Misplaced Pages

#394605

64-497: Some of the highest peaks of the province are Chachani , the Misti volcano and Pikchu Pikchu . Other mountains are listed below: The province is divided into twenty-nine districts ( Spanish : distritos , singular: distrito ). The province is inhabited by indigenous citizens of Aymara and Quechua descent. Spanish , however, is the language which the majority of the population (85.67%) learnt to speak in childhood, 1.64% of

128-811: A distance of well over 870 mi (1,400 km) . The arc has formed due to the subduction of the Nazca plate under the South American plate along the Peru–Chile Trench . The northern boundary of the SVZ is marked by the flat-slab subduction of the Juan Fernández Ridge , which is believed to have produced a volcanic gap called the Pampean flat-slab segment in the Norte Chico region since

192-484: A large geothermal province, with numerous hot springs , solfataras and geysers associated with its volcanoes. Already in the pre-Columbian era, the indigenous peoples used the various hot springs as places of healing. The geothermal exploration in the Chilean Andes was pioneered in the 1960s, although the site of El Tatio was investigated previously in the 1920s. Compared to neighboring Central America ,

256-632: A large eruption occurred in 1600, Ticsani , Tutupaca , Yucamane and Casiri . Some of these volcanoes are among the highest in the world, and on average, there is one eruption of a Peruvian volcano every 13 years. The Peruvian volcanoes are part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, one of three separate volcanic belts in that mountain chain; the Central Volcanic Zone contains 44 named stratovolcanoes . Chachani

320-586: A narrowing of the southern SVZ that occurred possibly 1.6 million years ago. The southern part of the SVZ retained vigorous activity only in the west, especially around the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone , while eastern volcanoes such as Tronador and Cerro Pantoja became extinct. The magmas of modern ( Holocene ) volcanoes in the Transitional Southern Volcanic Zone are derived from heterogenous sources in

384-561: A present-day volume of about 154–248 cubic kilometres (37–59 cu mi); this makes Chachani one of the largest volcanoes of the Andes. Glacial erosion and landslides have affected the volcanic complex, forming cirques and U-shaped valleys and removing much of the original shape of the individual volcanoes. Some moraines have been overrun by lava flows. Chachani drains into the Rio Chili . The Quebrada Canchero, Quebrada Cabrería and Quebrada Traccra drain south to eastward into

448-461: A region devoid of volcanism due to a lower subduction angle caused by the subduction of Juan Fernández Ridge . The CVZ is characterized by a continental crust that reaches a thickness of approximately 70 km (43 mi). Within this zone, there are 44 major and 18 minor volcanic centers that are considered to be active. This volcanic zone also contains not less than six potentially active large silicic volcanic systems, which include those of

512-531: A type location for calc-alkalic and subduction volcanism, the Andean Volcanic Belt has a broad range of volcano-tectonic settings, as it has rift systems and extensional zones, transpressional faults, subduction of mid-ocean ridges and seamount chains as well as a large range of crustal thicknesses and magma ascent paths and different amounts of crustal assimilations. Romeral in Colombia

576-573: Is a volcanic arc in the Andes of southwestern South America. It is one of the four volcanic zones of the Andes. The AVZ extends south of the Patagonian Volcanic Gap to Tierra del Fuego archipelago, a distance of well over 600 mi (1,000 km) . The arc has formed due to subduction of the Antarctic plate under the South American plate. Eruption products consist chiefly of alkaline basalt and basanite . Volcanism in

640-406: Is a concern at Chachani. Chachani is the protector mountain spirit of Cayma The people of Arequipa sometimes refer to Chachani as the "father" of El Misti (Pichu Pichu is the "mother") and ascribed to it the ability to influence the gender of newborn children, making them daughters. The Inca worshipped Chachani and its neighbouring mountains and turned its summit into a mountain sanctuary that

704-543: Is a volcanic arc in western South America and is one of the four volcanic zones of the Andes. The Central Volcanic Zone extends from Peru to Chile and forms the western boundary of the Altiplano plateau. The volcanic arc has formed due to subduction of the Nazca plate under western South America along the Peru–Chile Trench . To the south, the CVZ is limited by the Pampean flat-slab segment or Norte Chico flat-slab segment ,

