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42-540: Some early references use other names for the pass. An 1867 description of the trip from Georgetown into the valley of the Snake River refers to it as Sanderson Pass . A lithograph caption from 1869 calls it the Snake River Pass . Argentine Pass is 0.94 miles (1.51 km) north of Argentine Peak and 0.95 miles (1.53 km) southwest of Mount Edwards . To the east is the valley of Leavenworth Creek,

84-402: A four-pair cable, there would be a total of eight solid wires. Stranded cable uses multiple wires wrapped around each other in each conductor and in a four-pair with seven strands per conductor cable, there would be a total of 56 wires (2 per pair × 4 pairs × 7 strands). Solid core cable is intended for permanently installed runs ( permanent link ). It is less flexible than stranded cable and

126-476: A general ignorance of how to properly treat the ore, by the high cost of transportation from the mines, and by the climate at that altitude. Eventually, both sides of the pass were heavily mined, and the district was divided into the East Argentine and West Argentine Districts, joined by the pass. Many remains of mining activity remain visible today. Work began on a toll road over Argentine Pass in 1869;

168-473: A method called wire transposition , to cancel out the interference. In wire transposition, the wires exchange position once every several poles. In this way, the two wires would receive similar EMI from power lines. This represented an early implementation of twisting, with a twist rate of about four twists per kilometre , or six per mile . Such open-wire balanced lines with periodic transpositions still survive today in some rural areas. Twisted-pair cabling

210-405: A resin to prevent the ingress of moisture which would seriously degrade the insulating properties of the paper insulation. However, such seals made future maintenance and changes more difficult. These cables are no longer made but are still occasionally encountered in old buildings and in various external areas, commonly rural villages. A loaded twisted pair has intentionally added inductance and

252-399: A single twist, the induced noise will remain common-mode. The twist rate (also called pitch of the twist, usually defined in twists per metre ) makes up part of the specification for a given type of cable. When nearby pairs have equal twist rates, the same conductors of the different pairs may repeatedly lie next to each other, partially undoing the benefits of twisting. For this reason, it

294-620: A tributary that joins the South Clear Creek south of Georgetown . To the west is the Horseshoe Basin, a deep glacial cirque at the head of the Peru Creek, a tributary that joins the Snake River just north of Montezuma . The continental divide at Argentine Pass serves as the boundary between Clear Creek and Summit counties. The pass was formerly used by a toll road and stagecoach route. The trail on

336-639: Is a short tributary of the Blue River , approximately 15 miles (24 km) long, in central Colorado in the United States . It drains a mountainous area on the west side of the Front Range in southeastern Summit County east of Keystone . It rises near the continental divide near Webster Pass along the Summit- Park county line and descends through a steep canyon to the north past

378-402: Is a variant of standard ribbon cable in which adjacent pairs of conductors are bonded and twisted together. The twisted pairs are then lightly bonded to each other in a ribbon format. Periodically along the ribbon, there are short sections with no twisting where connectors may be attached using the usual ribbon cable IDC techniques. A solid-core cable uses one solid wire per conductor and in

420-448: Is commonly specified that, at least for cables containing small numbers of pairs, the twist rates must differ. In contrast to shielded or foiled twisted pair (typically S/FTP or F/UTP cable shielding ), UTP cable is not surrounded by any shielding. UTP is the primary wire type for telephone usage and is very common for computer networking . The earliest telephones used telegraph lines which were single-wire earth return circuits. In

462-406: Is known as shielded twisted pair ( STP ) and without as unshielded twisted pair ( UTP ). A twisted pair can be used as a balanced line , which as part of a balanced circuit can greatly reduce the effect of noise currents induced on the line by coupling of electric or magnetic fields. The idea is that the currents induced in each of the two wires are very nearly equal. The twisting ensures that

