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49-575: The term "arfak" came from arfk the language of the coastal Biak people, meaning "people who sleep over fire", to refer to how the Arfak warm their houses by putting hot ember below their Rumah Kaki Seribu . Locally the mountain is called "Gunung Indon" or "Indonga" meaning "big mountain" in Hatam language . Located in the east and central regions of the Bird's Head Peninsula, these mountains rise steeply from

98-545: A few places, impoverished Tidore and weakened its control over its periphery. In 1780 Tidore was forced to sign a treaty that reduced it to a Dutch vassal. The discontented Prince Nuku left Tidore and declared himself Sultan of the Papuan Islands. This was the beginning of a guerilla war which lasted for many years. The Papuans, south-east Halmaherans and east Ceramese sided with the rebellious Prince Nuku. The British sponsored Nuku as part of their campaign against

147-466: A large part of Halmahera Island to its east. In the pre-colonial era, the Sultanate of Tidore was a major regional political and economic power, and a fierce rival of nearby Ternate , just to the north. Within the city is the provincial capital, Sofifi . Tidore Island consists of a large stratovolcano which rises from the seafloor to an elevation of 1,730 m (5,676 ft) above sea level at

196-592: A meeting in the home of Yenures village leader, David Rumaropen to reorganise PIM and formally reactivated on 5 October 1949 in Bosnik, in the home of Lukas Rumkorem, with him as leader, Corinus Krey as deputy and J. Tarumaselly as advisor and Petrus Warikar as secretary. By 1958, a new movement led by Lukas Rumkorem was formed called Tentara Tjadangan Tjenderawasih (TTT), which according to J. Tarumaselly had branches in other region of Papua. This organisation sent some papuan youths to undergo military training outside Biak which

245-410: A plate after going back from long voyage. The official language is Indonesian and the main local language is Biak . Other languages such as English are also used, but limited. Administratively there are 12 kecamatan, covering only the island itself, having 122,166 people in the 2020 census. Biak features a tropical rainforest climate with nearly identical temperatures throughout the course of

294-610: A right hand man by the name of Stefanus Yoseph which was formerly under the employ of Japanese and met de Bruijn during his employment in Wissel Lakes (Paniai), Stefanus Yoseph was entrusted as warden in Biak, during which he stayed with Petero Jandi a Makassarese working as woodworker in HPB office. According to Stefanus, Petero Jandi was an Indonesian nationalist extremist (with links with Polongbangkeng group from South Sulawesi ) which

343-439: A spice-funded sultanate that arose in the 15th century. It spent much of its history in the shadow of Ternate , another sultanate with which it had a dualistic relationship. Islam spread to Tidore around the late 15th century but Islamic influence in the area can be traced further back to the late 14th century. The sultans of Tidore ruled most of southern Halmahera , and, at times, controlled Buru , East Ceram and many of

392-496: Is administered by Biak Numfor Regency . Biak covers an area of 2,455 km (948 sq mi) The island is 72 km (45 mi) long and 37 km (23 mi) wide at its widest point. The highest point is approximately 740 meters elevation, located in the northwest of the island. The island of Supiori lies close to the northwest, separated from Biak by a narrow, shallow channel. The smaller Padaido Islands lie south and southeast of Biak. Collectively Biak, Supiori,

441-406: Is an amalgamation of two traditional dances namely Yosim dances originating from the bay of Sairei (Serul, Waropen) and Pancar dances originating from Biak, Numfor and Manokwari . The musical instruments used for Yosim usually used are cuku lele (Ukulele), and guitars which shows foreign influences as these were not instruments from Papua. Included was also local bass made from three strings, with

490-450: Is divided into eight districts ( kecamatan ), of which four constitute the island of Tidore (including the three small islands) and the other four constitute the Oba area on the 'mainland' of Halmahera. These are tabulated below with their areas (in sq km) and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes

539-513: Is relatively rural and most Papuans on the island subsist off the land, primarily by fishing or gathering. It has large reserves of copper and nickel . For generations, most Papuans have inherited "customary claims" to parcels of land that they live off of and these property rights are defended by both the property's owner and possibly also the property owner's clan. Biak is served by Frans Kaisiepo Airport , which has flights from all over Indonesia. Biak lies at latitude 1 degree south of