SECTION 10

#1732773239395

768-463: Is an about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) high and 17 kilometres (11 mi) wide complex of lava domes , stratovolcanoes and volcanic cones ; the highest summit is 6,057 metres (19,872 ft) high, making Chachani the 84th highest peak in the Andes. The Chachani complex has an arcuate shape encompassing both the main Chachani volcano and the 5,784 metres (18,976 ft) high Nocarane to

832-641: Is made up of more than 12 edifices. The Colorado lava domes which are also known as Cerro Penones in turn are located northwest from Nocarane. To the south of Chachani lie the Airport Domes, a 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) wide lava shield with two discernible vents and a pristine appearance. The lava shield consists of overlapping lava flows with a wavy and rugose texture and a steep front which reaches heights of 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi); evidently these were formed by viscous lava flows. A volcanic caldera associated with widespread ignimbrites in

896-649: Is occasionally covered in snow. The zero degree elevation at Chachani lies at about 5,000 metres (16,000 ft). The diurnal temperature range is large and can reach 20 °C (36 °F), while ground temperatures are much more stable and higher than air temperatures. A meteorological observatory installed by the Harvard College Observatory was active on the mountain in the latest 19th century. From 3,500 to 3,900 metres (11,500 to 12,800 ft) elevation cacti , herbs , Peruvian feather grass , yareta but also lichens and mosses grow on

960-711: Is the northernmost active member of the Andean Volcanic Belt. South of latitude 49° S within the Austral Volcanic Zone volcanic activity decreases with the southernmost volcano Fueguino in Tierra del Fuego archipelago. The Andean Volcanic Belt is segmented into four main areas of active volcanism; the Northern, Central, Southern, and Austral volcanic zones, each of which is a separate continental volcanic arc . The Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ) extends from Colombia to Ecuador and includes all volcanoes on

1024-741: Is the southernmost volcano of the Northern Volcanic Zone. The Geophysics Institute at the National Polytechnic School in Quito , Ecuador houses an international team of seismologists and volcanologists whose responsibility is to monitor Ecuador 's numerous active volcanoes in the Andean Volcanic Belt (which is part of the Ring of Fire ) and the Galápagos Islands . The Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ)

1088-692: The Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex , as are Cerro Panizos , Pastos Grandes , Cerro Guacha , and La Pacana . Other silicic systems are Los Frailes ignimbrite plateau in Bolivia , and the caldera complexes of Incapillo and Cerro Galán in Argentina . The South Volcanic Zone (SVZ) extends roughly from Central Chile's Andes at the latitude of Santiago , at ca. 33°S, to Cerro Arenales in Aysén Region at ca. 46°S,

1152-658: The Andes of southern Peru , 22 kilometres (14 mi) northwest of Arequipa and north of the Arequipa Airport ; the city of Arequipa is situated on the foot of Chachani and El Misti volcanoes. The road from Arequipa to Chivay runs along the southeastern foot of Chachani, and a dirt road reaches to an elevation of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft). It is considered to be one of the most easily climbed mountains between 6,000 - 7,000 m high, although acclimatization and good physical health are required to ascend it. In

1216-861: The Earth's mantle . Many lesser parts of melts are derived from subducted oceanic crust and subducted sediments. Towards the east, in the backarc region, the degree of melting in the mantle that originated volcanism is less than that of the subducted crust influences. Several volcanoes of the SVZ are being monitored by the Southern Andean Volcano Observatory (OVDAS) based in Temuco . The volcanoes monitored have varied over time, but some, like Villarrica and Llaima , are monitored constantly. In recent years, there have been major eruptions at Chaitén (2008–2010), Cordón Caulle (2011) and Calbuco (2015). The Austral Volcanic Zone (AVZ)

1280-583: The Holocene . Chachani has erupted andesite and dacite , which define a potassium -rich calc-alkaline suite with unusual adakite characteristics; adakites are magmas that form when the downgoing plate in a subduction setting melts. Phenocrysts include augite , biotite , hornblende and hypersthene ; the rhyolites of the Arequipa ignimbrites additionally contain ilmenite , magnetite , plagioclase , quartz and sanidine . The composition of

1344-652: The Huaylillas Ignimbrite of southern Peru. Later, during the Quaternary the Chachani volcanic complex grew in the caldera. The older activity formed the older volcanoes Chingana northeast, Estribo east and Nocarane north of Chachani as well as the Colorado lava domes north-northwest from Nocarane and the volcanoes Chachani Base and El Angel; argon-argon dating has yielded ages ranging between 1,000,000 - 500,000 years ago for these volcanoes. Later