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504-636: Is more prone to failure if repeatedly flexed due to work hardening . Stranded cable is used at patch panels and for connections from wall ports to end devices ( patch cord or drop cable), as it resists cracking of the conductors. Connectors are designed differently for solid core than for stranded. Use of a connector with the wrong cable type can lead to unreliable cabling. Plugs designed for solid and stranded cores are readily available, and some vendors even offer plugs designed for use with both types. The punch-down blocks on patch-panel and wall-port jacks are designed for use with solid core cable. These work via

546-473: Is often grouped into sets of 25 pairs according to a standard 25-pair colour code originally developed by AT&T Corporation . A typical subset of these colours (white/blue, blue/white, white/orange, orange/white) shows up in most UTP cables. The cables are typically made with copper wires measured at 22 or 24 American Wire Gauge (AWG) (0.644 or 0.511 mm²), with the coloured insulation typically made from an insulator such as polyethylene or FEP and

588-482: Is on telegraph lines. Telephone companies converted to balanced circuits , which had the incidental benefit of reducing attenuation , hence increasing range. As electrical power distribution became more commonplace, this measure proved inadequate. Two wires, strung on either side of cross bars on utility poles , shared the route with electrical power lines . Within a few years, the growing use of electricity again brought an increase of interference, so engineers devised

630-492: The baseband of television signals, UTP is now used in some video applications, primarily in security cameras . As UTP is a balanced transmission line, a balun is needed to connect to unbalanced equipment, for example any using BNC connectors and designed for coaxial cable. Twisted pair cables may incorporate shielding in an attempt to prevent electromagnetic interference. Shielding provides an electrically conductive barrier to attenuate electromagnetic waves external to

672-400: The 1880s electric trams were installed in many cities, which induced noise into these circuits. In some countries, the tram companies were held responsible for disruption to existing telegraph lines and had to pay for remedial work. For new installations, however, it was necessary to protect against existing trams from the outset. Interference on telephone lines is even more disruptive than it

714-541: The Continental Divide 1.25 miles (2.01 km) south of Argentine Pass, just south of Argentine Peak . The Vidler Tunnel under Argentine Pass began with the Horseshoe tunnel, a silver mine. Reese Vidler purchased the mine in 1902 with a plan to extend it under the Continental Divide as a railroad tunnel. Tunneling progressed about 700 feet (210 m) from the west portal and 5,110 feet (1,560 m) from

756-614: The builders of the Shoshone Transmission Line . Vehicle travel is only possible on the Georgetown side of the pass during the summer months by a four-wheel drive vehicle with high-clearance. The trail on the Horseshoe Basin side is only accessible by foot or by mountain bike . The pass is the highest point on the American Discovery Trail . Snake River (Colorado) The Snake River

798-520: The cable. UTP is also the most common cable used in computer networking . Modern Ethernet , the most common data networking standard, can use UTP cables, with increasing data rates requiring higher specification variants of the UTP cable. Twisted-pair cabling is often used in data networks for short and medium-length connections because of its relatively lower costs compared to optical fibre and coaxial cable . As UTP cable bandwidth has improved to match

840-416: The common use of polyethylene and other plastics for insulation, telephone twisted pair cable was insulated with waxed paper or cotton with a wax coating applied to the copper. The overall sheath of this type of cable was usually lead. This style of cable came into use in the late 19th century shortly after the invention of the telephone. The cable termination in termination boxes were sealed with molten wax or

882-631: The east portal and the mined-out area of the Flossie Vein. This water diversion project has a capacity of 31.5 cubic feet per second (0.89 m/s) with an average annual diversion of around 650 acre-feet (802,000 m). The peak wind speed recorded at the pass as of 1912 was 165 miles per hour (266 km/h), at which point the measuring equipment was blown away. Temperatures as low as −59 °F (−51 °C) were recorded, along with snow drifts as deep as 30 feet (9 m) and persisting until August. This climate data appears to have been taken by

