Misplaced Pages

#325674

96-687: Born in Craiova as the son of Army general Ioan Argetoianu  [ ro ] , he trained in Law , Medicine, and Letters at the University of Paris , and later entered the diplomatic service (1897). He was an exceptionally prosperous man (a noted Stock Exchange player and landowner in Breasta , Dolj County ), and his frequent change in political allegiances was attributed by some of his contemporaries to his financial independence. In 1913 he served as

192-481: A fait accompli ). Confident, Argetoianu subsequently stated that "Communism is over in Romania". As the trial was under way, Argetoianu allowed for several Socialist-Communist defendants (including Leonte Filipescu ) to be shot while in custody — alleging that they had attempted to flee. Several of the detainees declared they had been beaten, and some were occasionally moved to solitary confinement . At

288-518: A Turkish assault in 1802 during which it was burned. Eight villages are administered by the city: Făcăi, Mofleni, Popoveni, Șimnicu de Jos, Cernele, Cernelele de Sus, Izvoru Rece, and Rovine. The last four were a separate commune called Cernele until 1996, when they were merged into the city. There are two possible etymologies for Craiova: Old Slavonic kral ("king"), which has been borrowed in Romania as crai and Slavonic krajina ("border" or "edge"). Since no source prior to 1475 mentions

384-523: A combat medic with the rank of captain in the Second Balkan War , where he faced a cholera epidemic . A Freemason , Argetoianu was first elected to the Senate in 1914 as a Conservative Party representative, where he oscillated between the mainstream Conservatives of Petre P. Carp and the dissident group around Take Ionescu (the latter was welcoming Romania's entry into World War I on

480-628: A maximalist platform and voted in favor of aligning their Socialist-Communist faction (future Communist Party of Romania ) with the Comintern , citing the latter's condemnation of Greater Romania ; all those arrested were prosecuted in the Dealul Spirii Trial . Argetoianu later stated that the arrest lacked legal grounds, and indicated that he purposely gave the Socialist Gheorghe Cristescu approval to hold

576-474: A 30 km (18.64 mi) network. Craiova was the first city in the country powered by electricity based on internal combustion engines. In 1900, Craiova held 43.1% of the industrial units in Oltenia, having 924 industrial firms (of which 20 establishments belonged to heavy industry, using 1078 workers). In 1925, the number of heavy industry establishments had increased to 49, and in 1930 the number of workers

672-431: A German military intervention. The PSDR itself radicalized its message, adding to its previous calls for universal suffrage a republican program and support for land reform . Its program also called for an end to all forms of exploitation , but argued that this was to be fulfilled inside the existing legislative framework. King Ferdinand I 's promise to legislate the land reform, together with electoral reform ,

768-421: A Romanian camarilla — it was even reported that, using the official commitment to neutral technocracy as a means to appoint his choice of people to positions of influence, he had recruited his fellow Bucharest Jockey Club members. Among his most vocal supporters at the time was the far right philosopher Nae Ionescu . He was again in charge of Internal Affairs and Finance from 1931 to 1932, during

864-494: A bomb inside the Romanian Senate on December 8, 1920. Charges were based on the group's rejection of Greater Romania and their advocacy of " World revolution ", which had raised suspicion that they were trying to overthrow the existing order through actions such as Goldstein's. In technical terms, this was formulated by the prosecutors as: Congress overstepped [its] order of the day and submitted to debate affiliation to

960-572: A certain degree of autonomy for the Romanian group. Returned to Bucharest, Flueraş called on the party to return to a reformist stance and support for Greater Romania ; together with the similarly-minded Iosif Jumanca , he severed all links with the PS in after its Conference of January–February 1921 (they were later followed by George Grigorovici ). At the same time, the maximalist wing, led by Cristescu (who renounced his reserves after first engaging in

1056-562: A decisive incident: during a prolonged debate over Averescu's proposal to nationalize enterprises in Reșița , Argetoianu addressed a mumbled insult to Madgearu; the PNL, seeing an opportunity for a return to power, expressed sympathy, and all opposition groups appealed to King Ferdinand , asking for Averescu's recall (July 14, 1921). Despite Averescu's eventual defeat in December 1921, Argetoianu

SECTION 10

#1732775727326

1152-472: A flatulent old man such as myself". He died in the infamous Sighet prison five years later, never having been put on trial. In 1999, attorney and civil rights activist Monica Macovei , representing Argetoianu's two granddaughters – Yvonne Oroveanu Niculescu and Constantina "Dina" Oroveanu – before court cleared Argetoianu of all charges, with prosecutor Mihai Carp admitting that Argetoianu's detention had been an abuse. A street in his native city, Craiova ,

