Misplaced Pages

#434565

95-591: In 1792, Charles François Dumouriez outmaneuvered the invading forces of the Duke of Brunswick in the forest before the Battle of Valmy . During World War I , the forest again became the site of intense military action. Bitter fighting between German and Allied units took place here in fall and winter 1914, summer 1915, and fall 1918. During the Meuse–Argonne offensive (1918), several United States Army soldiers earned

190-466: A constitutional monarchy , and free Marie-Antoinette and her children. He urged Louis Philippe I Duke of Chartres , though still a teenager, to join his plan. The Jacobin leaders were quite sure that France had come close to a military coup mounted by Dumouriez and supported by Pétion and Brissot. On 25 March Robespierre became one of members of the Committee of General Defence, to coordinate

285-477: A gaullist member of parliament who would later become the mayor of Paris, was assaulted during a visit of the lycée . A hand grenade exploded inside its premises in early May 1969. A collection of the school's old scientific instruments was curated from 1972 and is now managed autonomously as the Musée Scientifique du lycée Louis-le-Grand . Louis-le-Grand has about 1,800 students, nearly

380-533: A mission into Poland, where, in addition to his political business, he organized a Polish militia for the Bar Confederation . There he met with Jozef Miaczinsky , the commander of a regiment. His Polish soldiers were pushed back by the Russian forces of General Alexander Suvorov in the first clash but Suvorov failed in the second clash . On 21 May 1771, Dumouriez' Polish soldiers were smashed in

475-581: A buffer on France's eastern borders, but that would not worry the British. To achieve this he began negotiations with the local authorities in Belgium, but on 15 December the Convention passed a decree ordering the military commanders in the occupied territories to implement all revolutionary laws. Returning to Paris on 1 January 1793, Dumouriez encountered popular ovation, but he gained less sympathy from

570-489: A certain Mademoiselle de Broissy . In the meantime, Dumouriez had turned his attention to the internal state of his own country, and amongst the very numerous memoranda which he sent to the government was a project on the defence of Normandy and Cherbourg navy port , which procured for him in 1778 the post of commandant of Cherbourg . He administered it with much success for more than ten years. The construction of

665-568: A circular from the Jacobin Club in Paris to all the sister Jacobin clubs across France, appealing for petitions demanding the recall – that is, the expulsion from the Convention – of any deputies who had tried to save the life of "the tyrant". On 6 April the Committee of Public Safety was installed. Suspicion rose against Phillipe Égalité , because of his eldest son who fled with Dumouriez in

760-579: A law awarded a former tree nursery ground of the Jardin du Luxembourg to Louis-le-Grand for the creation of new classrooms, in anticipation of the main building's reconstruction. The new petit lycée  [ fr ] , also designed by Charles Le Cœur  [ fr ] , opened in 1885 and became independent in August 1891 as the Lycée Montaigne . In September 2008, Louis-le-Grand and

855-561: A neglectful and unfaithful husband, and the couple separated. Madame Dumouriez took refuge in a convent . At the outbreak of the Revolution , seeing the opportunity for carving out a new career, he went to Paris, where he joined the Jacobin Club . In 1790, Dumouriez was appointed French military advisor to the newly established United Belgium States and remained dedicated to the cause of an independent Belgian Republic. In 1791 he

950-681: A section of the Faculty of Law, but were demolished in 1833 as they had become derelict. During the early Second Republic , an école d'Administration opened in July 1848 on the École Normale's former location, promoted by politician Hippolyte Carnot , but it met overwhelming opposition and ceased operating after about six months. Louis-le-Grand eventually acquired the remaining Plessis buildings in May 1849 and tore them down in 1864. Meanwhile, in 1822, Louis-le-Grand had expanded southwards by taking over

1045-515: A series of purchases in Gentilly to establish a rural retreat there, in 1632, 1638, 1640 and 1659, thus forming a major property that was eventually sold after the order's suppression in the early 1770s. One of its buildings survives and has been repurposed in the 1990s as the Maison de la photographie Robert Doisneau . In 1798, Louis-le-Grand (then known as Prytanée) acquired the former grounds of

SECTION 10

#1732772559435

1140-601: A smaller number of pensionnaires whose families paid for their boarding. As a broader consequence of the Jesuits' termination, the French state in 1766 initiated the Aggregation examination to raise the standards of teaching in secondary education. Louis-le-Grand aspired to a leading position in supplying future agrégés . Its ambitions failed to materialize, however, as only nine of its boursiers succeeded in

1235-528: A stalemate that lasted over the next three decades: the Collège de Clermont was not readmitted into the university system, but the Jesuits were able to continue and expand their activities, even though Maldonado was removed from Paris in 1575 following accusations of heresy by Sorbonne theologians. While the courses were free of charge, boarding costs for the resident students, who typically came from elite families, were covered by gifts and scholarships, and

