches with the tented-roof style similarly to the constructions happening in Northern Russia and Pomerania. While most churches in the territory of the republic were constructed with wood, select churches and monasteries featured stone construction. The republic had over 430 churches in 1917, but this number has fallen down to just 130, 31 of which are registered under heritage programs. The national dress of

1352-667: The Komi to have invented skis , Joma (Ёма) who is regarded to be a Komi equivalent to the Baba Yaga and Pera (Пера) who is a character from the tales of the Komi-Permyaks known for his courage. Information regarding the pre-Christian Komi religion is not well researched, with formal research by Russian ethnologists only beginning during the later half of the 19th century. Klavdij Alekseevich Popov (1874), Alexandr Vasilevich Krasov (1896), and Kallistrat Faloleevich Zhakov  [ ru ] (1901) all made attempts to reconstruct

1404-493: The Komi: Khanty sərän, sərån, săran, sārån , Mansi sarän , Nenets sānnğr, saran , Udmurt sara-kum . The name Komi is the endonym for all subgroups of the people. It was first recorded by ethnographers in the 18th century. It originates from a Finno-Ugric word meaning "man, human": Komi kom , Udmurt kum , Mansi kom, kum , Khanty xum , Selkup qum , Hungarian hím "male". The theory that stated

1456-464: The Komis. Syktyvkar ( Ust-Sysolsk before 1930) was founded as the chief Russian city in the region in the 18th century. The Russian government established penal settlements in the north for criminals and political prisoners. There were several Komi rebellions in protest against Russian rule and the influx of Slav settlers, especially after large numbers of freed serfs started arriving in the region in

1508-461: The Right of Indigenous People, circumpolar peoples are aiming at having more political representation and being more consulted at all levels: national, regional or international. Komi peoples The Komi ( Komi : комияс , romanized:  komijas also коми-войтыр , komi-vojtyr ) are a Permian ethnic group who are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit a region around the basins of

1560-773: The ancient religion of the Komi-Zyryans. Nikolai Abramovich Rogov (1858, 1860), Nikolai Dobrotvorsky (1883), Ivan Nikolaevich Smirnov (1891), and Vladimir Mikhailovich Yanovich (1903) made reconstructions of the aspects of the Komi religion focusing on the natural world. According to The Life of Saint Stefan, the Bishop of Perm (1897) by Epiphany the Wise, the Komi ancestors had many deities, whose wooden images stood in dedicated cult sanctuaries for higher-ranking deities, while those of domestic deities were kept in Komi dwellings. More than half of Komi-Zyryan men have haplogroup N , which

1612-401: The creation of the world as a result of the struggle of two gods, En (Komi: Ен) and Omöl' (Komi: Омöль ). These 2 deities are regarded as creator-gods in the Komi mythos, who created all life in the world (though it was En who would vivify them). As the Komi were gradually Christianized, the depictions of En & Omöl began to mirror those of God and Satan, in which Omöl would be depicted as

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1664-573: The definition certain numerically large indigenous communities like the Komi peoples , Karelians or Yakuts . The earliest inhabitants of North America's central and eastern Arctic are referred to as the Arctic small tool tradition (AST) and existed c. 2500 BCE . The AST consisted of several Paleo-Eskimo cultures, including the Independence cultures and Pre-Dorset culture. The Dorset culture ( Inuktitut : Tuniit or Tunit ) refers to

1716-521: The diet of the northern Komi, while dishes utilizing berries were more common in the south. Popular dishes of Komi cuisine are grain pies with fish, various porridges, Serbanka , other sour soups, cold soups based on bread, kvass , etc. The popular Russian dumpling dish pelmeni likely has its origins in the cuisine of the Komi and Udmurt peoples, its name (пельнянь, pel'n'an' ) meaning "ear bread" in both languages. Most Komi myths are related to shamanism and paganism. The most widespread myths are about

1768-502: The first jointly hosted Arctic Winter Games, by Nuuk , Greenland , and Iqaluit , Nunavut . During the 2023 games, Prince William held a video conference with nine participants. Designed to celebrate the unique sports and cultural heritage of the Arctic, the Games showcases a diverse range of competitions, traditional sports, and cultural events. With a strong emphasis on fostering friendship, cultural exchange, and athletic excellence,

1820-476: The future of these communities. They also call for climate justice and denounce green colonialism which is the land encroachment, resource extraction and renewable energy production on their land, without their consent as well as the  proliferation of marine protected areas that are not indigenous-led. They recall their right to determine their own priorities for development, which should be understood as not confined to economic development. Finally, they highlight

1872-472: The latter due to his efforts to hamper En's creation process. Even with the Christianization of the Komi, there are relatively few Christian legends and tales in the folklore of the Komi, but tales of c hudins , who are pagans and flee away from the new order to the forests, have become widespread. Some notable characters from Komi mythology include Jirkap (Йиркап) from Sindor , who is thought by

1924-489: The need to ask for their consensus before making any decision in the Arctic Council and that making decisions without consensus undermines its purpose and integrity. With the melting of the ice and the possibility of opening new trade routes as well as extracting resources from the seabed, resource managements could be a major topic of discussion between Arctic States and Circumpolar Peoples. According to international law and indigenous rights, resource management should fall into