1248-594: A heated polemic with Rozvan), passed the resolution to join the Comintern and accept Lenin's 21 points. The Cominternist motion was drafted with support from 18 out of 38 members of the General Council, and submitted to the Congress which took place after May 8, with the maximalist faction adopting the name of Socialist-Communist Party (PCdR). According to sources, during the vote on May 11, advocates of

1344-643: A second time. Referring to the commonly-held belief at the time that an American -led invasion of Eastern Europe would topple the Soviet-backed communist government ( Vin americanii! ), he exclaimed in April 1950, "Even if they came with a wheelbarrow, they would have arrived by now." On the morning of May 6, 1950, he was arrested by the Securitate ; while being taken away, he was heard saying: "Man, you sure are tough, you communists, if you are afraid of

1440-579: A team, FC Craiova , that won the unofficial war championship. Later, another team from the city, Universitatea Craiova , became the first Romanian football team to reach the semi-finals of a European tournament, during the UEFA Cup in 1982-83 . Public transportation in Craiova started in September 1948 with only 2 buses, received from Bucharest . The buses connected the Craiova railway station with

1536-415: A time when the floor was taken by Köblös, the PS delegate from Târgu Mureș , who was much later accused of conspiring with the authorities, based on speculation that his speech was in fact a signal. Authorities prosecuted those arrested (as many as 300 in one account) in the Dealul Spirii Trial , and attempted to connect them with Max Goldstein , a terrorist of uncertain affiliation who had detonated

1632-484: Is named after him, and so is a school in Argetoaia , Dolj County . Craiova Craiova ( / k r ə ˈ j oʊ v ə / , also US : / k r aɪ ˈ oʊ v ə , k r ɑː ˈ j ɔː v ɑː , k r ɑː ˈ j oʊ v ɑː / , Romanian: [kraˈjova] ) is the largest city in southwestern Romania, the seventh largest city in the country and the capital of Dolj County , situated near

1728-558: Is over in Romania". In 1923, after Brătianu again assumed power, he clashed with Averescu and proclaimed himself leader of the PP, being eventually expelled. Having joined Nicolae Iorga 's Democratic Nationalist Party (PND), he soon vehemently protested against the latter's alliance with the Romanian National Party, and moved to the PNL. Following the sudden death of Ion I. C. Brătianu in 1927, and choosing, in contrast to

1824-572: Is served by Craiova Airport , which has recently been modernised. [REDACTED] Media related to Craiova at Wikimedia Commons Socialist Party of Romania The Socialist Party of Romania ( Romanian : Partidul Socialist din România , commonly known as Partidul Socialist , PS) was a Romanian socialist political party, created on December 11, 1918 by members of the Social Democratic Party of Romania (PSDR), after

1920-495: The 1923 Constitution . Various other issues forced Argetoianu to cease payments of salaries for civil servants at certain intervals, causing far-reaching problems. The government was voted out of office in the elections of 1932, when Iorga was replaced by Alexandru Vaida-Voevod , a member of the National Peasants' Party (PNŢ) who was himself challenged with solving the agrarian issue; Argetoianu subsequently founded

2016-709: The Central Powers , and maintained links with the Social Democratic Party of Germany ; the group, also including Ecaterina Arbore , Constantin Popovici , Ilie Moscovici , Ghiță Moscu , and Constantin Titel Petrescu , protested the peace with the Central powers and was arrested by the Alexandru Marghiloman government, but released through an amnesty soon after. The PSDR's history

SECTION 20

#1732775727326

2112-527: The Comintern , seen by many PS members as a successor to the Second International . In 1920 the party sent representatives to the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern in Moscow , were they engaged in prolonged talks over the issue of affiliation with Christian Rakovsky , Grigory Zinoviev , and Nikolai Bukharin . These were Cristescu, Dobrogeanu-Gherea, David Fabian , and Constantin Popovici;

2208-455: The Danube to Brăila , established in 1846. Around 1860 in Craiova there were 4633 buildings, of which 3220 were houses, 26 churches, 11 schools, and 60 factories or workshops. There were also approximately 90 establishments with an industrial character, of which 12 were wind mills , 3 beer factories, 2 gas and oil factories, 4 tanneries, and 2 were printing houses. Statistics show that Craiova

2304-656: The Entente Powers in August 1916, the group came under suspicion of supporting the Central Powers , and was outlawed soon after. While its secretary Dumitru Marinescu was drafted and killed in action during the Romanian Campaign , several of its prominent activists, including Rakovsky, were arrested. Gheorghe Cristescu , Alecu Constantinescu , and others remained active in Bucharest under occupation by

2400-698: The Ion Antonescu dictatorship ( see Romania in World War II ), Argetoianu left the country in the spring of 1944, settling in Switzerland . Romania's withdrawal from the Axis in August and the start of Soviet occupation caused him to return in November, seeing an opportunity in the apparent decrease in the appeal of traditional parties and expanding on his vision of Romanian-Soviet cooperation. He