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924-455: The east portal before work stopped in 1911 (after several changes in ownership). In 1952, Herbert T. Young purchased the unfinished tunnel, along with water rights on the west side of the divide, intending to finish the tunnel as a water tunnel . The 1.4-mile (2.3 km) tunnel was completed in late 1968, and is currently owned by the City of Golden . In 2007, major repairs were completed to

966-497: The first telephone line across Argentine Pass in 1899; this was a twisted-pair line resting directly on the ground, but it was replaced a year later with submarine cable. The cable, which carried six toll lines , required intensive maintenance and was entirely replaced three times before its use was abandoned in 1909. Conies ( pikas ) chewing on the line caused major damage, as did rock slides . From 1909 to 1916, twisted pair lines were used again, with annual replacement. Finally, in

1008-524: The former mining camp of Montezuma , then turns west to flow past Keystone, where it joins the Blue from the east as an arm of Dillon Reservoir . This article related to a river in Colorado is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Twisted pair Twisted pair cabling is a type of communications cable in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for

1050-425: The length of the cable. Pioneered by Belden , it is intended to help assure configuration consistency during and after installation. One key benefit is that the noise immunity performance of the cable can be protected despite potentially rough handling. The enhanced performance may be unnecessary and bonding reduces the flexibility of the cable and makes it prone to failure where it is flexed. A twisted ribbon cable

1092-402: The noise more strongly and the receiver will be unable to eliminate it. This problem is especially apparent in telecommunication cables where pairs in the same cable lie next to each other for many miles. Twisting the pairs counters this effect as on each half twist the wire nearest to the noise source is exchanged. Provided the interfering source remains uniform, or nearly so, over the distance of

1134-438: The purposes of improving electromagnetic compatibility . Compared to a single conductor or an untwisted balanced pair , a twisted pair reduces electromagnetic radiation from the pair and crosstalk between neighbouring pairs and improves rejection of external electromagnetic interference . It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell . For additional noise immunity, twisted-pair cabling may be shielded . Cable with shielding

1176-641: The road was never well maintained, and it gradually became impassable to teams and wagons. The town of Waldorf was established as a rest stop on the east side of the pass. In 1875, the Hayden Survey reported the Argentine Pass wagon road to be the highest wagon road in Colorado; at the time, it was the primary route from Georgetown to the mining camps in the Blue River Valley ( Breckenridge and Montezuma ). Colorado Telephone laid

1218-600: The shield. The shield also provides a conduction path by which induced currents can be circulated and returned to the source via a ground reference connection. Such shielding can be applied to individual pairs or to a collection of pairs. Shielding may be foil or braided wire. When shielding is applied to a collection of pairs, it is usually referred to as screening, but usage among vendors and authors in applying such words as screening , shielding , and STP (shielded twisted pair) can be subject to variability. ISO/IEC 11801 :2002 (Annex E) attempts to internationally standardize

1260-436: The shielding is conductive, it may also serve as a path to ground. A foil-shielded, twisted pair cable may have an integrally incorporated grounding wire called a drain wire which makes electrical contact with the shield. The purpose of the drain wire is for easy connection to terminals which are usually designed for connection of round wires. Common shield construction types include: An early example of shielded twisted-pair

1302-487: The summer of 1916, Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Company installed a heavily engineered overhead line, hauling supplies by rail to Waldorf and then onward by pack train . This line, only 1.3 miles (2.1 km) long, cost more than 7 miles (11 km) of a comparable line in more forgiving territory; the cost was justified because it was the only telephone connection from Denver to Leadville and

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1344-490: The toll was typically one dollar for a team and wagon. In 1883, the road was purchased by Clear Creek County and Summit County as a public highway; in the same year, the Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad reached Dillon , diverting most of the freight traffic from the toll road. The stagecoach fare from Georgetown to Chihuahua , 15 miles (24 km) away by road over the pass, was $ 2.50 in 1885. Under county management,