1330-468: A tenth of which are non-French from more than 40 countries. About half of these are enrolled in high school, and the other half in the classes préparatoires . Its boarding capacity is of 340 inside the building. Together with its longstanding rival the Lycée Henri-IV , Louis-le-Grand has long been the only French lycée that is exempted from the scheme of location-based enrollment known as

1425-664: A week he joined the army of the North under Marshal Luckner . After the émeute of 10 August 1792 and Lafayette ’s flight, he gained appointment to the command of the "Army of the Centre". At the same moment, France's enemies assumed the offensive. Dumouriez acted promptly from Sedan, Ardennes . On August 24, 1792, Dumouriez wrote to his ally General François Kellermann about the void in military power within France. Within this letter, Dumouriez voices his opinions adamantly that Lafayette

1520-569: Is a public Lycée (French secondary school, also known as sixth form college ) located on rue Saint-Jacques in central Paris . It was founded in the early 1560s by the Jesuits as the Collège de Clermont , was renamed in 1682 after King Louis XIV ("Louis the Great"), and has remained at the apex of France's secondary education system despite its disruption in 1762 following the suppression of

1615-537: Is considered a "declaration of war on the Convention". He criticized the interference of officials of the War Ministry which employed many Jacobins. He attacked not only Pache , the former minister of war, but also Marat and Robespierre. Meanwhile Danton initiated the creation of the Revolutionary Tribunal to interrogate the generals at some time. Dumouriez had long been unable to agree with

1710-717: Is located 32 km (20 mi) northwest of Verdun , not far from the Meuse–Argonne American Cemetery and Memorial . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Wood, James , ed. (1907). " Argonne`, Forest of ". The Nuttall Encyclopædia . London and New York: Frederick Warne. 49°09′N 4°58′E  /  49.150°N 4.967°E  / 49.150; 4.967 Charles Fran%C3%A7ois Dumouriez Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez ( French pronunciation: [ʃaʁl fʁɑ̃swa dy peʁje dymuʁje] , 26 January 1739 – 14 March 1823)

1805-523: Is my college"). A black marble slab with the inscription COLLEGIVM LVDOVICI MAGNI (College of Louis the Great) was promptly placed on the façade, in substitution to the earlier text COLLEGIVM CLAROMONTANVM SOCIETATIS IESV, which triggered controversy. (The anecdote was narrated by Gérard de Nerval in his short story Histoire de l’Abbé de Bucquoy , published in 1852 in the collection titled Les Illuminés .) The new inscription survived later turmoil, and

1900-1099: The Agrégation exams between 1766 and 1792, out of a total of 206 successful candidates during that period. During and after the French Revolution , the college was renamed several times in response to France's changing politics: Collège Égalité in January 1793, Institut central des boursiers in 1797, Prytanée français in July 1798, Lycée de Paris in 1803, Lycée impérial in 1805, Lycée Louis-le-Grand in 1814, Collège royal de Louis le Grand in 1815, Collège royal Louis-le-Grand in 1831, Lycée Descartes in 1848, Lycée Louis-le-Grand in 1849, Lycée impérial Louis-le-Grand in 1853, again Lycée Descartes in 1870, and finally again Lycée Louis-le-Grand in 1873. It has kept that name ever since. Throughout

1995-540: The Château de Vanves . In the 1840s it initiated the project of establishing there an annex, known as the petit collège . In 1853 this became the sole location of its petites classes or middle school . The facilities were expanded in 1858–1860 on a design by Joseph-Louis Duc . It became an independent establishment by imperial decree in August 1864, known since 1888 as the Lycée Michelet . In 1882,

SECTION 20

#1732772559435

2090-610: The Army of the Ardennes at Maulde , the Army of the North at Saint-Amand , and the Army of Belgium at Condé-sur-l'Escaut and Valenciennes . Following his defection on 5 April 1793, Dumouriez remained in Brussels for a short time, and then travelled to Cologne , seeking a position at the elector's court. He soon learned he had become an object of suspicion among his countrymen,

2185-669: The Abu Dhabi Education Council launched the Advanced Math and Science Pilot Class, with one class of 20 girls and another of 20 boys. Classes were taught in English in Abu Dhabi , by professors sent from France. The students who made up the Advanced Math and Science Pilot Class graduated at the end of the 12th grade and were awarded a certificate of academic recognition by Louis-le-Grand. The final cohort of

2280-602: The Austrian Netherlands . His foreign policy was greatly influenced by Jean-Louis Favier . Favier had called for France to break its ties with Austria. On the king's dismissal of Roland , Clavière and Servan (13 June 1792), he took Servan's post of minister of war, but resigned it a few days days later on account of Louis XVI 's refusal to come to terms with the National Constituent Assembly , concerning his suspensive veto . Within