2496-577: The Köppen climate classification , Craiova has a humid continental climate ( Dfa ), bordering on a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ). This results in a combination of occasional cold winters, but too mild of a climate to contain permanent snow cover, along with long and hot summers. Annually, Craiova experiences 64 days with fog , more frequently in winter than other seasons. The city also experiences 34 days per year with thunder, and 1 day with hail . As of 2021 , 234,140 inhabitants live within

2592-544: The Nicolae Romanescu Park . The tram was first introduced in 1987, on an 18.4 km (11.43 mi) double-track line, as a result of the state's intention of keeping energy consumption low. The public transport in Craiova today consists of 3 tram lines and 17 bus lines. It is operated by the RAT Craiova  [ ro ] , a corporation run by City Hall. There are 190 buses and 35 trams serving

2688-639: The Romanian National Party and the Peasants' Party , being pressed by Virgil Madgearu and Grigore Iunian to explain himself (Iunian proposed a motion of no confidence , but the PNL continued to show its support for the PP). Argetoianu soon became noted for his anti-communist stance: he carried out arrests of those Socialist Party members who, during their party's congress in May 1921, supported

2784-748: The Second International , and affiliated instead with the Paris Bureau (it was joined in this by a group on the PSD's left wing). Journalist Victor Frună claims the Communists encouraged several myths about the Socialist Party: in 1921, Rakovsky allegedly made the claim that the PCdR had inherited the vast majority of the PS' 40,000 members (such a view was virulently rejected by the FPSR, who credited

2880-503: The Tsarist take-over (1828–1834), Craiova experienced significant economic growth. In 1832, there were 595 shops, of which "187 [were] of wood and 398 of stone wall". The city was the commercial centre of Oltenia . It exported cereal, skins, wax, animals, tallow and services to Austria and Turkey . As a consequence of the permanent high demand for exports, Craiova was the site of the first Romanian society for shares in cereal shipping on

2976-530: The bans relocated to Bucharest, leaving behind kaymakams to represent them in Craiova. Under Prince Emanuel Giani Ruset , Wallachia's seat was moved to Craiova (1770–1771), viewed as a place of refuge during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 . A large part of the city was burned down by the rebel pasha Osman Pazvantoğlu in 1800. During the Wallachian uprising of 1821 , inhabitants of

Constantin Argetoianu - Misplaced Pages Continue

3072-430: The "Scrisul Românesc" ("The Romanian Writing") publishing house, the "Concordia" macaroni factory, the "Barbu Druga" bread and macaroni factory, the "Semănătoarea" factory and the "Traiul" bread factory. The only branch of industry at the same level of development as other centers of the country was graphic art. The two printing houses "Ramuri" and "Scrisul Românesc" were well-known all over Romania and abroad. Starting in

3168-399: The 1920s and 1930s at between 400,000 and 820,000 people. Notable PS activists at the time were David Fabian , Elena Filipescu , and Panait Muşoiu . Among the PS' sympathizers were the artist and former prisoner of war Nicolae Tonitza , who regularly contributed graphics to Socialismul , and the writer Gala Galaction . The major issue splitting the party involved affiliation to

3264-442: The 1960s the city became a powerful industrial center; it developed industry in machinery, tools, aircraft, chemicals, food, light industry, construction materials, electronics, extraction, and energy. The Romanian Revolution of 1989 led to important changes in the economy, with the introduction of a free market and decentralization of the management of all national economic sectors. In industry, an overall drop in production capacity

3360-615: The 3rd Comintern Congress in July, Karl Radek reported that the Russian Bolshevik government and the international group at large continued to recognize the Socialist-Communist leaders in prison as the official executive body of the Romanian party. Several refugees, mostly natives of Bessarabia , were elected as the party's representatives in Moscow : they included Saul Ozias and Gelber Moscovici . Joining them

3456-420: The Comintern had received 428 mandates from a total of 540, and, given the departure of the reformists, represented 51 out of 77 delegates. Commenting on the success of Leninist delegates, historian Adrian Cioroianu and journalist Victor Frunză both attributed it to manipulation of inner-party electoral procedures rather than actual appeal. Such supposition was however not shared by contemporaneous opponents of

3552-461: The Comintern's Balkan Communist Federation , to vote in a new Central Committee , and to guarantee that Socialismul would be turned into a communist newspaper. According to journalist Victor Frunză, an additional and hotly contested demand involved submitting trade unions to party control. Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Popovici, and Cristescu met with Lenin, who urged them to adopt the resolution in this form, while allegedly making some promises to preserve