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588-527: Is similar to the guitar or ukulele. The rain forest -covered Biak Islands have been designated the Biak–Numfoor rain forests , especially as they have the largest number of endemic bird species of any single area in the New Guinea region. There are also numerous reptile and amphibian species found here. Among the many snake species catalogued by Tom Mendelson during his herpetological survey of Biak in

637-551: Is the main island of Biak Archipelago located in Cenderawasih Bay near the northern coast of Papua , an Indonesian province, and is just northwest of New Guinea . Biak has many atolls , reefs , and corals . The largest population centre is at Kota Biak (Biak City) on the south coast. The rest of the island is thinly populated with small villages. Biak is part of the Biak Islands ( Kepulauan Biak ), and

686-612: Is usually made from soa-soa (lizards). The movements are more stiff following the Tifa beats. Movements include Seka, this dance movement are usually from southern coast with famous version from Kaimana, Fakfak, and Timika. In Pacul Tiga, or Pancar Meneru the dancer swing forward three steps, and throw both arms and one leg to the left and right, which was then repeated fir the other leg. Jef movements are influenced by rock and roll dance from 1969-1971, Gale-Gale movements are from Wondama Bay and Mor-Mambor islands. Pancar movements are performed by

735-1238: The Aitape tsunami which occurred approximately 1,000 kilometres (621 miles) away in Papua New Guinea . The people of Biak are predominantly Melanesians , though speaking predominantly Austronesian languages and the main religion is Christianity . In Biak and surrounding regions, many titles relating to jobs in Tidore Sultanate administration became used as clan and family names, which include Korano or Kolano (ultimately from Javanese Klono in Panji ), Sanadi or Sangaji (district leader), Mayor which had job to deliver tribute to Tidore. Dimara (village leader), military leaders such as Kapitarau (sea captain) and Kapisa (captain), as well as numerous names with starting element of Rum- such as Rumbiak, Rumbewas, Rumbekwan, have origin in Tidore language , as Rum referred to specific area in palace of Tidore. However due to extensive foreign trading relationship Biak and Yapen islands as well as

784-548: The equator and consequently, any rockets launched from the island would require less fuel to reach Earth's orbit and enter into a geocentric orbit than had the same rocket been launched further away from the equator. The equatorial location offers particularly efficient launches to equatorial and near-equatorial orbits ; facing eastward toward the Pacific Ocean reduces the downrange risks of launch. As of 2006 , space satellite launch services had been planned for

833-401: The 1990s, the green tree python ( Morelia viridis ) and the amethystine python ( Morelia amethystina ) were quite common. The Biak glider is a recently reclassified gliding possum species, formerly considered a sugar glider subspecies. There are numerous types of flora in the tropical rain forest of the island, including a variety of trees and other commercially important species plus

882-523: The 36th sultan. Tidore was largely spared from the sectarian conflict of 1999 across the Maluku Islands. The island, together with three smaller islands ( Mare , Maitara and Filonga) and an adjacent much larger section (called "Oba") of Halmahera Island, constitutes a municipality ( kotamadya ) within the province of North Maluku . It is officially called the "Tidore Islands City" because it includes four islands (the main island of Tidore, plus

931-477: The Arfak Mountains their home. They ultimately are the guardians of the future of the exquisite, yet increasingly threatened bird species found throughout this rugged region. 1°10′21″S 133°29′31″E  /  1.17250°S 133.49194°E  / -1.17250; 133.49194 This West Papua location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Biak Biak

980-709: The Dutch in the Moluccas. Captain Thomas Forrest was intimately connected with Nuku and represented the British as ambassador. Nuku could finally take Tidore in 1797 and helped the British to conquer Ternate in 1801. However, his successor Zainal Abidin was expelled by Dutch forces in 1806 and Tidore was firmly brought under colonial rule. The sultanate was abolished in the Sukarno era and re-established in 1999 with

