44-568: The Battle of Arfderydd (also known as Arderydd ) was fought in medieval Britain in AD 573, according to the Annales Cambriae . The opposing armies are identified in a number of Old Welsh sources but vary between them, perhaps suggesting several allied armies were involved. The main adversaries appear to have been Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio and either the princely brothers Peredur and Gwrgi or King Rhydderch Hael of Strathclyde . Gwenddoleu
88-514: A horse called Corvan, which enabled them to watch the clouds of dust ("battle-fog") coming from Gwenddolau and his (mounted) forces in the battle of Arfderydd. The Dialogue of Myrddin and Taliesin , the first song of the Black Book of Carmarthen ( Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin ), refers frequently to the battle, and many warriors said to have fought in the conflict are named: Cedfyl, Cadfan, Maelgwn, Erith, Gwrith, Bran, Melgan, Rhys, Cynelyn, Cyndur,
132-678: A manuscript written at the Cistercian abbey of Whitland in south-west Wales in the later 13th century; the Cronica ante aduentum Domini (which takes its title from its opening words) extends from 1132 BC to 1285 AD, while the Cronica de Wallia extends from 1190 to 1266. A alone has benefited from a complete diplomatic edition (Phillimore 1888). There are two entries in the Annales on King Arthur , one on Medraut (Mordred), and one on Merlin . These entries have been presented in
176-503: A position to extract tribute from the fractured Arab states. In addition to money, Abbad II al-Mu'tadid , the Abbadid ruler of Seville (1042–1069), agreed to turn over St. Isidore's remains to Ferdinand I. A Catholic poet described al-Mutatid placing a brocaded cover over Isidore's sarcophagus, and remarked, "Now you are leaving here, revered Isidore. You know well how much your fame was mine!" Ferdinand had Isidore's remains reinterred in
220-776: A situation that was rectified by the Fourth Council of Toledo. It also addressed a concern over Jews who had been forced to convert to Christianity. The records of the council, unlike the First and Second Councils of Seville, were not preserved in the Hispana , a collection of canons and decretals likely edited by Isidore himself. All bishops of Hispania attended the Fourth National Council of Toledo, begun on 5 December 633. The aged Archbishop Isidore presided over its deliberations and originated most enactments of
264-406: A whole, to give a scientific or philological account of the words, as a modern researcher would do. "It is obvious that, from a material point of view," argues Bruno, "Isidore's practical knowledge on etymology, geography, and history are considered outdated; his methods, from the current academic and scientific standpoint, are questionable, and some of his conclusions are indeed incorrect. But Isidore
308-425: Is less concerned about being etymologically or philologically right than being ontologically right." Therefore, Isidore, despite living in the early Middle Ages , is an archaic or "traditional" thinker. Being religiously inclined, Isidore would be concerned with the redeeming meaning of words and history, the ultimate quest of religions. The same researcher also found parallels between Isidore's interpretation of
352-408: Is not mentioned in the A Text, though there is mention of the battle of Arfderydd, associated with him in medieval Welsh literature: Texts B and C omit the second half of the year 93 entry. B calls Arfderydd "Erderit"; C , "Arderit". In the B Text, the year 129 entry continues: "between the sons of Elifer and Guendoleu son of Keidau in which battle Guendoleu fell and Merlin went mad". Both
396-655: Is the title given to a complex of Latin chronicles compiled or derived from diverse sources at St David's in Dyfed , Wales . The earliest is a 12th-century presumed copy of a mid-10th-century original; later editions were compiled in the 13th century. Despite the name, the Annales Cambriae record not only events in Wales, but also events in Ireland , Cornwall , England , Scotland and sometimes further afield, though
440-664: The B and C texts display the influence of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae , and this is reflected in the Arfderydd entry by the choice of the Latinized form Merlinus , first found in Geoffrey's Historia , as opposed to the expected Old Welsh form Merdin . [REDACTED] Works related to Annales Cambriae at Wikisource Isidore of Seville Isidore of Seville ( Latin : Isidorus Hispalensis ; c. 560 – 4 April 636)
484-498: The Fourth Council of Toledo : Canon 60 calling for the forced removal of children from parents practising Crypto-Judaism and their education by Christians on the basis that while their parents were concealing themselves under the guise of Christians, they had presumably allowed their children to be baptised with intent to deceive. This removal was an exception to the general rule of the treatment of Jewish children according to