3648-670: The Communists and the PNȚ, Argetoianu was rejected by both sides, and, in January 1947, formed his own grouping — the National Union for Work and Reconstruction ( Uniunea Națională Muncă și Refacere , UNMR) —, alongside Nicolae Ottescu , Nicolae D. Cornățeanu , Zamfir Brătescu and others. It was kept under surveillance by the Communist-controlled Petru Groza government, and was infiltrated by

3744-528: The Iorga government, when he took a harsh stance against the fascist Iron Guard , outlawing it and arresting some of its members (which led to a string of violent confrontations). Argetoianu was hotly contested as Finance Minister: faced with the widespread insolvency of small agricultural holdings in front of the Great Depression , he proposed a form of liquidation that was considered in breach of

3840-532: The Iron Guard press, Argetoianu led his grouping until 1938, when, faced with the unstoppable rise of the Iron Guard, Carol banned all parties and established his National Renaissance Front (FRN). His own short-lived FRN cabinet, established after that date, was, after Gheorghe Argeşanu 's the second in quick succession to the violent clash between the Guard and monarch (after the murder of Armand Călinescu by

3936-506: The PCdR with no more than 500 members, while the Comintern itself eventually reduced the official claim to 2,000 members); in 1951, several years after the Communist Party came to power, its leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej encouraged the notion that voting on affiliation to the Comintern had occurred on May 13 instead of May 12 (and at a time when most people who voted in favor had already been taken into custody) — this version

Constantin Argetoianu - Misplaced Pages Continue

4032-537: The PS and join the National Liberal Party ("[he] kept shouting at me [...]: «To the Liberals! To the Liberals!»"). Voinea also left detail on the impact the Congress had on the outside: The matter had become a slogan with which people would greet each other throughout the city: «Long live the third [International]! Long live the third!». Children would say to one another: «Long live the third!». At

4128-738: The PS continued to have nominal existence after it merged into the newly created Federation of Romanian Socialist Parties or FPSR (May 1922). Using PS symbolism and reuniting the country's reformist groups, this established its own faction in the Chamber of Deputies , and was represented to the 2½ International . On May 7, 1927, the various groups in the Federation merged to reestablish the Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSD), led by Constantin Titel Petrescu . The Socialist Party, unlike other groups, refused to join

4224-760: The Romanian delegation at the Peace preliminaries of Buftea , in 1918. The talks resulted in the punitive Treaty of Bucharest of May, which consecrated Romania's defeat by the Central Powers . His actions at the time were later the subject of an epigram by Cincinat Pavelescu (Pavelescu expressed his belief that the treaty and Argetoianu's views on fiscal policies were to be the subject of scorn for future generations): Argetoiene, răutatea Noi ți-o iertăm, căci ne iubești, Dar ce va ști posteritatea? Că-ți datorăm fiscalitatea Și pacea de la București. Argetoianu, we can forgive your evil Because you deeply love our nation, But how shall we remember you as people? By

4320-634: The Sfântul Ionică building and marched on the Ministry of Industry headquarters on Calea Victoriei , asking for the eight-hour day , salary increases, the guarantee of civil liberties , and more say for the trade unions . The group quickly swelled in numbers, to about as many as 15,000 workers in a contemporary account. On orders of the Constantin Coandă cabinet, who feared Bolshevik agitation, troops were ultimately ordered to fire on

4416-643: The Socialist group were fulfilled after the Transylvanian Socialists Iosif Jumanca and Ioan Flueraş , urged by Constantin Titel Petrescu , came to Bucharest and discussed the matter with both King Ferdinand and the new Premier , Ion I. C. Brătianu . In May 1919, delegates of the Transylvanian and Bukovinian groups began negotiations with the PS to form a single political movement, and elected representatives to

4512-804: The Socialist-Communists officially established the Communist Party of Romania (PCdR), of which Cristescu was the first general secretary . It was outlawed by the Ion I. C. Brătianu cabinet in April 1924, through the Mârzescu Law (named after its proponent, Minister of Justice Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu ). In 1925, Cristescu himself left the Communist group after clashing with the Balkan Communist Federation over

4608-697: The Socialists. During negotiations, Argetoianu observed that unease was growing between Moscovici's group and the party's far left , rallied around Cristescu. After the election of 1919 , when it reused the PSDR's logo of two crossed hammers, the PS sent 7 representatives to the Chamber of Deputies ; it was awarded 19 seats in the latter and 3 in the Senate following the 1920 elections . The three senatorial candidates of that year — Cristescu, Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea and Boris Stefanov — were not validated into Parliament , despite having carried

4704-684: The Third International, deciding to vote on it. The instigator for the move was Constantin Argetoianu , Minister of the Interior in the Alexandru Averescu People's Party cabinet, who later admitted that the arrest lacked legal grounds. He also stated that he had given Cristescu approval for the Congress as a means for the arguably illegal motion to be discussed, and evidenced that he had planned to arrest