1029-642: The Padaido Islands, and the island of Numfor to the southwest are known as the Schouten Islands, also called the Biak Islands or Geelvink Islands. Biak is the largest island in the group, and the most populated. The islands enclose Cenderawasih Bay on the north. The island of Yapen lies south of Biak and the Padaido Islands, separated by a broad channel. The island is administered by Biak Numfor Regency , which also includes Numfor and

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1078-519: The Padaido Islands. The administrative center is at Biak City. Supiori was formerly part of Biak Numfor Regency, but was made a separate regency in 2004. Biak was first sighted by Europeans by the Portuguese navigator Jorge de Menezes in 1526. In his voyage from Malacca to Maluku via northern Borneo, Jorge de Menezes landed at Biak Islands, at the entrance of the Gulf, where he was forced to winter;

1127-527: The Tidore state helped check the expansion of Dutch power that threatened their nearby Asia-Pacific interests, provided a useful base right next to the centre of Dutch power in the region and was a source of spices for trade. Although nominally part of the Spanish East Indies in the later sixteenth century and well into the seventeenth century, the Tidore sultanate established itself as one of

1176-518: The Yondama bay host a sizeable descendant of foreign traders. This can be seen with these islands has the largest local Chinese-descent population in Papua provinces. They have intermarried with locals for generations and sometimes took on local family name. Proof of extensive foreign tradings also include various local traditions involving Chinese porcelains, such as Mansorandak tradition of stepping on

1225-690: The anniversary of the unsuccessful 1971 Papuan declaration of independence, Biak was the scene of what is commonly known as the ' Biak Massacre ' or 'Bloody Biak'. Members of the Organisasi Papua Merdeka ( Free Papua Movement ), raised ' The Morning Star ', at Kota Biak water tower and camped there for the next six days. At 05:30 on 6 July 1998, the demonstration was fired upon by the Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI or Indonesian Military ). Many were shot while attempting to flee. Survivors were rounded up and forced to

1274-401: The conical Mount Kie Matubu on the south end of the island. The northern side of the island contains a caldera , Sabale , with two smaller volcanic cones within it. Soasio is Tidore's capital. It has its own port, Goto, and it lies on the eastern edge of the island. It has a mini bus terminal and a market. The sultan's palace was rebuilt with completion in 2010. Tidore was the center of

1323-405: The dancers move in a circle. These movements was inspired by animals, and have four variations. The rhythm and song of Yosim Pancar dance are now being modernized with special effect sounds and pop dance beat. Originally the rhythm is to summon ancestral spirits and let them join the group. The traditional musical instrument of this dance is a self-made string bass from coconut tree and roots which

1372-411: The docks where they were kept for several days while further demonstrators were caught. About 200 of the original demonstrators were forcibly loaded onto two Indonesian naval vessels and taken to two different locations to be thrown into the ocean. In the following days, bodies washed up on Biak's shores, or were snarled in fishing nets. The TNI explained that the bodies turning up belonged to victims of

1421-872: The first political party in Biak which held meetings during September and November in Nusi and from January 1946 in Bosnek. Although Rumkorem's activity would be found out by Hoofd Plaatselik Bestuur (HPB), no further action would be taken as the HPB went on sick leave until the resident found out. By the middle of 1947, Lukas Rumkorem would be captured by Dutch authority accused of trying to kill Frans Kaisiepo and Marcus Kaisiepo. De Bruijn as district leader of Biak would reorganised and formed regional council Kakain Karkara on 20 November 1947 to rebuild villages which were destroyed after Koreri movements against social changes brought by outsiders. In his administration de Bruijn had

1470-586: The growing up ceremony (Wor Famarmar) and the Wedding ceremony (Wor Yakyaker Farbakbuk). All of these ceremonies are accompanied by singing, dancing and offering to ancestral spirits. The Biak Numfor have a friendship dance called Yosim Pancar which is popular across West Papua and coastal Papua . Its small to mid-size dance group formations could last all-night long. Several "Yosim Pancar" moves that are popular till this day are: Pancar Gas, Gale-Gale, Jef, Pacul Tiga, Seka, and Poco-poco adaptation. This dance