SECTION 20

#1732773239395

1408-581: The Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault . The Principal Cordillera of Andes (east Santiago) rose in late Cenozoic and became extensively glaciated about one million years ago. This meant lavas from NSVZ volcanoes begun to be channeled along a network of glacial valleys ever since. The Maipo caldera exploded about 450 thousand years ago, leaving behind copious amounts of ash and ignimbrite rock that can be observed today both in Chile and Argentina. During

1472-601: The Pliocene , the SVZ south of 38°S consisted of a broad volcanic arc. The area with volcanic activity 1 to 2 million years ago between 39°S-42°S was up to 300 km (190 mi) wide (if back-arc volcanism is included). A reduction in the convergence rate of the Nazca and the South American plate from 9 cm (3.5 in) per year to 7.9 cm (3.1 in) per year 2–3 million years ago contributed to

1536-646: The Quaternary . Notable back-arc volcanoes include Payun Matru , Agua Poca , Payun Liso , Pali-Aike Volcanic Field , Tromen , Cochiquito Volcanic Group and Puesto Cortaderas . Other significant back-arc volcanism regions include the Argentine Northwest where the Galán Caldera is located and the Andean foothills of Ecuador's Cordillera Real , where a series of alkaline volcanoes like Sumaco develops. The Andean Volcanic Belt represents

1600-536: The Sencca Formation and the "Barroso" volcanics developed; Chachani is classified as part of the Barroso volcanics although the oldest volcanism might belong to the "Sillapaca" unit. The terrain of the volcano is formed by volcanic rocks of Eocene to recent age, which overlie a Precambrian basement and include widespread Neogene - Quaternary ignimbrites . Chachani straddles the margin between

1664-407: The South American plate . The belt is subdivided into four main volcanic zones which are separated by volcanic gaps . The volcanoes of the belt are diverse in terms of activity style, products, and morphology. While some differences can be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to, there are significant differences within volcanic zones and even between neighboring volcanoes. Despite being

1728-507: The airport , hydropower plants and reservoirs are within range of Chachani and human settlement has spread around its base. As of 2023 , about 349000 people live on its slopes and infrastructure such as schools are within the volcano's reach. The western suburbs of Arequipa are 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) below and less than 25 kilometres (16 mi) away from the volcano and in case of renewed eruptions they would be threatened by pyroclastic flows . In addition, melting ice and snow on

1792-546: The 18–20 cubic kilometres (4.3–4.8 cu mi) 1.65 million years old Arequipa Airport, and less certainly the 1.5 cubic kilometres (0.36 cu mi) early Pleistocene Yura Tuff as well as the Capillune Formation ignimbrites appear to have been erupted by Chachani or (in the case of the Yura Tuff) from a vent north of it. Together with lava flows these form the "Pre-Chachani" units and probably are

1856-650: The Andes. Tibaldi et al. concluded that the magma path distribution is actually controlled by pre-existing structures and crustal weaknesses in the crust rather than the regional stresses. Back-arc volcanism is a significant phenomenon in Argentine Patagonia and Mendoza Province . Flat-slab subduction along the Peru–Chile Trench during the Miocene has been pointed out as being responsible for back-arc volcanism in Mendoza and Neuquén Province during

1920-659: The Arequipa area may be located underneath Chachani; to the north its outline is marked by a 20 kilometres (12 mi) wide amphitheatre while its southern part is continuous with the Arequipa depression and is generally poorly recognizable. The El Misti volcano later arose on the margin of the Chachani caldera, where it intersects the border of the Altiplano . The volcanic complex is formed mainly by aa and block lava flows that rarely reach lengths of about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi); additionally pyroclastic flows and tephra occur. The volcanic complex covers an area of about 600 square kilometres (230 sq mi) and has

1984-650: The Austral Volcanic Zone is less vigorous than in the Southern Volcanic Zone. Recorded eruptions are rare due to the area being unexplored well into the 19th century; the cloudy weather of its western coast might also have prevented sightings of eruptions. The Austral Volcanic Zone hosts both glaciated stratovolcanoes as well as subglacial volcanoes under the Southern Patagonian Ice Field . The different volcanic zones are intercalated by volcanic gaps, zones that, despite lying at