4800-404: The affiliation: according to the deposition of reformist leader Iacob Pistiner during the Dealul Spirii Trial , had the PSR leaders failed to affiliate to the Third International, the mass of the party membership would have overridden them. A third PS wing, comprising the centrists who supported conditional affiliation and provided 111 mandates, was marginalized inside the Communist group over

4896-402: The city also housed about 90 industrial establishments, of which 12 were mills, 3 breweries, 2 gas and oil factories, 4 tanning yards and 2 printing presses ; 57% of the total number of craftsmen of Dolj County lived in Craiova (1,088 craftsmen , 687 journeymen and 485 apprentices ). The period following the Independence War was a time of economic and cultural progress. As a result, at

SECTION 50

#1732775727326

4992-445: The city limits, a decrease from the figure recorded in 2011, making it the 7th most populous city in Romania. Ethnic composition (2011): Ethnic composition (2021): In the first two decades of the 19th century, Craiova was characterized by economic growth and the increased presence of trade, commerce, and public services. Similarly to other large urban areas, Craiova became a commercial, administrative and cultural centre. During

5088-481: The city today. Craiova is also a major railway centre and is connected to all other major Romanian cities, as well as local destinations, through the national Căile Ferate Române network. There are daily trains with service from Craiova to: Bucharest (3 hours), Brașov (6 – 8 hours - via connecting service), Cluj-Napoca (8 – 10 hours - connecting service), Sibiu (4 – 7 hours), Sighișoara (8 – 11 hours - connecting service), Timișoara ( 5 hours) The city

5184-740: The city, it is impossible to tell which of the two words is the real etymology. The name is probably of Serbian origin, due to historical autochthonous minorities in the area. In Hungarian, the town is either referred to as Királyi , a remnant of the city's Hungarian rule during the Árpád dynasty , or as Krajova . The German name of the city is Krajowa . [REDACTED]   Wallachia 1475–1718 [REDACTED]   Habsburg Monarchy 1718–1739 [REDACTED]   Wallachia 1739–1859 [REDACTED] United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859–1862 [REDACTED] Romanian United Principalities 1862–1866 [REDACTED]   Romania 1866–present Craiova, which occupied

5280-399: The congress as a means to incriminate the faction. Faced with mixed reactions inside the cabinet (Averescu hesitated, while the Minister of Justice Grigore Trancu-Iași refused to give him support), he ordered the move without his fellow ministers' prior knowledge, and thus faced them with a fait accompli . The standoff between Averescu and the parliamentary opposition eventually witnessed

5376-458: The country to be supplied with electric power by internal combustion engines . In 1900, Craiova had 43.1% of the industrial units of Oltenia ; these numbered 924 industrial companies (including 20 large industrial establishments, employing 1,078 workers). The number of large industrial establishments rose to 40 by 1925. Banking also developed at the beginning of the 20th century (when 6 banks and 2 bureaux de change were already operating). In

5472-449: The crowd and assail it with bayonets in as many as three successive waves. They also stormed into the Sfântul Ionică building and arrested several Socialist leaders, including the general secretary Moscovici and I. C. Frimu (Frimu later died in custody). Four PS members, including Alecu Constantinescu , were each sentenced to five years in prison, while all others arrested were acquitted. Eventually, in February 1919, most demands of

5568-416: The east bank of the river Jiu in central Oltenia . It is a longstanding political center, and is located at approximately equal distances from the Southern Carpathians (north) and the River Danube (south). Craiova is the chief commercial city west of Bucharest and the most important city of Oltenia. The city prospered as a regional trading centre despite an earthquake in 1790, a plague in 1795, and

5664-510: The end of the 16th century was about 100 villages (182 financial goods). This power gave them a statute of political autonomy so big, that the hospodars ruling at that time were not able to keep in power without an alliance with this powerful dynasty. From the Craiovești family there were chosen a lot of hospodars to rule the country: Neagoe Basarab , Radu de la Afumați , Radu Șerban (1602–1611), Matei Basarab , Constantin Șerban , Șerban Cantacuzino , Constantin Brâncoveanu . In 1395 Craiova

5760-414: The end of the 19th century, the city of Craiova, with its 40,000 inhabitants, had developed small factories (producing chemicals, farming utilities, and construction materials) and textile factories. On October 26, 1896, the Craiova power station entered service (with AEG equipment working at 310 CP, supplying 365 streetlights on 39 streets, forming a 30 km-long network); Craiova was the first city in

5856-440: The excessive taxation And the Bucharest Treaty's negotiation. Argetoianu followed Averescu into opposition to the Brătianu National Liberal Party (PNL) cabinet, and joined the People's Party (PP) created by the former. He later documented the populist message of the movement, and left testimonies of Averescu's spontaneous adulation by the crowds of peasants. Argetoianu was Finance Minister and later Interior Minister in