2375-546: The Battle of Neerwinden nearly ended the French invasion. On 20 March Danton and Charles-François Delacroix were sent to Louvain . On 22 March Dumouriez opened negotiations with the Austrian General Mack . He allowed Dumouriez to retreat to Brussels; Dumouriez' soldiers were deserting in large numbers. The next day Dumouriez promised the Austrians he would leave Belgium (though he had no permission and

2470-496: The Carte scolaire  [ fr ] , even after the introduction in 2008 of the nationwide application known as Affelnet  [ fr ] . This exemption has been criticized as a breach of territorial equality and a device for the self-perpetuation of French elites. It was decided to reform it in 2022. Louis-le-Grand has long been considered to play an important role in the education of French elites. In 1762, just before

2565-535: The Catholic League , as did the university too. On 27 December 1594, an alumnus of the college, Jean Châtel , attempted to assassinate King Henry IV . As a reaction, the king took the side of the Jesuits' longstanding accusers such as Parlement lawyer Antoine Arnauld , and expelled the Jesuits from France, including those in Paris. In 1595, the bibliothèque du roi was relocated into the college's premises and stayed there until 1603. That year, Henry allowed

2660-526: The Collège des Cholets  [ fr ] , one of the petits collèges , were purchased by the monarchy in 1770 and repurposed as headquarters ( French : chef-lieu ) of the University of Paris. Meanwhile, by 1764 the former faculty of the Collège de Beauvais took over teaching at Louis-le-Grand from those of the Collège de Lisieux . Between then and the French Revolution , there were about 190 boursiers every year at Louis-le-Grand, and

2755-452: The Collège des Lombards  [ fr ] . From 1550 on, Guillaume Duprat , the bishop of Clermont , who in the previous decade had met early Jesuit leaders Claude Le Jay  [ fr ] and Diego Laynez and corresponded with Ignatius of Loyola , invited Jesuit students to stay in his mansion, the Hôtel de Clermont on rue de la Harpe . The Hôtel de Clermont thus became

2850-568: The Lycée Condorcet in the former couvent des Capucins de la Chaussée d’Antin , and in 1820, another new lycée took the premises of the former Collège d'Harcourt  [ fr ] , now the Lycée Saint-Louis . Louis-le-Grand was thus one of only five public lycées in Paris for most of the 19th century, until Jules Ferry 's reforms greatly expanded secondary education in the 1880s. Bordering Louis-le-Grand to

2945-459: The Medal of Honor there, including Colonel Nelson Miles Holderman , Major Charles White Whittlesey , Sergeant Alvin C. York , Corporal Harold W. Roberts and William Henry Johnson (a.k.a. "Black Death"), most of them part of the " Lost Battalion ". The World War I Montfaucon American Monument consists of a large granite Doric column surmounted by a statue symbolic of Liberty . The monument

Forest of Argonne - Misplaced Pages Continue

3040-617: The Professed House of the Jesuits ( école centrale de la rue Saint-Antoine , later Lycée Charlemagne ), and the Collège des Quatre-Nations ( école centrale des Quatre-Nations ). The latter building, however, was repurposed in 1801 for artistic training, and its secondary school was relocated to the Collège du Plessis  [ fr ] adjacent to Louis-le-Grand then known as the Prytanée ( école centrale du Plessis ), then merged into it in 1804. In 1803, Napoleon created

3135-498: The battle of Corbach ). In 1761 he recovered in the baths at Aachen . After the peace of Hubertusburg he retired at Abbeville as a captain, with a small pension (which was never paid), a love affair with his niece and the cross of St Louis . Dumouriez then visited Italy, Spain and Corsica, and his memoranda to the duc de Choiseul on Corsican affairs at the time of the Corsican Republic led to his re-employment on

3230-532: The bishop of Langres on rue Saint-Jacques , where its current cour d'honneur now stands, and started teaching there in late 1563 ( Old Style ). The new institution was named Collège de Clermont , in recognition of Duprat's support but also because one of the conditions that the Jesuits accepted to overcome local opposition was not to formally name the college after the Society of Jesus as they did elsewhere. The college soon met considerable success, as it

3325-542: The third clash . In 1772, upon returning to Paris, Dumouriez sought a military position from the marquis de Monteynard , Secretary of State for War , who gave him a staff position with the regiment of Lorraine writing diplomatic and military reports. In 1773, he was arrested in Hamburg found himself imprisoned in the Bastille for six months, apparently for diverting funds intended for the employment of secret agents into

3420-500: The Austrian camp. Philippe Égalité was then put under continuous surveillance. In Brussels Dumouriez met with Metternich and received a passport for Germany. On 10 April Robespierre accused him in a speech: "Dumouriez and his supporters have brought a fatal blow to the public fortune, preventing circulation of assignats in Belgium". The French armies took positions behind the frontier. The Army of Holland deployed near Lille ,