1519-890: The island during the Battle of Biak . The captured airfield was renamed Mokmer Airfield and later transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force . Biak became the second landing of allied forces after Hollandia . Many Biak islanders received supplies from allied forces such as clothes and foods. To restore Dutch rule after the war they reopened schools and re-employed graduates from teacher schools in Miei. Some Biak islanders including Frans Kaisieppo, Eduard Rumbrar, Markus Kaisiepo, Marttinus Rumayau, and Lukas Rumkorem were educated in Bestuur schools. By September 1945, Lukas Rumkorem founded Perserikatan Indonesia Merdeka (PIM),

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1568-422: The island is thenceforth called in Portuguese maps Ilha de Dom Jorge or Ilha onde invernou Dom Jorge , to become, finally, Ilha de S. Jorge . The Spanish navigator Álvaro de Saavedra sighted the island on 24 June 1528, when trying to return from Tidore to New Spain . Another sighting was later reported in 1545 by Spanish navigator Íñigo Ortiz de Retes on board of galleon San Juan when also attempting

1617-680: The islands off the coast of New Guinea . Tidore established an alliance with the Spanish in the sixteenth century, and Spain had several forts on the island. There was mutual distrust between the Tidorese and the Spanish but for the Tidorese the Spanish presence was helpful in resisting the incursions of the Ternateans and their ally the Dutch , who had a fort on Ternate. For the Spanish, backing

1666-404: The kingdom, unlike Ternate which frequently relied upon Dutch military assistance. Tidore long remained an independent state, albeit with growing Dutch interference, until the late eighteenth century. Like Ternate, Tidore allowed the Dutch spice eradication program ( extirpatie ) to proceed in its territories. This program, intended to strengthen the Dutch spice monopoly by limiting production to

1715-519: The locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 49 rural desa and 40 urban kelurahan ), and its post code. Notes: (a) including Filonga Island to the northeast of Tidore Island. (b) including Mare Island (with an area of 11 km ), another stratovolcano island to the south of Tidore. (c) including Maitara island, to the northwest of Tidore (and between Tidore and Ternate), with an area of 2 km and about 3,600 inhabitants. (d) including

1764-563: The lush vegetation of mangrove swamps. The recently discovered palm tree Manjekia maturbongsii is endemic to Biak. Tidore Tidore ( Indonesian : Kota Tidore Kepulauan , lit. "City of Tidore Islands") is a city, island, and archipelago in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia , west of the larger island of Halmahera . Part of North Maluku Province, the city includes the island of Tidore (with three smaller outlying islands - Mare , Maitara and Filonga) together with

1813-433: The new Biak Spaceport . The Biak Numfor culture revolves around their ancient animist religion, although today they are Christian as well. Their beliefs revolve around a ritual ceremony called Wor, where they will be plagued by all kinds of bad luck and sickness. The Wor is in all aspect of their life and some of their traditional ceremonies are still being held now. They include the first hair cut ceremony (Wor Kapapnik),

1862-515: The next day. Around 40 rebels would be captured and brought to Cipinang prison in Jakarta and released in the 1950s. Petero Jandi would receive capital punishment in Hollandia while others holdouts in jungle, like Petrus Korwa and Hanoch Rumbrar were sent to Digul . PIM activities would resume after the arrival of Corinus Krey from Hollandia on 7 August 1949. On 1 October 1949, there would be

1911-505: The north, the two ranges have been divided by the grassy Kebar Valley , which is the heartland of many indigenous people, with a variety of backgrounds. Found near the town of Manokwari, the mountains are an important and threatened site of biodiversity , part of the Vogelkop montane rain forests ecoregion . Multiple tribes of indigenous peoples, many who speak mutually unintelligible languages such as Hatam , Meyah and Sougb , all call

1960-623: The return to New Spain The archipelago was first mapped in the Portuguese charts of Gaspar Viegas (c. 1537), an anonymous map of 1540, and on the maps of João de Lisboa and of Bartolomeu Velho (c. 1560), and by other Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch maps. In World War II , a strategic airfield of the Imperial Japanese Army was located there, serving as a base for operations in the Pacific theatre . American forces eventually captured

2009-536: The sea, with little or no coastal plain surrounding them. Mount Arfak , at 2,955 m (9,695 ft), can be viewed from the provincial capital, Manokwari , and is the highest point in West Papua and the Bird's Head Peninsula. Since Dutch colonial times the range has been one of the most frequently explored and best known regions of West Papua for bird watching . Along with the Tamrau Mountains in