Arequipa Province - Misplaced Pages Continue

2048-564: The Cabrería lava domes; formerly the Airport Domes/Los Angeles/Pampa de Palacio were considered to be the youngest and of Holocene age. However, Volcancillo may be even younger, and a post-glacial lava flow descends the western slope of Chachani between Chachani and Nocarane and phreatic eruptions may have formed Holocene-age craters on Chachani. No historical eruptions are known at the volcanic complex, and

2112-598: The La Joya, Arequipa Airport and Yura Tuff ignimbrites; afterwards the volcanic group proper grew in the caldera until about 56,500 years ago. There have not been any eruptions during historical time, but the volcano is considered to be only dormant and due to its closeness to the city of Arequipa is considered high risk. The name means "brave" in Aymara or "mountain of man"/"mountain of male"; alternative spellings "Cacheni" and "Charchani" are also known. The volcano lies in

2176-529: The Nazca and Juan Fernández Ridge are created by volcanic activity in Pacific hotspots ( Easter and Juan Fernández ) it can be said that volcanic activity in the Pacific is responsible for the suppression of volcanism in parts of the Andes. The Patagonian gap is different in nature as it is caused not by the subduction of an aseismic ridge but by the subduction of the Chile Rise , the boundary ridge between

2240-685: The Nazca and the Antarctic plate. Between the latitudes of 3 °S–15 °S in Peru the last volcanic activity occurred 2.7 million years ago in Cordillera Blanca . The lack of volcanism in central and northern Peru is widely attributed to a side effect of the flat-slab (low angle) subduction of the Nazca plate occurring there. While the subduction of the Nazca Ridge has often been credited for causing this flat-slab and hence

2304-534: The Northern Andean Volcanic Belt. The volcanic arc has formed due to subduction of the Nazca plate underneath western South America. Some volcanoes of the Northern Volcanic Zone, such as Galeras and Nevado del Ruiz that lie in densely populated highland areas, are significant sources of hazards. It has been estimated that crustal thickness beneath this region varies from around 40 to perhaps more than 55 kilometres (34 mi). Sangay

2368-640: The Rio Siguas. The volcano underwent five stages of glaciation in the past. During the last glacial maximum extensive glaciers formed well-developed moraines at 3,150–3,600 metres (10,330–11,810 ft) elevation; lateral moraines marking the limit of glaciation are located at 3,440 metres (11,290 ft) elevation on the southern flank. Glaciers may have also formed during the Little Ice Age , where there are moraines at 5,100–5,300 metres (16,700–17,400 ft) elevation; presently however

2432-540: The Southern from the Austral Volcanic Zone. The Peruvian and Pampean gaps coincide with areas of flat slab (low angle) subduction and therefore the lack of volcanism is believed to be caused by the shallow dip of the subducting Nazca plate in these places. The shallow dip has in turn been explained by the subduction of the Nazca Ridge and the Juan Fernández Ridge for the Peruvian and Pampean gaps respectively. Since

2496-401: The city of Arequipa . Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it is 6,057 metres (19,872 ft) above sea level. It consists of several lava domes and individual volcanoes such as Nocarane , along with lava shields such as the Airport Domes. Underneath Chachani lies a caldera . During the Pliocene and early Pleistocene , the volcanic group produced large ignimbrites such as

2560-828: The continental mainland of these countries. Of the volcanoes in this zone, 55 are located in Ecuador, while 19 are in Colombia. In Ecuador, the volcanoes are located in the Cordillera Occidental and the Cordillera Real while in Colombia they are located in the Western and Central Ranges . The Pliocene Iza-Paipa volcanic complex in Boyacá , in the Eastern Ranges is the northernmost manifestation of

2624-533: The date of the last activity is likewise unclear. The existence of solfataras in the summit region and of hot springs at Socosani and Yura has been reported, and frequent seismic activity occurs on Chachani's southwestern flank; this activity may relate to either geothermal or tectonic phenomena. Currently, the volcano is considered to be dormant . Occasionally, mudflows descend its slopes and cause damages at lower elevations. The city of Arequipa with about one million inhabitants and infrastructure such as

Arequipa Province - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-546: The downgoing Nazca plate falls steeply into the mantle. Volcanic activity in the Chachani region appears to have begun during the Cretaceous - Paleocene in the form of the "Toquepala" volcanics. The oldest volcanic rocks of the Western Cordillera are known under the name "Tacaza", and underwent erosion and folding before the next phase which is known as "Sillapaca". Finally, during the Miocene - Quaternary