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#1732776366414528-465: The Renaissance . Until the 12th century brought translations from Arabic sources, Isidore transmitted what western Europeans remembered of the works of Aristotle and other Greeks, although he understood only a limited amount of Greek. The Etymologiae was much copied, particularly into medieval bestiaries . Isidore's De fide catholica contra Iudaeos furthers Augustine of Hippo 's ideas on
572-500: The episcopate , he immediately constituted himself as the protector of monks. Recognizing that the spiritual and material welfare of the people of his see depended on the assimilation of remnant Roman and ruling barbarian cultures, Isidore attempted to weld the peoples and subcultures of the Visigothic kingdom into a united nation. He used all available religious resources toward this end and succeeded. Isidore practically eradicated
616-458: The stilus maiorum than his own," his translator Katherine Nell MacFarlane remarks. Some of these fragments were lost in the first place because Isidore's work was so highly regarded— Braulio called it quaecunque fere sciri debentur , "practically everything that it is necessary to know" —that it superseded the use of many individual works of the classics themselves, which were not recopied and have therefore been lost: "all secular knowledge that
660-526: The trivium and quadrivium , the classic liberal arts . Isidore applied himself to study diligently enough that he quickly mastered classical Latin, and acquired some Greek and Hebrew . Two centuries of Gothic control of Iberia incrementally suppressed the ancient institutions, classical learning, and manners of the Roman Empire . The associated culture entered a period of long-term decline. The ruling Visigoths nevertheless showed some respect for
704-614: The "Three Faithful Warbands of the Island of Britain", going on to say that they "continued to battle for a fortnight and a month after their lord was slain." The retinue of Dreon the Brave "at the Dyke of Arfderydd" is named as one of the "Three Noble Retinues", while a listing of the three "Horse-Burdens" of Britain relates that Gwrgi, Peredur , Dunawd the Stout and Cynfelyn Drwsgl were carried by
748-533: The 13th century Summa Theologica , "[I]t was never the custom of the Church to baptize the children of Jews against the will of their parents...." He also contributed Canon 65 thought to forbid Jews and Christians of Jewish origin from holding public office. Isidore's authored more than a dozen major works on various topics including mathematics, holy scripture, and monastic life, all in Latin: Isidore
792-528: The Arabs studied Greek philosophy extensively. In 619, Isidore of Seville pronounced anathema against any ecclesiastic who in any way should molest the monasteries. Isidore presided over the Second Council of Seville, begun on 13 November 619 in the reign of King Sisebut , a provincial council attended by eight other bishops, all from the ecclesiastical province of Baetica in southern Spain. The Acts of
836-590: The Council fully set forth the nature of Christ, countering the conceptions of Gregory, a Syrian representing the heretical Acephali. Based on a few surviving canons found in the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals , Isidore is known to have presided over an additional provincial council around 624. The council dealt with a conflict over the See of Écija and wrongfully stripped bishop Martianus of his see,
880-567: The Jewish presence in the Christian society of the ancient world. Like Augustine, Isidore held an acceptance of the Jewish presence as necessary to society because of their expected role in the anticipated Second Coming of Christ . But Isidore had access to Augustine's works, out of which one finds more than forced acceptance of but rather broader reasons than just an endtime role for Jews in society: According to Jeremy Cohen, Isidore exceeds
924-711: The Kingdom of the Visigoths. The council granted remarkable position and deference to the king of the Visigoths. The independent Church bound itself in allegiance to the acknowledged king; it said nothing of allegiance to the Bishop of Rome . Isidore of Seville died on 4 April 636 after serving more than 32 years as archbishop of Seville. Isidore's Latin style in the Etymologiae and elsewhere, though simple and lucid, reveals increasing local Visigothic traditions. Isidore
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#1732776366414968-510: The anti-rabbinic polemics of earlier theologians by criticizing Jewish practice as deliberately disingenuous in De fide catholica contra Iudaeos . But once again Isidore's same predecessor, Augustine, seems to have written of at least the possibility of Jewish rabbinical practice along that subject's content's purportedly deceptive lines in the same work cited above: He contributed two decisions to