3515-661: The British government granted him a pension. He became a valuable adviser to the British War Office , and the Duke of York and Albany in his struggle against Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom , and the British anti-invasion preparations of 1803–05 . In 1808 Castlereagh had been warned by Dumouriez that the best policy England could adopt with respect to colonies in Spanish America

3610-551: The Decree of 15 December, which allowed the French armies to loot in the territory they had won, besides the introduction of the inflation-prone assignats in the conquered areas, and to expropriate church property. The Decree insured that any plan concerning Belgium would fail due to a lack of popular support among the Belgians. Dumouriez wanted to establish an independent Belgian state, free of Austrian control, which would act as

3705-629: The Duke of Chartres, duc de Montpensier he arrived on 5 April 1793 into the Austrian camp at Maulde . This blow left the Brissotins vulnerable due to their association with Dumouriez. Dumouriez's defection changed the course of the events for the Brissotins. On 5 April the Convention substantially expanded the power of the Tribunal révolutionnaire. The Montagnards raised the stakes by sending out

3800-552: The French armies lost territory in the east of Belgium and the Siege of Maastricht (1793) . He disagreed with his successor Pache , the radical Convention and Jacobin deputies, like Robespierre and Marat, on the annexation of the wealthy Netherlands and the introduction of assignats . After losing the Battle of Neerwinden (1793) , he deserted the Revolutionary Army . Fearing execution, he refused to surrender himself to

3895-474: The French lost Venlo, Aachen, Maastricht and all the supply at Liège in early March, Dumouriez was ordered to return to Brussels rather than further entering Holland . The situation was alarming. Miranda wrote Dumouriez to continue his plan and not return to Belgium. On 11 March, Dumouriez addressed the Brussels assembly, apologizing for the actions of the French commissioners and looting soldiers. On 12 March Dumouriez wrote an angry, insolent letter which

Forest of Argonne - Misplaced Pages Continue

3990-514: The Jesuit order's first permanent home in Paris. It no longer exists following its annexation in the 17th century by the nearby Collège d'Harcourt  [ fr ] , and stood on a location that is now part of the Lycée Saint-Louis . Upon his death on 23 October 1560, Duprat bequested an endowment for a new Jesuit college in Paris, as well as funds for two other colleges in the vicinity of Clermont, at Billom at Mauriac . The Parisian project

4085-501: The Jesuits from teaching in Paris. That ruling, however, was reversed by a decision of Louis XIII on 15 February 1618, allowing the Jesuits to resume teaching for good. Despite its near-continuous interruption between 1595 and 1618, the College de Clermont almost immediately recovered and reached an equivalent level of activity to its heyday of the 1570s and 1580s. Its adversaries made sure that it would still not obtain admission into

4180-406: The Jesuits from the start, in line with its general rejection of novel initiatives and long before that hostility took doctrinal undertones in the 17th and 18th centuries as the Jesuits became a key adversary for Jansenists . In 1554, the university's College of Sorbonne had already issued a negative opinion regarding the opening of a college in Paris. That opposition was temporarily overcome at

4275-492: The Jesuits opened an observatory , and in 1679 they created the elaborate sundials , augmented in the 18th century, that survive to this day on the northern side of the cour d'honneur thanks to preservation campaigns in 1842 and 1988. The college undertook a rebuilding campaign in 1628, on a design attributed to Paris municipal architect Augustin Guillain. It expanded by acquiring more buildings, to its northeast from

4370-460: The Jesuits to return to France on the conditions that they be French nationals. They were allowed to retake the college building in 1606, and to fully restart their teaching in 1610. On 22 December 1611, however, upon a new case brought by the university and in the changed political context resulting from Henry IV's assassination in May 1610 by François Ravaillac , the Parlement of Paris forbade

4465-499: The Jesuits were ordered to cease their teaching and leave the college on 3 May 1762. The establishment was immediately nationalized and renamed Collège royal Louis-le-Grand . Teachers from the nearby Collège de Lisieux  [ fr ] replaced the Jesuit fathers as faculty. This change triggered a broader reform of the University of Paris . The scholarship students ( French : boursiers ) of twenty-six smaller colleges of

4560-637: The Panthéon campus of Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University to its south, across rue Cujas ; the former Collège Sainte-Barbe to its east, across impasse Chartière  [ fr ] ; and the Sainte-Geneviève Library to its southeast. Jesuit students, mostly from Spain and Italy, were present in Paris immediately after the Society of Jesus 's foundation, first in 1540 at the Collège du Trésorier  [ fr ] and from 1541 at