2752-439: The foot of tall cliffs . Some of them (about six in total) are still active and are located above 4,810 metres (15,780 ft) elevation, while the lowest inactive ones end at 4,160 metres (13,650 ft) elevation. Permafrost is expected to be continuous above 5,420 metres (17,780 ft) with discontinuous occurrence above 5,050 metres (16,570 ft). Other periglacial phenomena such as needle ice are also encountered on

2816-466: The higher-elevation Altiplano and the Arequipa basin at lower altitude. The younger El Misti volcano lies southeast of Chachani, across the Rio Chili . Other volcanoes in the region are Ampato and Jollojello northwest, Baquetane, Hucullani and Nevado Calcha north, Yanarico east and Pichu Pichu southeast from Chachani. Of these, Misti, Pichu Pichu and Chachani are aligned on normal faults that trend northwest–southeast and has been active during

2880-637: The lack of volcanism, many researchers find the gap too wide to be explained by this alone. One hypothesis claims that the flat-slab is caused by the ongoing subduction of an oceanic plateau . This hypothetical plateau named Inca Plateau would be a mirror image of the Marquesas Plateau in the South Pacific. The Pampean gap or Norte Chico separates the Andes Central and Southern volcanic zones. A low subduction angle caused by

2944-539: The largest eruptions experienced by Chachani. They occur in the wider region of Chachani and crop out in the Arequipa area and in river valleys. Their emplacement took place in the form of fast-moving hot streams of rock. An additional ignimbrite is the 13 million years old Miocene Rio Chili Ignimbrite; the vents of the Miocene units are unknown and the Rio Chili Ignimbrite appears to be related to

3008-731: The late Miocene . The southern end of the SVZ is marked by the Chile triple junction where the Chile Rise subducts under South America at the Taitao Peninsula , giving origin to the Patagonian Volcanic Gap . Further south lies the Austral Volcanic Zone. From north to south the Southern Volcanic Zone is divided into four segments according to the characteristics of the continental crust , volcanoes and volcanic rocks : In Central Southern Volcanic Zone and Southern Southern Volcanic Zone, magma ascent occur primarily by

3072-460: The late 19th century, the good sight from Chachani was remarked upon. Politically, it lies in the Cayma, Yura and Cerro Colorado districts. Volcanoes in the southern part of Peru include from north to south Auquihuato , Firura , Coropuna , Andagua volcanic field , Sabancaya , Ampato , Chachani, El Misti , Pichu Pichu , Ubinas which has erupted intermittently since 1954, Huaynaputina where

3136-422: The maximum stress is oriented in the east–west direction as the Nazca plate is subducted underneath the South American plate in the eastern direction. Recent studies conducted by Tibaldi et al. have discovered that the magma paths and dyke distribution in the Andean Volcanic Belt are not parallel to the maximum stress (E-W direction). Instead, the magma path generally follows a north–south/Northwest-Southeast trend in

3200-472: The mountain lacks glaciers and only has a snowfield . In general, glaciers in the tropical Andes have been shrinking after the end of the Little Ice Age, and especially after the 1970s. Permafrost and rock glaciers however still exist at Chachani, especially close to Nocarane, and reach lengths of 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi); they are characterized by lobate appearances and their location at

3264-431: The north of Chachani, while the 5,484 metres (17,992 ft) high La Horqueta together with El Rodado to its west and Chachani proper to its east forms an east–west trending ridge. La Horqueta has a young appearance and resembles an ash cone with a crater . Additional peaks are the northerly 5,852 metres (19,199 ft) high los Ángeles and the southeasterly 5,820 metres (19,090 ft) high Trigo. In total, Chachani

SECTION 50

#1732773239395

3328-579: The other two hazard scenarios. Chachani is considered to be a high-risk volcano and the Geophysical Institute of Peru in 2018 installed a monitoring station on Chachani. Several volcano hazard map exist: One shows three levels of danger depending on the distance from the edifice, the other two show areas threatened by mudflows and pyroclastic fall . Chachani is monitored with seismometers and tiltmeters . Apart from eruptions, volcano-induced pollution of neighbouring water resources

