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40-602: Arequito is a town ( comuna ) in the south of the province of Santa Fe , Argentina, 248 km (154 mi) southwest from the provincial capital and 90 km (56 mi) west of Rosario . It has a population of about 7,000 inhabitants as per the 2001 census [ INDEC ] . The town was founded initially as a waystop ( posta ) by Braulio Areco in 1778. He ended up using a diminutive of his surname because there were already two postas de Areco in Buenos Aires ( Carmen de Areco and San Antonio de Areco ). It became

80-519: A colonist settlement, and in time it was recognized officially as a town, on 1 June 1891. The area received an important influx of immigration (mostly from Europe, and also Syrian-Lebanese ) during the second half of the 19th century, and became a highly productive agricultural area. Since 1970 it produces soybean (the town is the seat of the National Festival dedicated to this crop, held every October). Arequito became nationally known in

120-464: A constitution but it could only declare the freedom for slaves' sons. In 1819 and 1826 were declared two constitutions that eventually failed because of the disagreement between Federalists and Unitarians . Many other constitutional pacts existed between 1820 and 1853 (when the current Argentine Constitution was enacted). The most important of them are: the Treaty of Pilar (1820), the Treaty of

160-776: A constitution in order to build an independent state. In October 1811, the Junta Grande , which succeeded the Primera Junta, enacted the Regulation for the Division of Power, but it was not accepted by the executive power . Nevertheless, the freedom of press and the Decree on Individual Security were accepted by November. In 1813, the General Constitutional Assembly was intended to declare

200-412: A long time to Argentine jurisprudence, and related to the habeas corpus of Common Law ) is to protect the citizen's physical freedom; and habeas data is a person's right to access information about himself or herself, and request its confidentiality, a change or a suppression. The Argentine Constitution's rights are divided in four groups: Civil, patrimonial, politic and social. Declarations state

240-773: A preamble and two normative parts: The following international human rights instruments —treaties and declarations— also have constitutional status by virtue of article 75 paragraph 22: The first attempt to divide political power in Argentina was during the government created after the May Revolution (Spanish: Revolución de Mayo): the Primera Junta could not create new taxes without the Cabildo' s authorization. Many revolutionary leaders, led by Mariano Moreno , wanted to declare independence immediately and create

280-485: A summary of Perón's social articles known as article 14 bis (existing currently) and to establish the necessity to have a Labour and Social Security Code. In 1972, a "Constitutional Amendment" carried out by the military government led by General Alejandro A. Lanusse reformed the 1957 text. This had to last until 1977 but its application could be extended until 1981 if no Constitutional Convention in 1976 decided either to accept it or reject it definitively. This amendment

320-579: A supreme court, a governor , an autonomous police force , and a congress ; in eight provinces, the legislature is bicameral , comprising an upper chamber (the Senate) and a lower chamber (the House of Deputies), while in the remaining fifteen provinces and in Buenos Aires City, it is unicameral . In case of sedition, insurrection, territorial invasion, or any other emerging threats against

360-673: Is a consequence of the traditional interest of Argentina in the affluence of foreigners and foreign investment. Labor rights are also acknowledged (this is part of the legacy of Peronism , resulting in the 1949 and 1957 reforms). These include limited labor day, just salary, right of organization, social security benefits, etc. The constitution declares that no one can be deprived of property, except in case of judicial sentence based on previously enacted legislation, or through expropriation for reasons of public utility, dully qualified by law and previously indemnified. The person, its judicial defense, its domicile and correspondence are inviolable. What

400-620: Is both head of state, as well as chief executive and head of government. (Art. 87). The vice-president replaces the President in case of illness, absence from the capital, death, resignation, or removal. The vice-president doesn't belong to the executive branch. Curiously, it belongs to the legislative branch since he is also the President of the Senate. (Art. 57) The President promulgates the laws sanctioned by Congress, and has veto power over them. The President directs international relations and

440-505: Is free, equal, secret, universal, compulsory and not accumulative. The foreign residents enjoy this right, with the correlative obligations, on equal terms with Argentine citizens registered in this district, in the terms established by the law ." Constitution of Argentina The Constitution of the Argentine Nation ( Spanish : Constitución de la Nación Argentina ) is the basic governing document of Argentina , and

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480-703: Is the Commander in Chief of the Army. In some cases, the President can issue emergency decrees . In the 1994 amendments to the 1853 Constitution, the post of the Chief of the Cabinet Ministers was created who would serve as chief operating officer and would run the day-to-day operations of the government and will be at the same time, be politically responsible to both Houses of the National Congress,