1012-621: The battle on the plain between Liddel and Carwannok. This was identified by W. F. Skene as being at Arthuret , near Longtown , Cumberland (now Cumbria ), in North West England . The battle of Arfderydd is mentioned numerous times in a number of medieval Welsh texts, including the Welsh Triads ( Trioedd Ynys Prydein ) and the Red Book of Hergest ( Llyfr Coch Hergest ). The Welsh Triads name Gwenddoleu's warband as one of
1056-460: The council. Through Isidore's influence, this Council of Toledo promulgated a decree commanding all bishops to establish seminaries in their cathedral cities along the lines of the cathedral school at Seville, which had educated Isidore decades earlier. The decree prescribed the study of Greek, Hebrew, and the liberal arts and encouraged interest in law and medicine. The authority of the council made this education policy obligatory upon all bishops of
1100-431: The focus of the events recorded especially in the later two-thirds of the text is Wales. The principal versions of Annales Cambriae appear in four manuscripts: Two of the texts, B and C , begin with a World Chronicle derived from Isidore of Seville 's Origines (Book V, ch. 39 ), through the medium of Bede 's Chronica minora . B begins its annals with Julius Caesar's invasion of Britain "sixty years before
1144-453: The heresy of Arianism and completely stifled the new heresy of Acephali at its outset. Archbishop Isidore strengthened religious discipline throughout his see. Archbishop Isidore also used resources of education to counteract increasingly influential Gothic barbarism throughout his episcopal jurisdiction. His quickening spirit animated the educational movement centered on Seville. Isidore introduced his countrymen to Aristotle long before
1188-585: The image of the Virgin Mary "on his shoulders" during a battle at a castle called Guinnion. The words for "shoulder" and "shield" were, however, easily confused in Old Welsh – * scuit "shield" versus * scuid "shoulder" – and Geoffrey of Monmouth played upon this dual tradition, describing Arthur bearing "on his shoulders a shield" emblazoned with the Virgin. Merlin (Old Welsh Myrddin)
1232-486: The incarnation of the Lord." After A.D. 457, B agrees closely with A until A ends. C commences its annals after the empire of Heraclius (AD 610–41) at a year corresponding to AD 677. C mostly agrees with A until A ends, although it is clear that A was not the common source for B and C (Dumville 2002, p. xi). B and C diverge after 1203, C having fewer and briefer Welsh entries. D and E are found in
1276-607: The large popularity his works enjoyed during the Middle Ages and the founding role he had in Scholasticism —would be less a brilliant thinker than a Christian gatekeeper making etymologies fit into the Christian worldview. "[H]e prescribed what they should mean," asserts D'Onofrio. Researcher Victor Bruno has countered this argument. According to him, it was not the meaning of the Etymologies , or of Isidore's work as
1320-433: The outward trappings of Roman culture. Arianism meanwhile took deep root among the Visigoths as the form of Christianity that they received. Scholars may debate whether Isidore ever personally embraced monastic life or affiliated with any religious order, but he undoubtedly esteemed the monks highly. After the death of Leander of Seville on 13 March 600 or 601, Isidore succeeded to the See of Seville . On his elevation to
1364-583: The past as proof of the existence of Arthur and Merlin, although that view is no longer widely held because the Arthurian entries could have been added arbitrarily as late as 970, long after the development of the early Arthurian myth. The entries on Arthur and Mordred in the A Text: Concerning Arthur's cross at the Battle of Badon, it is mirrored by a passage in Nennius where Arthur was said to have borne
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1408-640: The period ( full stop ), comma , and colon . Since the early Middle Ages, Isidore has sometimes been called Isidore the Younger or Isidore Junior (Latin: Isidorus iunior ), because of the earlier history purportedly written by Isidore of Córdoba. Isidore was born in Cartagena, Spain , a former Carthaginian colony, to Severianus and Theodora. Both Severian and Theodora belonged to notable Hispano-Roman families of high social rank. His parents were members of an influential family who were instrumental in
1452-579: The political-religious manoeuvring that converted the Visigothic kings from Arianism to Chalcedonian Christianity . The Catholic and Orthodox Churches celebrate him and all his siblings as known saints: Isidore received his elementary education in the Cathedral school of Seville. In this institution, the first of its kind in Spania, a body of learned men including Archbishop Leander of Seville taught