3392-449: The residents started speaking using the Aymara language and 12.35% using Quechua ( 2007 Peru Census ). 16°23′56″S 71°32′13″W  /  16.398822°S 71.536883°W  / -16.398822; -71.536883 This Arequipa Region geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chachani Chachani is a volcanic group in southern Peru , 22 kilometres (14 mi) northwest of

3456-522: The right distance from an oceanic trench, lack volcanic activity. The Andes has three major volcanic gaps the Peruvian flat-slab segment (3 °S–15 °S), the Pampean flat-slab segment (27 °S–33 °S) and the Patagonian Volcanic Gap (46 °S–49 °S). The first one separates the Northern from the Central Volcanic Zone, the second the Central from the Southern and the last separates

3520-413: The river which flows around the southeastern side of Chachani and has cut a canyon between Chachani and El Misti . The Rio Sumbay, one of its tributaries, runs along the eastern side of Chachani. The Rio Yura flows southward along the western side of Chachani, and upon reaching the then westward-flowing Rio Chili becomes the Rio Vitor , which eventually discharges into the Pacific Ocean together with

3584-423: The slopes of Chachani and other regional volcanoes. Vegetation is scarce to absent above 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) elevation, and much of its lower slopes were stripped of their vegetation during the colonial era. The dry soils are not suitable for agriculture . Part of the volcano is in the Salinas y Aguada Blanca National Reserve . Lizards on the mountain are the highest-altitude known reptile population in

3648-404: The subduction of Juan Fernández Ridge has been pointed out as causing or contributing to the suppression of volcanism. The distribution of magma paths in a volcanic system are typically controlled by the regional tectonic activity. In a typical setting, the magma path is thought to be parallel to the maximum stress (either in compressional or extensional stress regimes). In the case of the Andes,

3712-428: The summit could generate mudflows , and pyroclastic flows , lava flows and tephra falls are additional hazards. Four hazard scenarios have been established: An effusive eruption would cause serious physical damage, but only little threat to humans. Lava dome forming eruptions may give rise to pyroclastics, but there is no evidence of such pyroclastic deposits. Pyroclastic flow - and Plinian eruptions constitute

3776-449: The volcanic complex. Subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate occurs at a rate of 4.6 centimetres per year (1.8 in/year); the subduction process is responsible for the volcanism and earthquake activity of the region. In the Andes, volcanism is distributed between three volcanic belts, the Northern Volcanic Zone , the Central Volcanic Zone and the Southern Volcanic Zone which coincide with segments where

3840-461: The volcanic rocks has varied over the lifespan of Chachani, sometimes rocks of basaltic andesite composition were erupted as well while the younger volcanoes are usually more homogeneous; this was paralleled by a decrease in the eruption rate. Under the influence of the cold Humboldt Current and the subtropical ridge , the region features an arid climate with less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) annual precipitation in Arequipa. The mountain

3904-449: The volcanoes El Rodado, La Horqueta and Chachani ( c. 130,000 - 131,000 years ago) formed as a west–east alignment, along with the Uyupampa lava field (about 230,000 - 280,000 years ago) far west from Chachani, the Airport Domes south (between 290,000 - 400,000 years ago), the Cabrería lava domes south-southeast and the Volcancillo dome northeast from Chachani. The youngest reported date of 56,500 ± 31,600 years ago has been obtained on

SECTION 60

#1732773239395

3968-435: The white "sillar" rocks that were used in construction of the famous buildings of colonial-era Arequipa, which is also known as the "white city". Central Volcanic Zone The Andean Volcanic Belt is a major volcanic belt along the Andean cordillera in Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , and Peru . It is formed as a result of subduction of the Nazca plate and Antarctic plate underneath

4032-436: The world. The oldest volcanic formations linked to Chachani are the so-called " sillars ", which are rhyolitic pyroclastic flows / ignimbrites containing pumice beds. These ignimbrites include the La Joya Ignimbrite of Pliocene age, the Plio-Quaternary Arequipa Airport Ignimbrite and the Quaternary Yura Tuff and Capillune Formation . The 16–24 cubic kilometres (3.8–5.8 cu mi) 4.8 million years old La Joya,

4096-410: Was later destroyed by sulfur mining and plundering to the point that no trace of archeological sites can be found, such as e.g. walls. Nevertheless, evidence of Inka human sacrifice known as capacocha was found during archeological expeditions; a finding from 1896 is the earliest known finding of such a sacrifice. Chachani was reportedly mined for sulfur during the colonial era and for

#394605