SECTION 60

#1732775727326

5952-540: The first in 1967–1968, followed by Siloz-Valea Roșie in the same years. Later on in the 1980s the Craiovița Nouă, Rovine, 1 Mai, Sărari and Lăpuș-Argeș housing estates are built. After the 1989 Revolution brought the re-establishment of a free market and decentralisation in overall management, several industries became subject to privatisation , while the market opened itself to private initiatives. Industry, although affected by economic changes, remains an important branch, representing circa 70% of Craiova's output. Under

6048-466: The following period. The procedures were cause for much deliberation: according to his own testimony, the reformist Şerban Voinea , who translated Lenin's 21 points, was accused of having fabricated them as a means to give the Bolsheviks bad press (a fellow delegate shouted that "It was absolutely impossible for the Third International to have voted such a text, with such conditions"), while Boris Stefanov allegedly heckled him, suggesting Voinea leave

6144-500: The former territories of Austria-Hungary — the Social Democratic Parties of Transylvania , Banat and Bukovina . The parties adopted a common platform in October 1920. Progressively influenced by Leninism , the PS became divided between a maximalist majority supporting Bolshevik guidelines and a reformist -minded minority: the former affiliated with the Comintern as the Socialist-Communist Party in May 1921 (officially known as Communist Party of Romania from 1922), while

6240-462: The former). The Argetoianu government was replaced by that of Tătărescu, who had to deal with the Soviet Union 's occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and was in turn replaced with Ion Gigurtu (Argetoianu, who remained influential throughout the period, began calling for a rapprochement between Romania and the Soviets). Carol's regime crumbled after the Second Vienna Award , when Romania had to cede Northern Transylvania to Hungary ; it

6336-464: The interwar period, Craiova, as the centre of an agricultural region, experienced little further industrialization ; the number of industrial workers remained comparatively small. In 1939, Craiova had 7 industrial units with over 100 workers: the clothing industry companies Oltenia and Scrisul Românesc were well-known all over the country and abroad. The Treaty of Craiova was signed here on 7 September 1940; under its terms, Romania ceded to Bulgaria

6432-444: The issue of Greater Romania and being progressively marginalized. The PCdR survived as a marginal grouping in the underground, with much of its leadership taking refuge in the Soviet Union ; upon the close of World War II , it was resurrected with the help of Soviet occupation , to become the ruling party of Communist Romania . Reestablished in January 1922 and led by Ilie Moscovici , Litman Ghelerter and Constantin Popovici ,

6528-405: The king's main options in his attempt to create an altogether new political establishment around the camarilla , relying on a compromise with Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (leader of the Iron Guard). Codreanu refused to accept negotiation, but Carol successfully approached the PNL's "young liberals" faction, which came to power with Gheorghe Tătărescu (January 1934). The frequent target of attacks in

6624-429: The latter emerged from clandestinity. Through its PSDR legacy, the PS maintained a close connection with the local labor movement and was symbolically linked to the first local socialist group, the Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party . Its creation coincided with the establishment of Greater Romania in the wake of World War I ; after May 1919, it began a process of fusion with the social democratic groups of in

6720-432: The leaders based on his belief that, once this was accomplished, "all agitation will crumble like an edifice raised on sand". The move provoked mixed reactions inside the executive: according to Argetoianu, Premier Averescu was hesitant, while the Minister of Justice, Grigore Trancu-Iași , advised against it (reason why Argetoianu decided to order the arrest without prior knowledge from his fellow People's Party members, as

6816-414: The minor Agrarian Union Party , which, after the National Liberals returned to power with Ion G. Duca , remained a close associate of the king in his competition with traditional forces; when Duca was assassinated by the Iron Guard in the final days of 1933, Argetoianu, together with his former adversary, PNŢ dissident Grigore Iunian , and the National Agrarian Party 's Octavian Goga , was probably one of

6912-533: The minority eventually established a new Romanian Social Democratic Party . The PS had its headquarters in Bucharest , at the Socialist Club on Sfântul Ionică Street No.12, near the old National Theater (located just north of University Square , the street is currently a section of Ion Câmpineanu Street, after the latter was rerouted). The building eventually also housed all Romanian trade unions of

7008-685: The newly created General Council of the Socialist Party. A single statute was adopted in October 1920. In late 1919, the main Socialist Party and the Transylvanian wing were approached by the emerging People's Party for a fusion; the matter was discussed between, on the Socialist side, Moscovici, Flueraş, and Jumanca, and, from among the People's Party, by Alexandru Averescu and Constantin Argetoianu . Talks yielded no results, especially after Averescu attempted to impose his party's platform on