1496-581: The sons of Eliffer, and Dywel fab Erbin . A further poem Apple Trees states that Myrddin wore a golden torque at the battle before fleeing into the Caledonian Forest , while the poem The Dialogue of Gwyn ap Nudd and Gwyddno Garanhir states that Gwyn ap Nudd, a mythological psychopomp , was "at the place where was killed Gwendoleu, the son of Ceidaw, the pillar of songs, where the ravens screamed over blood." Annales Cambriae The Annales Cambriae ( Latin for Annals of Wales )
1540-553: The then-recently constructed Basilica of San Isidoro in León . Today, many of his bones are buried in the cathedral of Murcia , Spain. Contemporary researchers have criticized Isidore. Specifically, the point of contention is his work in the Etymologies. Historian Sandro D'Onofrio has argued that "job consisted here and there of restating, recapitulating, and sometimes simply transliterating both data and theories that lacked research and originality." In this view, Isidore—considering
1584-574: The tidal wave of barbarism that threatened to inundate the ancient civilization of Hispania . The Eighth Council of Toledo (653) recorded its admiration of his character in these glowing terms: "The extraordinary doctor, the latest ornament of the Catholic Church, the most learned man of the latter ages, always to be named with reverence, Isidore". This tribute was endorsed by the Fifteenth Council of Toledo , held in 688. Isidore
1628-555: The trend towards abridgements and summaries that had characterised Roman learning in Late Antiquity . In the process, many fragments of classical learning are preserved that otherwise would have been hopelessly lost; "in fact, in the majority of his works, including the Origines , he contributes little more than the mortar which connects excerpts from other authors, as if he was aware of his deficiencies and had more confidence in
1672-561: Was a Hispano-Roman scholar, theologian, and archbishop of Seville . He is widely regarded, in the words of 19th-century historian Montalembert , as "the last scholar of the ancient world". At a time of disintegration of classical culture, aristocratic violence, and widespread illiteracy, Isidore was involved in the conversion of the Arian Visigothic kings to Chalcedonian Christianity , both assisting his brother Leander of Seville and continuing after his brother's death. He
1716-657: Was defeated and killed in the battle. His bard , Myrddin Wyllt , reportedly went mad and ran into the forest. He is one of several proposed origins for the Arthurian character Merlin . The Welsh Triads refer to this battle as one of the "Three Futile Battles of the Island of Britain", along with the Battle of Camlann and the Battle of the Trees . The 14th-century chronicler John of Fordun 's Chronica Gentis Scotorum places
1760-454: Was influential in the inner circle of Sisebut , Visigothic king of Hispania . Like Leander, he played a prominent role in the Councils of Toledo and Seville. His fame after his death was based on his Etymologiae , an etymological encyclopedia that assembled extracts of many books from classical antiquity that would have otherwise been lost. This work also helped standardize the use of
1804-502: Was of use to the Christian scholar had been winnowed out and contained in one handy volume; the scholar need search no further". The fame of this work imparted a new impetus to encyclopedic writing, which bore abundant fruit in the subsequent centuries of the Middle Ages . It was the most popular compendium in medieval libraries. It was printed in at least ten editions between 1470 and 1530, showing Isidore's continued popularity in
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1848-518: Was one of the last of the ancient Christian philosophers and was contemporary with Maximus the Confessor . He has been called the most learned man of his age by some scholars, and he exercised a far-reaching and immeasurable influence on the educational life of the Middle Ages. His contemporary and friend, Braulio of Zaragoza , regarded him as a man raised up by God to save the Spanish peoples from
1892-675: Was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church in 1722 by Pope Innocent XIII . Isidore was interred in Seville . His tomb represented an important place of veneration for the Mozarabs during the centuries after the Arab conquest of Visigothic Hispania. In the middle of the 11th century, with the division of Al Andalus into taifas and the strengthening of the Christian holdings in the Iberian peninsula, Ferdinand I of León and Castile found himself in
1936-546: Was the first Christian writer to try to compile a summa of universal knowledge, in his most important work, the Etymologiae (taking its title from the method he uncritically used in the transcription of his era's knowledge). It is also known by classicists as the Origines (the standard abbreviation being Orig .). This encyclopedia —the first such Christian epitome —formed a huge compilation of 448 chapters in 20 volumes. In it, Isidore entered his own terse digest of Roman handbooks, miscellanies and compendia. He continued
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