520-493: The Argentine Constitution of 1949 was successfully passed, which constituted a major revision. Its goal was to modernize and adapt the text to the twentieth century's concepts of democracy, for example, adding a list of social rights which included better working conditions for the working class, the right to good education, etc. This also was included in the principles stated in the preamble. It also permitted

560-666: The Cuadrilátero (1822), the Federal Pact (1831), the Palermo Protocol (1852), and the Treaty of San Nicolás (1852). The Federal Pact urged all the provinces to call a General Federal Congress, however this would have limited Juan Manuel de Rosas 's power who was the most powerful province governor, so the Congress was never called. When Rosas was defeated, in 1852, the Treaty of San Nicolás finally called

600-537: The Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province in 1990. Argentina is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one autonomous city , Buenos Aires . Provinces are divided for administration purposes into departments and municipalities , except for Buenos Aires Province , which is divided into partidos and localidades . Buenos Aires City itself is divided into communes ( comuna ) and non-official neighbourhoods ( barrios ). Provinces hold all

640-569: The governorates of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego. The agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the National Territory of Los Andes ; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and Catamarca in 1943. La Pampa and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did so in 1953, and Formosa , Neuquén , Río Negro , Chubut and Santa Cruz , in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became

680-577: The "principle of legality": No inhabitant of the Nation will be forced to do what the law doesn't order nor forbidden to do what the law doesn't forbid . Equality is as important as freedom. Section 16 states that in the country there are no noble titles and "all its inhabitants are equal before the law" According to the Constitution, Argentina is a representative federal republic divided in provinces , which are subdivided in municipalities , and

720-509: The 1990s, as the hometown of the young folk singer and composer Soledad Pastorutti . Provinces of Argentina During the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countryside became provinces though the intervention of their cabildos . The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen provinces. Jujuy seceded from Salta in 1834, and

760-705: The 20th century, some provinces have had governments that were traditionally controlled by a single family (i.e. the Saadi family in Catamarca, or the Sapag family in Neuquén); in one case, it is still the same situation as of 2009: the province of San Luis was ruled almost without a break by the Rodríguez Saá family since December 1983. Article 61 of the Constitution of the city of Buenos Aires states that " Suffrage

800-600: The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires , who serves as the capital for the country. Each province has the right and duty to dictate its own constitution, respecting the same principles as the national one. The Constitution mandates a strict separation of government powers, into three branches (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial) and the Public Ministry. The Executive Branch is formed by the President , who

840-553: The Constitution is the following: The Preamble of the Argentine Constitution states or implies, in short terms, a number of starting points for the conception of the nation, such as a representative government. It acknowledges previous agreements to create a constitution (in order to legitimize the gathering of the Assembly). Finally, it lays the foundations for the policy of support of immigration , by asking "for

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880-744: The Constitutional Congress that, in Santa Fe, on May 1, 1853, swore to make effective the federal Constitution. Consequently, the Province of Buenos Aires left the Argentine Confederation until 1859. The first constitutional amendment to the original 1853 text occurred in 1860 after Buenos Aires rejoined the Argentine Confederation. It consisted of changes to many of the original articles. One of

920-495: The Houses' immediate reassembly. Once the intervention is declared the compromised district's government is immediately dissolved—in whole or in part depending on Congressional decision—and the President appoints a representative or intervenor, who will serve for a short time until the emergency is solved. Since 1983 four provinces were intervened, namely Catamarca, Corrientes (twice), Santiago del Estero (twice), and Tucumán. During

960-670: The Lower House) and Cámara de Senadores ( Senate , the Upper House). The vice-president belongs in the Legislative Branch since he (or she) is also the President of the Senate Chamber. The General Auditing Office of the Nation is a technical advisory body of Congress with functional autonomy. The Ombudsman is an independent body which works without receiving instructions from any authority. The mission of

1000-607: The Ombudsman is the defense and protection of human rights, civil rights and guarantees, and the control of the Administration. The Judicial Branch is formed by the Supreme Court, and lower courts that Congress establishes in the territory of the Nation. The Supreme Justices and all judges hold their offices as long as they are not deposed for misbehavior and enjoy intangibility of remuneration. The Public Ministry

1040-506: The Senate and Chamber of Deputies and they can remove him or her via censure. The creation of the post was intended to reduce the presidentialist character of the country's presidential form of government. The Legislative Branch is composed of the vice-president, a bicameral Congress, the General Auditing Office of the Nation and the Ombudsman. Congress is divided in two Houses: Cámara de Diputados ( Chamber of Deputies ,

