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76-465: Since 2020, the state party has been dominated by Christian nationalist and far-right factions. The Arizona Republican Party played key roles in attempts to overturn the results of the 2020 United States presidential election and the 2022 Arizona gubernatorial election . Republicans held both of the state's U.S. Senate seats between 1995 and 2019, and the governorship for all but six years between 1991 and 2023. Republican presidential candidates won

152-591: A 2020 study, it was found that "even after accounting for sociodemographic, religious, and political characteristics", Christian nationalism was a "leading predictor" that individuals "prioritize the economy and deprioritize the vulnerable" due to a "pervasive ideology that blends Christian identity with conceptions of economic prosperity and individual liberty." Christian nationalism has also been associated with belief in conspiracy theories . Analysis of Christian nationalists in America found that "Christian nationalism

228-399: A Christian America. Roughly 59% of all Americans who say white people have been discriminated against ... favor declaring the U.S. a Christian nation, compared to 38% of all Americans." Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene has referred to herself as a Christian nationalist. Fellow congresswoman Lauren Boebert also expressed support for Christian nationalism. Politician Doug Mastriano

304-407: A branch that falls into the exclusivist category. D’costa points out whether one considers oneself Buddhist or Hindu or Muslim – or indeed a pluralist – each version states that ‘only one single revelation or one single religion is true and all other “revelations” or religions are false’ without providing any scriptural support for his claim. While acknowledging that historically, Christianity showed

380-504: A category, because when it makes the declarative truth claim that no single faith has a monopoly on revelation or salvation, it becomes another form of exclusivism. Inclusivism claims that aspects of the one true religious belief can be represented in other religions. A specific form of Christian inclusivism holds that, while Christianity is true, other truths can be found in fragments within other religions. Karl Rahner states it succinctly: "Insofar as they in good conscience practice what

456-429: A first language, and that is thoroughly patriarchal ." Commentators say that Christian-associated support for right-wing politicians and social policies, such as legislation which is related to immigration , gun control and poverty is best understood as Christian nationalism, rather than evangelicalism per se . Some studies of white evangelicals show that, among people who self-identify as evangelical Christians,

532-502: A full term in 2022 , defeating Blake Masters . John McCain is the last Republican elected to represent Arizona in the U.S. Senate in 2016 , while Jeff Flake is the last Republican to represent Arizona for a full term in the U.S. Senate from 2013 to 2019. Out of the nine seats Arizona is apportioned in the U.S. House of Representatives , six are held by Republicans: The Arizona Republican Party controls 7 of 11 elected statewide executive offices: The Arizona Republican Party holds

608-465: A fundamentalist perspective. Pratt writes: ‘Fundamentalism, as a mindset, is a mentality that expresses the modern quest for universality and coherence writ large: only one truth; one authority; one authentic narrative that accounts for all; one right way to be.’ ‘The negation of otherness is perhaps critical, for it involves a devaluing and dismissal of the "other," whether in terms of rival community or competing alterities, ideological or otherwise. In

684-490: A kind of exclusivism. The syncretism of the Hellenistic period whereby aspects of the cults of foreign Gods such as iconography and epithets, can also be seen as a kind of exclusivism. In a sociological survey of Americans and their relationship with religions other than Christianity, nearly 90 percent of respondents either strongly or somewhat agreed that “religious diversity has been good for America,” which reinforces

760-725: A kind of international movement including Other European and American Christian nationalists. Defunct President of Russia Vladimir Putin has been described as a global leader of the Christian nationalist and Christian right movements. As President, Putin has increased the power of the Russian Orthodox Church and proclaimed his staunch belief in Eastern Orthodoxy , as well as maintaining close contacts with Patriarchs of Moscow and all Rus' Alexy II and Kirill . The Russian Imperial Movement

836-523: A majority of white conservative Christians support the presidency of Donald Trump , the QAnon movement and the January 6 United States Capitol attack . Author Bradley Onishi, a vocal critic of Christian nationalism, has described this theologically infused political ideology as a "national renewal project that envisions a pure American body that is heterosexual, white, native-born, that speaks English as

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912-755: A monopoly on revelation or salvation, and that we have no way to judge between the salvific claims by adherents of any faith tradition. Paul Hedges suggests that each religion knows "transcendent reality ("God") yet in partial perspective", much like the oft-quoted parable of the seven blind men and the elephant. Gavin D'Costa says pluralists have two main critiques of exclusivists: that they do not know their own scriptures well enough, and people of other religions are good and loving. Alvin Plantinga says that pluralists' problem with exclusivism stems from its seeming immorality and arrogance. He quotes William Cantwell Smith (a leading proponent of pluralism): "Except at