7104-573: The period, as well as the General Trade Unions' Commission . The Socialists edited the newspaper Socialismul , headquartered on Academiei Street. In 1915, at a time when Romania kept its neutrality, the PSDR, led by the revolutionary-minded Marxist Christian Rakovsky , played a prominent part inside the anti-war Zimmerwald Movement . Throughout the following year, it organized rallies in support of non-intervention into what it deemed "an imperialist conflict". When Romania joined

7200-446: The policies of Dinu Brătianu , to support the new King Carol II in 1930, Argetoianu left the party and subsequently defined himself as an independent. In effect, he moved into the camp of politicians approving of an authoritarian regime around Carol. As the monarch's relations with the traditional political class were souring, Argetoianu allegedly engaged in a campaign to draw new allegiances from other environments, aiding to establish

7296-415: The popular vote. The PS' involvement in the 1920 strike caused authorities to organize a swift crackdown (50 party members were still held in prisons by early 1921). In early 1921, the PS had 27 branches nationwide, totaling 40,000 to 45,000 registered members and rallying support from most workers affiliated with trade unions (more than 200,000 people). Estimates place the industrial working class of

7392-517: The present-day Dolj County joined Tudor Vladimirescu 's Pandurs in great numbers, contributing to the expedition on Bucharest. During the first two decades of the 19th century, Craiova witnessed economic prosperity, centered on handicraft trades and public services. During Imperial Russian occupation and the early stages of Organic Statute rules (1828–1834), the city increased its economic output; in 1832 there were 595 shops, 197 of which were made barracks and 398 were houses built of brick. At

7488-461: The pro-Communist National-Agrarian Action ( Acțiunea Național-Agrară , ANA). The UNMR disbanded over worries that Argetoianu was losing credibility with Soviet authorities—the group around Cornățeanu joined Premier Groza's Ploughmen's Front , while others entered the Union of Patriots . Argetoianu, who was ill at the time and had just undergone surgery on his prostate , withdrew from public life for

7584-532: The second Averescu government of 1920. In March 1921, it was uncovered that an associate of his named Aron Schuller had attempted to contract a 20 million lire loan with a bank in Italy , using as collateral Romanian war bonds that he had illegally obtained from the Finance Ministry reserve. Argetoianu, who was still in charge at the time, became the target of attacks from the opposition group formed by

7680-402: The side of the Entente Powers , which Argetoianu also proposed). Throughout 1918, during the final stages of the Romanian Campaign , Argetoianu was Justice Minister, sitting on the first Averescu cabinet (at the time when authorities had retreated to Iași , once the southern half of the country was occupied by Imperial German , Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian troops). He was also head of

7776-622: The site of the Dacian and Roman city Pelendava , was formerly the capital of Oltenia. Its ancient bans , the highest ranking boyars of the Wallachian state, were initially those of the Craiovești family. The bans had the right of minting coins stamped with their own effigies – the origin of the Romanian word ban as used for coins. The economic power of the Craiovești family at

7872-550: The territory of Southern Dobruja , which Romania had gained after the 1913 Second Balkan War . In the early 1960s, under the Communist regime , the city became a centre for the automotive and engine building industries, as well as for aerospace manufacturing , chemical industry , food industry , construction , electrical engineering , mining and the electrical power industry . The construction of housing estates also begins at this time, with Brazda lui Novac being one of

7968-744: The time, Craiova exported wheat, furs, leather, live animals and other products into the Austrian and Ottoman Empires . Costache Romanescu, a citizen of Craiova, was among the leaders of the Provisional Government during the 1848 Wallachian revolution . Wallachia's last two rulers, Gheorghe Bibescu and Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei , came from an important boyar family residing in Craiova – the Bibescu family. Around 1860, there were 4,633 buildings in Craiova, which were 3,220 houses, 26 churches, 11 schools and 60 factories and workshops. In all,

8064-757: The time, it took real civic courage to declare oneself against the IIIrd International. Romanian Army regulars headed by a Royal Commissioner stormed into the Sfântul Ionică building at 15:00 on May 12, 1921; all 51 Socialist-Communist delegates were separated from the group, arrested, and transported to the penal facilities of Jilava and Văcărești . An additional 200 known Socialist-Communist militants were also incarcerated. Among those taken into custody, aside from Cristescu and Stefanov, were Vitali Holostenco , Marcel Pauker , Elena Filipescu , Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu , and Elek Köblös , all of whom were later prominent Communists. The intervention occurred at

8160-646: The two delegates representing the Socialist Party of Transylvania and Banat were Eugen Rozvan and Flueraş — as a former member of the National Romanian Council in Transylvania , Flueraş was deemed a " class enemy " by the Comintern. Specifically, Bukharin called on the PS to accept the policy changes theorized by Vladimir Lenin (the so-called 21 points ), to exclude Flueraş and others, to submit itself to supervision from