4655-615: The Society of Jesus . It offers both a high school curriculum, and a Classes Préparatoires post-secondary-level curriculum in the sciences, business and humanities . Louis-le-Grand is located in the heart of the Quartier Latin , the centuries-old student district of Paris. It is surrounded by other storied educational institutions: the Sorbonne to its west, across rue Saint-Jacques; the Collège de France to its north, across rue du Cimetière-Saint-Benoist  [ fr ] ;

4750-435: The University of Paris, known as the petits collèges , were invited to follow classes at Louis-le-Grand. By 1764, these students also boarded at Louis-le-Grand. By then, the petits collèges effectively ceased autonomous activity, after which their property were gradually sold. Louis-le-Grand thus became the center of the university, even though ten other grands collèges survived until 1792. The nearby buildings of

4845-711: The War Council to major-general in June 1791 and attached him to the Twelfth Division, which was commanded by General Jacques Alexis de Verteuil . He then attached himself to the Girondist party and, on 15 March 1792, became the French minister of foreign affairs. In March 1792 selected Lebrun-Tondu as his first officer for Belgian and Liégeois affairs. The relationship between the Girondists and Dumouriez

SECTION 50

#1732772559435

4940-459: The ceiling of the main entrance hall on 24 March 1918, and another left a large hole in the pavement of rue Saint-Jacques in front of the lycée 's entrance on 27 May 1918. During World War II , Jacques Lusseyran founded the resistance group Volontaires de la Liberté , in which a number of his fellow Louis-le-Grand students participated. The last significant new building project was a new auditorium ( French : salle des fêtes ), located in

5035-525: The college to change its name to Collegium Ludovici Magni ( French : Collège Louis-le-Grand ). That act confirmed its royal patronage, despite the near-simultaneous Declaration of the Clergy of France and the kingdom's ongoing conflicts with the Papacy , to which the Jesuits were directly tied by their vows. Already in 1674, during his visit, Louis was said to have remarked "c'est mon collège" ("this

5130-1017: The college's nationalization, scholar Jean-Baptiste-Jacques Élie de Beaumont wrote: "The Jesuit College of Paris has for a long time been a state nursery, the most fertile in great men." Many of its former students have become influential statesmen, diplomats, prelates, writers, artists, intellectuals and scientists. It counts seven Nobel Prize laureates as alumni, second only to the Bronx High School of Science in New York City , one Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and six Fields Medal winners. The Louis-le-Grand alumni laureates are, by chronological order of prize-winning: Frédéric Passy (Peace, 1901); Henri Becquerel (Physics, 1903); Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (Medicine, 1907); Paul d'Estournelles de Constant (Peace, 1909); Romain Rolland (Literature, 1915); Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964); Maurice Allais (Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, 1988); and Serge Haroche (Physics, 2012). Other notable alumni include: The Collège de Clermont made

5225-451: The college, was its music master ( maître de musique ) between 1688 and 1698. The college library had about 40,000 volumes as of 1718, and included unique manuscripts such as the Chronicle of Fredegar (occasionally known for that reason as Codex Claromontanus ) or Anonymus Valesianus . As in other Jesuit colleges, theatrical representations became increasingly prominent during the 17th century. Also as in other colleges, in 1660

5320-444: The command of the French forces back to Dumouriez. Although Dumouriez advised the government simply to recognise Belgium's independence, the Jacobins sent several agents. On 7 February Dumouriez appreciated the secret proposals of Van de Spiegel and Baron Auckland : in exchange for recognition of French Republic, France would have to refrain from aggression against other countries. On 15 February, Johan Valckenaer addressed Cambon,

5415-447: The context of broader urban remodeling of the neighborhood around rue Saint-Jacques, also including the rebuilding of the Sorbonne (1884-1901, architect Henri Paul Nénot ) and the extension of what is now the Panthéon campus of Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University (1891-1897, architect Ernest Lheureux). During World War I , the neighborhood was hit by Paris Gun shells, known to Parisians as la grosse Bertha . One shell tore through

5510-454: The corresponding accounts were kept separate until the Jesuits' departure in 1762. In the 1580s, the college's students numbered in the thousands, of which several hundreds were resident ( pensionnaires and boursiers ). The faculty included several dozen Jesuit priests. Unlike most colleges of the university, the Jesuit college remained open during the Siege of Paris in 1590, albeit with reduced activity, and inevitably colluded with

5605-474: The course of the Convention. He was disenchanted with the radicalization of the revolution and its politics and put an end to the annexation efforts. He was liked by the Belgium population. It seems both Eustace and Miranda disagreed; on 14 March Eustace wrote a letter to Dumouriez. On 18 March 1793, Dumouriez's army attacked the Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, also the brother of the Austrian emperor, Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 's army. A major defeat in

5700-456: The decree by the convention to go with them to Lille and Paris. Instead Dumouriez arrested the five and sent them over to General Clerfayt on the next day. Robespierre was convinced Brissot and Dumouriez wanted to overthrow the First French Republic . On 3 April Robespierre declared before the Convention that the whole war was a prepared game between Dumouriez and Brissot to overthrow the First French Republic . The next day Philippe Égalité