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2058-455: The strings made from Pandan leaves. As well as Kalabasa, a dried Calabash, which was then filled with beads. In Yosim dance, the women are dressed with weavings to cover the chest, and headress made from bird feathers. While the men are bare-chested and wearing the same headress. The dance movement are more energetic though simple. In Pancar dance, the music are from Tifa drums which is the universal instruments for coastal Papuans. The drum skin

2107-637: The strongest and most independent states in the region. After the Spanish left in 1663, it continued to resist direct control by the Dutch East India Company (the VOC). Particularly under Sultan Saifuddin (r. 1657–1687), the Tidore court was skilled at using Dutch payment for spices for gifts to strengthen traditional ties with Tidore's traditional peripheral territories. As a result, he was widely respected by many local populations, and had little need to call on foreign military help for governing

2156-439: The three nearby smaller islands of Mare , Maitara and Filonga) as well as the Oba area on mainland Halmahera (also including minor offshore islands). The whole municipality covers an area of 1,703.32 square kilometres (657.66 sq mi) and had a 2010 Census population of 90,530; the 2020 Census produced a total of 114,480 and the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 118,613 (comprising 60,041 males and 58,572 females). It

2205-436: The year. The average annual temperature in the city is 26 °C (79 °F), which is also generally the average temperature of each day in Biak. The city sees a good amount of precipitation in every month throughout the course of the year, averaging roughly 2,816 millimetres (110.9 in) of precipitation per year. Its driest months November, average a little under 200 millimetres (7.9 in) of rain per month. The island

2254-984: Was captured and exiled to Biak. When Solait the bestuurassistent was on holiday in Ambon , Stefanus was chosen as bestuurassistent . During this time they supported two prisoners, Hermanus Rumere and Ambonese named Watti which led an attack on ammunition depot and Biak prison on 14 March 1948. Another important figure in this rebellion was Hanoch Rumbrar a clerk in HPB office, which became the intermediary between civilians and Petero Jandi's movement in garnering support and campaign from January to 10 March to become part of 'Sukarno's Republic'. They gained some support however some rejected not because they were pro-Dutch but afraid of similar retaliation during Manseren incident (1942-1943). This movement also tried to coordinate with Silas Papare's PKII particularly with Saleh, Ratulangi 's exiled assistant in Serui. A week before this rebellion de Bruijn

2303-570: Was on official travel. The plan was to attack KNIL garrison in Sorido followed with attack to central radio station and KNIL military post in Boruku field and Mokmer to gain weapons and free prisoners in Serui before invading Manokwari and Sorong. The rebellion did not go to plan and led to shootouts as one of local Biak youth, Terrianus shot Dutch Sergeant Schipper. By Monday, Stefanus Yoseph was captured, followed by Petero Jandi, Hanoch Rumbrar, and others

2352-650: Was planned to guide Indonesia infiltration forces. TTT also made contacts with Indonesia Consulate General in Singapore to utilise Chinese-Indonesian as they move more freely with KPM ships other activities include surveillance of potential important locations in Biak by J. Tarumaselly and T. Rumngeur which was sent to Indonesian representatives in Singapore, Ambon, Hollandia , and Serui. TTT activities would be stopped after Dutch authorities found out and captured David Woisiri, Rafael Maselkosu, J. Tarumaselly, Jonathan Saroy, and Frits Werluken member of TTT branch of Serui. It

2401-686: Was transferred from Dutch rule, along with half of New Guinea, to Indonesia in the 1960s. On 15 August 1962, New York Agreement was signed, which contained provision for Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat . From 29 September to 19 October 1962, there was a papuan delegations consisting of 19 members to visit Indonesian regions and meet with Sukarno in Jakarta. Another delegations from papuan regions consisted of 34 people declare their oaths for Indonesia, among these Biak sent 2 delegates, Ds. F.J.S. Rumainum and Frans Kaisiepo . Another declaration from education employees delegates consisted of 16 people with Biak represented by L. Manidbodibo and N. Urbinas. On 1 July 1998,

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