8256-512: Was Alecu Constantinescu , as the only prominent socialist present. Victor Frunză credited this moment with severing ties between the PS' tradition and the new Bolshevik course; his view was disputed by Vladimir Tismăneanu , who concluded instead that subordination to the Comintern was equally demanded from all pro-Bolshevik PS members. Most of the accused were eventually amnestied on orders King Ferdinand . At their 1922 Congress in Ploieşti ,

8352-478: Was 5530. The banking industry was also present; at the beginning of the 20th century, there were 6 banks and 2 bureaux de change. In the inter-war period , the city, situated in an eminently agricultural area, was considered to be industrialising too slowly in comparison with other urban areas of Romania. In 1939, there were only 7 industrial units with over 100 workers in Craiova: the "Oltenia" clothing factory,

8448-892: Was decisively marked by the Russian Revolution of 1917 . Following the February Revolution , Rakovsky was set free by Russian troops present in Iaşi , and took refuge in Odessa — he became active in revolutionary politics against the Romanian state, and joined the Bolsheviks. As a member of the Rumcherod authority in Odessa , he joined with Mihai Gheorghiu Bujor , Alexandru Nicolau and Ion Dic Dicescu 's short-lived Romanian Social Democratic Action Committee in planning an insurgency, before being driven out by

8544-464: Was embraced by PSDR's moderate wing. After the party adopted its new name, it proclaimed its commitment to dictatorship of the proletariat , and became involved in supporting the radicalized labor movement , culminating in the 1920 general strike . On December 26 [ O.S. December 13] 1918, just days after the party was founded, typesetters at various presses in Bucharest, who had been protesting since November, rallied in front of

8640-653: Was founded on 24 April 2015 in Craiova by Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia . Greece later joined to the organization in 2017. The first school in Craiova was founded in 1759 by Constantin Obedeanu. In the spring of 1826 Obedeanu's school took the name Școala Naţională de Limba Română which means National School of Romanian Language . This was the second Romanian high school after Saint Sava high school in Bucharest (founded in 1818). Universities: The first football teams in Craiova appeared in 1921, Craiovan Craiova and Rovine Griviţa Craiova. They merged in 1940, forming

8736-514: Was home to 57.7% of the total number of craftsmen in Dolj County (1088 craftsmen, 687 journeymen and 485 apprentices). Towards the end of the 19th century, the city of Craiova had small factories and workshops with chemical products, agricultural machines, graphic design, tanneries, textiles, construction materials, among others. On 26 October 1896, Craiova's power plant (using AEG equipment) began operations, supplying 365 lamps on 39 streets in

8832-501: Was kept in office by the Take Ionescu and Brătianu cabinets. During the spring of 1922, he ordered the killing of several Communist activists who were held in prison custody, including Leonte Filipescu , staging their attempts to flee from under escort as a pretext. Nevertheless, pressures on the revolutionary grouping were relaxed in summer, when King Ferdinand approved an amnesty and Argetoianu officially declared that "communism

8928-480: Was noted, caused by an inability to anticipate the impact of change and the economic shocks that followed the change of system. Nevertheless, industry continues to represent the largest sector of the city's economy (70%). The Craiova Municipal Council, chosen at the 2020 local election , is made up of 27 councillors, with the following party composition: The Craiova Group , inspired by the Visegrád Group ,

9024-791: Was probably the scene of a victory won by the Wallachian Prince Mircea I of Wallachia over Bayezid I , Sultan of the Ottomans ( see Battle of Rovine ). Frequently referred to as "a city" after the first half of the 16th century, the Craiova area was always regarded as an important economic region of Wallachia and Romania at large. During the 1718–1739 Habsburg occupation of Oltenia (see Banat of Craiova ), Craiova's status declined due to economic pressures and increased centralism , partly leading to an increase in hajduk actions, in parallel with protests of Craiovan boyars . In 1761, under Prince Constantine Mavrocordatos ,

9120-484: Was replaced by the Iron Guard's National Legionary State , which, itself repressed during the previous years, began a campaign of retaliation — like Tătărescu and several others, Argetoianu was kidnapped on November 27, 1940 in the wake of the Jilava Massacre , and faced assassination until being rescued by the intervention of Romanian Army officials. Retreating from public life during World War II and

9216-447: Was the subject of derision in the National Peasants' Party press ( Dreptatea wrote of him: "leading the intrigue in favor of a private property –based communism , a capitalist -based socialism , a mass -free democracy ... The country is trustingly placing itself at your disposal. Here are your strings: pull them! Here are your back rooms: maneuver them! Here is your «people»: take it away!"). Attempting in vain to mediate between

#325674