5795-401: The first Western European translator of One Thousand and One Nights , had studied in this section and taught Arabic there from 1709. In 1742 the college had five Chinese students: Paul Liu, Maur Cao, Thomas Liu, Philippe-Stanislas Kang, and Ignace-Xavier Lan, who had come from China via Macau together with Jesuit Father Foureau. With the suppression of the Society of Jesus in France,

SECTION 60

#1732772559435

5890-402: The former Collège des Cholets  [ fr ] from the university. Louis-le-Grand's main buildings themselves were in an increasingly dilapidated state, implying danger for the students. From the 1840s onwards multiple attempts were made to start their reconstructions, but faltered for several decades. In the mid-1860s, Georges-Eugène Haussmann promoted a project to move Louis-le-Grand to

5985-436: The fortifications and dikes began in 1779/1782 and extended in 1786. He used a plan by Vauban to create an outer port. The city grew and even the King came to La Manche see it. For his ingenuity in fortifying he became a maréchal de camp in 1788. After the Storming of the Bastille he became commander of the National Guard in July 1789, but his ambition was not satisfied. Business and trade dropped in Cherbourg. He proved

6080-451: The help of the Girondists, Dumouriez ensured that defaulting Pache had to resign at the end of January 1793; at the most critical moment of the war. To declare war had always been a prerogative of the king. On 1 February Brissot de Warville declared war against King of Great Britain and the stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, not the people. The next day Francisco de Miranda , the only general from Latin America in French service, gave

6175-418: The monarchy's initiative during the Colloquy of Poissy on 15 September 1561, but the university kept debating the matter after the college started teaching in 1564. On 16 February 1565, it refused to recognize it and thereby nullified the prior favorable decision of Poissy. The multiple cases brought by the university before the court of the Parlement of Paris , and counter-cases from the Jesuits, resulted in

6270-461: The newspaper "Révolutions de Paris" proclaimed him the liberator of the Belgians. On 14 November he arrived in Brussels. Several times he received a mission of Dutch revolutionary patriots, with whom he agreed on the principles; De Kock , Daendels and his friends settled in Antwerp. Cambon pointed at the empty treasury and the wealthy Dutch. Dumouriez wrote a letter to the Convention scolding it for not supplying his army to his satisfaction and for

6365-410: The north, some of the buildings of the former Collège du Plessis  [ fr ] were partly used by the École normale from 1810 to 1814 and again from 1826 to 1847, after which it moved to its present campus designed by architect Alphonse de Gisors on rue d'Ulm  [ fr ] . Others parts of the Plessis complex were temporarily awarded to the Paris University's Faculty of Letters and

6460-628: The office of Louis-le-Grand's principal. Several notable scholars were resident in the college, including mathematician Pierre Bourdin (1595-1653), historian Philippe Labbe (1607-1667), or Latinist Charles de la Rue (1643-1725). Other faculty included author René Rapin (1621-1687), scientist Ignace-Gaston Pardies (1636-1673), historian Claude Buffier (1661-1737), theologian René-Joseph de Tournemine (1661-1739), sinologist Jean-Baptiste Du Halde (1674-1743), rhetorician Charles Porée (1675-1741), and humanist Pierre Brumoy (1688-1742). Composer Marc-Antoine Charpentier , who may have studied at

6555-406: The payment of personal debts. During his captivity Dumouriez occupied himself with literary pursuits. He was sent to Caen , where he remained in detention until the accession of Louis XVI in 1774. Dumouriez was then recalled to Paris and assigned to posts in Lille and Boulogne-sur-Mer by the comte de Saint-Germain , the new king's minister of war. Upon his release, Dumouriez married his cousin,

6650-464: The premises of the hôpital des incurables on rue de Sèvres  [ fr ] , but that initiative was short-lived and the complex on rue de Sèvres was instead repurposed a decade later as Hôpital Laennec  [ fr ] . Eventually, Louis-le-Grand was almost entirely reconstructed between 1885 and 1898 on a design by architect Charles Le Cœur  [ fr ] , on a complex schedule so that teaching activities could continue during

6745-600: The president of the Convention, to give not the committee but Dumouriez all powers to depose regents and restore others to power. Lazare Carnot proposed that annexation be undertaken on behalf of French interests whether or not the people to be annexed so wished. On 17 February 1793, the French troops and the Batavian Legion crossed the Dutch border. Miranda, Stengel , Dampierre , Valence , and Eustace went northeast; Dumouriez and Daendels went northwest. Breda, Klundert, and Geertruidenberg were occupied with an army of Sans-Culottes that lacked almost everything. After