1386-411: The total package covered in a polyethylene jacket. For urban outdoor telephone cables containing hundreds or thousands of pairs, the cable is divided into small but identical bundles. Each bundle consists of twisted pairs that have different twist rates, as pairs having the same twist rate within the cable can still experience some degree of crosstalk . The bundles are in turn twisted together to make up

1428-410: The two wires are on average the same distance from the interfering source and are affected equally. The noise thus produces a common-mode signal which can be cancelled at the receiver by detecting the difference signal only, the latter being the wanted signal. Common-mode rejection starts to fail on untwisted wires when the noise source is close to the signal wires; the closer wire will couple with

1470-465: The various shielding designations for twisted pair (TP) cables using an explicit two-part abbreviation in the form of x/xTP , where the first x indicates the shielding for the overall cable and the second x indicates the shielding for individual pairs or quads, where each x can be: Shielded Cat 5e , Cat 6/6A , and Cat 8/8.1 cables typically have F/UTP construction, while shielded Cat 7/7 A and Cat 8.2 cables use S/FTP construction. Because

1512-792: The west side of the pass is the remains of this road. To the east, the Argentine Central Railway ran from Georgetown to the pass from 1906 to 1918. The Jeep trail to the pass follows the grade of this abandoned railroad. On September 14, 1864, former provisional territorial governor Robert Steele , along with James Huff and Robert Layton, discovered silver high on the slopes of McClellan Mountain, 1.85 mi (2.97 km) north of what we now call Argentine Pass. The mountains of this region are predominantly granite and gneiss , with veins containing silver-rich galena and blende ( sphalerite ), as well as iron pyrite , cupriferous pyrite ( chalcopyrite ), and some tetrahedrite . This

1554-549: The western half of the state. In mid 1909, the Central Colorado Power Co. began delivering power over the Shoshone Transmission Line from Glenwood Springs to Denver . This three-phase 90 kV line was split into two parallel lines as much as one mile (1.6 km) apart for the 3-mile (4.8 km) segment that crossed Argentine Pass from below Waldorf in the east to Argentine in the west (both are ghost towns today). As currently routed, this line crosses

1596-605: Was IBM STP-A, which is a two-pair 150 ohm S/FTP cable defined in 1985 by the IBM Cabling System specifications, and used with Token Ring or FDDI networks . Before digital communication and Ethernet became widespread there was no international standard for telephone cable. Standards were set at a national level. For instance, in the UK the General Post Office specified CW1293 and CW1308 cables. CW1308

1638-464: Was a similar specification to the earlier CW1293 but with an improved colour code. CW1293 used mostly solid colours on the cores making it difficult to identify the pair it was twisted with without stripping back a large amount of sheath. To solve this problem. CW1308 has narrow rings of the paired colour printed over the base colour. Both cables are a similar standard to category 3 cable. Cables with categories 3 through 7 have 4 twisted pairs. Prior to

1680-443: Was formerly common practice on telecommunication lines. The added inductors are known as load coils and reduce attenuation for voiceband frequencies but increase it on higher frequencies. Load coils reduce distortion in voiceband on very long lines. In this context a line without load coils is referred to as an unloaded line. A bonded twisted pair is a construction variant in which the two wires of each pair are bonded together for

1722-486: Was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1881. By 1900, the entire American telephone network was either twisted pair or open wire with transposition to guard against interference. Today, most of the millions of kilometres of twisted pairs in the world are outdoor landlines, owned and maintained by telephone companies, used for voice service. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables are found in many Ethernet networks and telephone systems. For indoor telephone applications, UTP

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1764-632: Was the first major discovery of silver ore in Colorado . They named the deposit the Belmont Lode (from the French for "beautiful mountain"), and the surrounding area came to be known as the Argentine mining district (from argentum , Latin for silver). The discovery led to the growth of Georgetown as an early center of the silver mining industry in Colorado, although development was slowed by

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