1080-649: The Treaty of San Nicolás. The next reform occurred in 1866 and established that exportation and importation taxes would be destined to the National Treasury indefinitely, no longer until 1866 as the 1860 reform had established. In 1898, another minor constitutional amendment was approved. It allowed a more flexible ratio for proportional apportionment in the Chamber of Deputies and set the number of ministries to eight. During Juan Domingo Perón 's government,

1120-634: The adoption of a much faster legislative procedure for creating laws. In addition, the requirement that the President or Vice President of the Republic belong to the Roman Catholic faith was also abolished. The Argentine Constitution has four major division types; Parts, Titles, Divisions and Chapters, though these need not be present all the time. For example, the First Part is divided into Chapters but not into Titles nor Sections. The scheme of

1160-504: The basis that hold the nation's politics and define it as an independent entity, for example, Article 1 states that the government is representative, republican and federal and Article 35 lists the Country's official names. They are institutional methods to protect the exercise of fundamental rights. They are so important that it is possible to say that a right can be held as long as it has a guarantee to protect it. Most of Guarantees are in

1200-498: The indefinite reelection of the president. During the military regime known as the Revolución Libertadora that had deposed Perón's government in 1955, in 1957 and before the elections that was to be held in 1958, a Constitutional Convention was elected to reform the constitution. This reform does not include 1949's, implicitly annulling it so the text was based on the 1898 one. The only changes done were to include

1240-436: The law does not forbid is permitted. Individuals have complete freedom to do or refuse to do anything in private, except if that interferes with public order or morality, or causes damage to third parties. The 1994 reform introduces several new legal figures: amparo judicial (an injunction ), habeas corpus and habeas data . Injunctions are destined to protect citizens from actual or imminent damage; habeas corpus (known for

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1280-401: The laws of the nation on any province or the federal capital, the Congress has the authority to declare a federal intervention on the compromised district, even in the absence of a formal request by the affected part. When Congress is in recess and thus unable to intervene, the President is entitled to decree such intervention, but this executive order is subject to Congressional override upon

1320-416: The major changes was the renaming of the state: according to the reform, the country would be officially named República Argentina ("Argentine Republic") and, for legal purposes, Nación Argentina ("Argentine Nation"), replacing the older "Argentine Confederation" in all articles of the constitution. Another important inclusion was the constitutional recognition of Buenos Aires' exclusive rights guaranteed by

1360-493: The modifications from the 1972 "amendment" as the growth of the Senate size (three per Province), one-term consecutive presidential reelection and reduction of its term to four years. It also made Buenos Aires City an autonomous entity with its own authorities. Other changes were done to ensure a softer presidentialist regime, the inclusion of a new chapter into the Bill of Rights related to politics, health and environment, and also

1400-471: The power that they chose not to delegate to the federal government ; they must be representative commonwealths and must not contradict the Constitution . Beyond this, they are fully autonomous: they enact their own constitutions, freely organize their local governments, and own and manage their natural and financial resources. Thus, each province has its own set of provincial laws and justice system,

1440-707: The primary source of existing law in Argentina . Its first version was written in 1853 by a constitutional assembly which gathered in Santa Fe ; the doctrinal basis was taken in part from the United States Constitution . It was then reformed in 1860, 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957 (which mainly repealed the 1949 reform), and the current version is the reformed text of 1994 . It's the seventh oldest national constitution currently in effect being ratified on May 1, 1853. The Argentine Constitution consists of

1480-509: The protection of God , source of all reason and justice" for all people who desire to inhabit Argentina. The Constitution establishes a Bill of Rights and Guarantees for all individuals, Argentine or foreign; the inviolability of the right of life, liberty, equality, security and property. The second chapter, added in 1994, deals with public ethics, political rights, environmental protection and consumer rights. Civil rights are recognized to all inhabitants with no distinction of nationality. This

1520-415: The sections 18 and 43, between these are: habeas corpus, the abolition of death penalty and torture. The Argentine Constitution's rights are divided in four groups: Civil, patrimonial, politic and social. In Argentina , Freedom is one of the most important rights. Section 19 says that private actions of men that don't harm the public order or another man can not be judged by authorities. Moreover, it holds

1560-400: The thirteen provinces became fourteen. After seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires Province accepted the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and its capital city was made a federal territory in 1880. A law from 1862 designated as national territories those territories under federal control but outside the frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment of

1600-461: Was not fully applied by the democratic government of Perón in his third term nor by his wife Isabel Perón acting as president after his death. Some changes were related to the size of Senate and one-term reelection of president and vice-president. It also reduced presidential, senatorial and deputies' terms all to four years. The last (and current) version of the Argentine Constitution was carried out by Carlos Saúl Menem in 1994. It included many of

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