6840-441: The recently closed Collège de Marmoutiers  [ fr ] in 1641, and to its south from the Collège des Cholets  [ fr ] in 1656 and 1660. In 1682, the college was able to expand further by acquiring the buildings of the Collège du Mans  [ fr ] to its east, after a century of attempts, as that college's activities were relocated elsewhere in Paris. Also in 1682, Louis XIV formally authorized

6935-643: The recently installed Revolutionary Tribunal and instead defected to the Austrian army . Dumouriez was born in Cambrai , on the Scheldt River in northern France , to parents of noble rank. His father, Antoine-François du Périer, served as a commissary of the royal army, and educated his son most carefully and widely. He continued his studies in Paris at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand , and

7030-476: The revolutionary government. On 12 January he had a meeting with Lebrun-Tondu ; on 23 January he was sent back. The Dutch were willing to pay and an invasion of the Netherlands was postponed. To the more radical elements in Paris, it became clear that Dumouriez was not a true patriot but worked during the trial of Louis XVI to save him from execution. On 29 January Dumouriez lost his negotiating mandate. With

7125-611: The royal houses, aristocracies, and clergy of Europe. In response, Dumouriez wrote and published in Hamburg (1794) a first volume of memoirs in which he offered his version of the previous year's events. He became a royalist intriguer during the reign of Napoleon as well as an adviser to the British government. Dumouriez wrote political pamphlets and letters analyzing the coastal defence of England and Ireland. Dumouriez now wandered from country to country, occupied in ceaseless royalist intrigues, until 1804 when he settled in England, where

7220-408: The southeastern corner of the premises and completed in the late 1950s. Louis-le-Grand had its share of May 68 turmoil and subsequent violence between far-left and far-right student factions. On 18 May 1968, it hosted the general assembly of the high-school students' action committees ( Comité d'action lycéen  [ fr ] ) which called for a general strike. On 23 April 1969 Jean Tiberi ,

7315-656: The staff of the French expeditionary corps sent to the island , for which he gained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1769 Choiseul gave Dumouriez a military command as deputy quartermaster general to the army under the Marquis de Chauvelin . After two campaigns on the island, he became a member of the Secret du Roi , the secret service under Louis XV , which gave full scope to his diplomatic skills. The fall of Choiseul (1770) brought about Dumouriez's recall. In 1770 he undertook

7410-430: The troubled 1790s, it was the only Parisian educational institution that remained continuously open, as it had been during the 1590s siege of Paris. Part of its premises, however, were used as barracks for soldiers, then as political prison and workshops. In 1796, three more écoles centrales opened in Paris, respectively in the former Abbey of Saint Genevieve ( école centrale du Panthéon , later Lycée Henri-IV ),

7505-440: The university, but otherwise their attempts to undermine it met with decreasing success, given the continuing support the Jesuits were able to secure from the monarchy and high nobility. The college was regularly bolstered by royal visits, including by Louis XIII in 1625 and Louis XIV in 1674. On the latter occasion, the king donated a painting by Jean Jouvenet , Alexander and the family of Darius , which remains to this day in

7600-561: The war effort. By the end of the month Robespierre called for the removal of Dumouriez, who in his eyes aspired to become a Belgian dictator. A body of four commissioners was sent to question and arrest him. The commissioners Camus , Bancal-des-Issarts, Quinette , and Lamarque were accompanied by the acting Minister of War , Pierre Riel de Beurnonville . Dumouriez sensed a trap and invited them to his headquarters at Saint-Amand-les-Eaux and ordered Miaczinski to arrest them at Orchies . After an hour of deliberations he refused to accept

7695-413: The works, and at a record high cost. Le Coeur's design only preserved the northern and southern sides of the inner court (now cour d'honneur ) from the earlier college facilities. He created two vast courtyards to the north ( Cour Molière ) and south ( Cour Victor-Hugo ) of that central space, with multiple levels of classrooms connected by airy arcaded corridors. That rebuilding project took place

7790-533: Was a "traitor" to France after being arrested for mobilizing his army from the borders of France to Paris to protect the Royal family from revolutionaries who were dissatisfied with the monarchy of France at the time. Within this letter, Dumouriez's attachment to the Jacobin club is explicitly present as he tells Kellermann that the army was finally "purged of aristocrats". Dumouriez's loyalty to France's military which

7885-654: Was a French military officer, minister of Foreign Affairs , minister of War in a Girondin cabinet and army general during the French Revolutionary War . Dumouriez is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe , on Column 3. With General Kellermann he shared the first French victory at Valmy where the Prussian army was forced to draw back. He rapidly advanced north (till Moerdijk ); before entering Holland he decided to return to Brussels when