1976-505: The next inhabitants of central and eastern Arctic. The Dorset culture evolved because of technological and economic changes during the period of 1050–550 BCE. With the exception of the Quebec / Labrador Peninsula , the Dorset culture vanished around 1500 CE. Dorset / Thule culture transition dates around the 9th–10th centuries. Scientists theorize that there may have been cross-contact of

2028-608: The prehistoric Permians are assumed to have split into two peoples during the first millennium BC: the Komi and the Udmurts . By the 16th-17th centuries, the Komi further divided into the Komi-Permyaks (who remained in the Kama River basin) and the Komi-Zyryans (who migrated north). From the 12th century the Russians began to expand into the Perm region and the Komi came into contact with Novgorod . Novgorodian traders travelled to

2080-558: The rapid industrialisation of the region as a result of World War II left the Komi a minority in their own lands. Stalin carried out further purges of the Komi intellectual class in the 1940s and 1950s, and Komi language and culture were suppressed. Since the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Komi have reasserted their claims to a separate identity. The Komi settlements were set-up with large, multi-courtyard churchyards and villages, which were typically constructed along or close to

2132-581: The region in search of furs and animal hides. The Novgorodians referred to the southern Komi region as "the Great Perm ". Komi dukes unified the Great Perm with its centre at the stronghold of Cherdyn . As the Middle Ages progressed, Novgorod gave way to Moscow as the leading Russian power in the region. In 1365, Dmitry Donskoy , Prince of Moscow, gave Stephen of Perm the task of converting

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2184-492: The region to Christianity. Stephen's mission led to the creation of the eparchy of Perm in 1383. After his death, Stephen became the patron saint of the Komi. He also devised an alphabet for the Komi language . Some Komi resisted Christianisation, notably the shaman Pama. The Duke of Perm accepted baptism only in 1470 (he was given the Christian name Mikhail), possibly in an attempt to stave off Russian military pressure in

2236-451: The region. Mikhail's conversion failed to stop an attack by Moscow which seized Cherdyn in 1472. Mikhail was allowed to keep his title of duke but was now a vassal of Moscow. The duchy survived only until 1505 when Mikhail's son Matvei was replaced by a Russian governor and Komi independence came to an end. In the 1500s, many Russian migrants began to move into the region, beginning a long process of colonisation and attempts at assimilating

2288-538: The rivers where they live: The majority of the Komi live in the Komi Republic as a separate national-administrative entity of the Russian Federation, numbering 256,000 as of the beginning of the 21st century, roughly 30% of the Republic's population. About 60% (607,000) are Russians, about 6% (62,000) are Ukrainians, 1.5% (15,500) are Tatars, and 1.4% (15,000) are Belarusians. Most of the population of

2340-562: The same table as states representatives. It enables them to gain influence on the soft law making process, which was until now for states-only. They are also starting to gain influence in the making of legally binding texts as they participated in the making of the Arctic Search and Rescue (May 2011) or the Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic (2013). Certain areas still remain under

2392-574: The status of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), in order to differentiate them from states. However, the Arctic Council established a unique model of indigenous participation by giving them the status of Permanent Participants . It is a new reading of their participation and consultative right granted by the United Nation Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People in its article 18. Indigenous people are for once, seated at

2444-457: The table below is an overview of each contingent's appearances throughout the games. Prior to the 2000 Arctic Winter Games Nunavut was part of the Northwest Territories. After division in 1999, Nunavut competed as separate contingent. Host cities have been in Canada, the United States, and Greenland. The Hodgson trophy for fair play and team spirit is awarded at the end of every games. The trophy

2496-608: The traditional clothing of the southern and central Komi closely resembles that of the Northern Russians and other Finno-Ugric groups, while the costume of the Izhma Komi has many common features with the Nenets . Hunting, gathering and fishing have long been the main source of food for the Komi people, displayed through the dominance of meat, fish, berries and mushrooms in most Komi diets. Meat dishes were more common in

2548-465: The two cultures with sharing of technology, such as fashioning harpoon heads, or the Thule may have found Dorset remnants and adapted their ways with the predecessor culture. Others believe the Thule displaced the Dorset. By 1300, the Inuit , present-day Arctic inhabitants and descendants of Thule culture, had settled in west Greenland, and moved into east Greenland over the following century. Over time,

2600-630: The word came from the name of the Kama River has been disproven, though some scholars like Paula Kokkonen favour this version. The Komi are divided into two main groups, which are the Zyryans (northern Komi) and the Permyaks (southern Komi). These are divided into 8 subgroupings (9 if counting the almost completely russified Komi of the Upper Kama), which are further divided into even smaller subgroups. The Komi have been traditionally named after

2652-662: Was created by Saint Stephen of Perm in the 14th century, seeing use up to the 16th century after which it saw use as a cryptographic writing system for Russian speakers. Cyrillic was used from the 19th century and briefly replaced by the Latin alphabet between 1932 and 1936. The Komi language is currently written in Cyrillic, adding two extra letters - Іі and Ӧӧ - to represent vowel sounds which do not exist in Russian. The first book to be printed in Komi (a vaccination manual) appeared in 1815. Based on linguistic reconstruction ,

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2704-404: Was issued on the common circumpolar peoples' political goals for the 50th anniversary of the first Circumpolar Meeting of Arctic Indigenous Peoples. One of the main arguments is the defense of their right to well being. A major preoccupation is the access to healthcare and the application of mental health policies as suicide, especially among the younger generations, is a major issue that threatens

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