7980-618: Was arrested. On 4 April the convention declared Dumouriez a traitor and outlaw and put a price on his head. Davout 's volunteer battalion tried to arrest Dumouriez. Dumouriez unsuccessfully tried to persuade Davout to his side and made a move to save himself from his radical enemies. He attempted to persuade his troops to march on Paris and overthrow the revolutionary government. The attempt proved unfeasible because many of his soldiers were staunch republicans and several of his officers opposed him. Without escort he rode on horseback to Tournai , along with his chief of staff Pierre Thouvenot ,

8075-458: Was both free and of high quality, disrupting the antiquated business models and longstanding conventions of the University of Paris . In particular, its theology course, led from the 1564 inception by Juan Maldonado , was so popular that the college's buildings were too small to contain the audience. Other prominent early faculty included Pierre Perpinien, Juan de Mariana , and Francisco Suárez . The University of Paris had been hostile to

8170-401: Was eagerly supported by Laynez, by then the Jesuits' Superior General , who wanted it to become "the most celebrated college of the Society". It was delayed, however, by dilatory initiatives by the Parlement of Paris , University of Paris , and local clergy, all of which opposed the Jesuits' establishment. In July 1563, the Jesuits were finally able to purchase the former Parisian estate of

8265-470: Was evident within this letter was instrumental to him ascending to his future position of Foreign Minister of France from March 1792 to June 1792, restoring the natural borders of France . Dumouriez outmaneuvered the invading forces of the Duke of Brunswick in the forest of Argonne . His subordinate Kellermann repulsed the Prussians at Valmy (20 September 1792). After these military victories, Dumouriez

8360-483: Was his army that liberated the south of the Netherlands, and he would not allow it to fall into the hands of commissioners of the Convention. For Robespierre, the army had already more soldiers than it needed. On 25 March Dumouriez asked Karl Mack for his support to march on Paris. There he would negotiate peace, dissolve the convention, restore the French Constitution of 1791 , plea for the restoration of

8455-478: Was not based on ideology, but rather based on the practical benefit it gave to both parties. Dumouriez needed people in the Legislative Assembly to support him, and the Girondists needed a general to give them legitimacy in the army. He played a major part in the declaration of war against Austria (20 April), and he ordered General Dillon , commander of Lille, to attack Tournai , and the invasion of

8550-609: Was ready to invade Belgium to spread revolution in the Flanders campaign . Supported by minister Lebrun-Tondu, he declared in the National Convention on 12 October that he would liberate the Belgians and the Liège people. On 27 October 1792, he invaded the Austrian Netherlands . Dumouriez himself severely defeated the Austrians at Jemappes (6 November 1792). He became a military hero for this decisive victory, for which

8645-484: Was relocated on the eastern side of the cour d'honneur during the late-19th-century rebuilding. In 1700, Louis-le-Grand took over the École des Jeunes de langues , founded in 1669 by Jean-Baptiste Colbert , in line with the Jesuits' leadership in studying foreign languages and foreign cultures, reinforced since 1685 with the permanent mission in China initiated by six Jesuits from Louis-le-Grand. Antoine Galland ,

8740-440: Was sent to the coast. The death of Mirabeau , to whose fortunes he had attached himself, proved a great blow. However, opportunity arose again when, in his capacity as a lieutenant-general and the commandant of Nantes, he offered to march to the assistance of the National Constituent Assembly after the royal family's unsuccessful flight to Varennes . Minister of War, Louis Lebègue Duportail , promoted Dumouriez from president of

8835-646: Was then sent to his uncle in Versailles for a year. In 1757 began his military career as a volunteer and served in six campaigns of the Seven Years' War . In the Battle of Rossbach , he served as a cornet in the Régiment d'Escars . He was stationed in Emden , Münster , Wesel and carried a small library with him. He received a commission for good conduct in action, with distinction (receiving 22 wounds during

8930-772: Was to relinquish all ideas of military conquest by Arthur Wellesley and instead support the emancipation of the territories. Furthermore, Dumouriez suggested that once emancipation was achieved, a constitutional monarchy should be established with the exiled Duke of Orleans as King. In 1814 and 1815, he endeavoured to procure from Louis XVIII the baton of a marshal of France, but failed to do so. He died at Turville Park , near Henley-on-Thames , on 14 March 1823. An enlarged edition, La Vie et les mémoires du Général Dumouriez , appeared at Paris in 1823. Lyc%C3%A9e Louis-le-Grand The Lycée Louis-le-Grand ( French pronunciation: [lise lwi lə gʁɑ̃] ), also referred to simply as Louis-le-Grand or by its acronym LLG ,

9025-526: Was without approval of the convention. ) On 24 March, Francisco de Miranda , the only general from Latin America in French service, blamed Dumouriez for the defeat in the Battle of Neerwinden (1793) . Dumouriez prevented the execution of the decrees of 15 and 27 December, according to Robespierre. He did not want the Dutch Republic to come under French authority, or even to be incorporated. It

#434565