988-496: A particular political-cultural narrative they wish to privilege." Christian nationalism has been linked towards support for political violence. Such support is conditioned by support for conspiratorial information sources, white identity, perceived victimhood, and support for the QAnon movement . A 2021 survey of 1100 U.S. adults found that respondents who combined Christian nationalism with these factors exhibited increased support for political violence. On October 12, 2024, during

1064-496: A rise in Christian nationalist activity with many groups using anti-lockdown sentiments to expand their reach to more people. The group Liberty Coalition Canada has garnered support from many elected politicians across Canada . In their founding documents they argue that "it is only in Christianized nations that religious freedom has ever flourished." Their rallies have attracted the support of Alex Jones and Canada First,

1140-601: A spin-off of Nick Fuentes ' group America First. Many of Liberty Coalition Canada's leaders are pastors who have racked up millions in potential fines for violating COVID protocols and in many cases express ultra-conservative views. The far-right and pro-Russian Power Belongs to the People (VKK) party has been described as Christian nationalist by Helsingin Sanomat . Sanan- ja uskonnonvapaus ry (Freedom of Speech and Religion Association), associated with MP Päivi Räsänen of

1216-519: A strict separation of state and church "; the teacher training program also "pushed a judicial theory , favored by legal conservatives like DeSantis, that requires people to interpret the Constitution as the framers intended it, not as a living, evolving document ". Exclusivism Exclusivism is the practice of being exclusive , a mentality characterized by the disregard for opinions and ideas which are different from one's own, or

1292-485: A unique contemporary take on the salvation problem, Strange introduces George Lindbeck 's contention that those who do not know the Bible cannot be condemned for their lack of knowledge. Mara Brecht states that the problem with classic exclusivism is that it deals mainly with Christianity and salvation (or ‘top down’). She highlights the work of the ‘New Wave of exclusivism,’ led by Griffiths, D’costa and Netland, who employ

1368-404: A ‘bottom up’ approach to religious diversity. New Wave Exclusivists focus more on the religious believers’ ‘ways of knowing and understanding of religious beliefs as expressive truth,’ resulting in a broader possibility for interfaith engagement. For example, Netland sets aside comparing religions’ salvation when he says dialogue should focus on the most important question all religions deal with –

1444-732: Is a prominent neo-Nazi Christian nationalist group that trains militants all over Europe and has recruited thousands of fighters for its paramilitary group, the Imperial Legion, which is participating in the invasion of Ukraine . The group also works with the Atomwaffen Division in order to network with and recruit extremists from the United States . In Scotland , the Scottish Family Party has been described as Christian nationalist. The party

1520-482: Is a prominent figure in the fundamentalist Christian nationalist movement, and has called the separation of church and state a myth. Andrew Torba, the CEO of the alt-tech platform Gab , supported Mastriano's failed 2022 bid for office, in order to build a grass-roots Christian nationalist political movement to help "take back" government power for "the glory of God"; he has argued that "unapologetic Christian Nationalism

1596-585: Is an ally of National Socialism. You can call this anti-democratic principle dictatorship if you wish. In Italy, it is called Fascism; in Germany, National Socialism and in South Africa, Christian Nationalism." While the National Party was primarily concerned about the nationalist interest of Afrikaners , there was a strong adherence to Calvinist interpretations of Christianity as the bedrock of

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1672-548: Is an organization in the United States that identifies as being aligned with Christian nationalism. Another group is the New Apostolic Reformation , which includes Christian nationalist themes in its goal to bring about dominionism . In the 1980s and 1990s, the religious right in America featured religious traditionalists who advocated for religious liberty, racial equality, democratic values and

1748-486: Is based on a worldview that America is superior to other countries, and that such superiority is divinely established. It posits that only Christians are "true Americans." Christian nationalism also bears overlap with the American militia movement . The 1992 Ruby Ridge standoff and the 1993 Waco siege served as a catalyst for the growth of militia activity among Christian nationalists. Christian nationalists believe that

1824-528: Is good in their religion, people in other religions receive God's grace and are 'anonymous Christians', people who are being saved through Christ, though they do not realize it." Inclusivists point to the biblical parable of the sheep and the goats in which the saved sheep show surprise at being rewarded for their service to Jesus (Matthew 25:31-40). According to Alan Race, the history of the Abrahamic faiths ’ exclusivism – as well as inclusivism – goes back to

1900-547: Is more than simply a conviction about the transformative power of the particular vision one has; it is a conviction about its finality and its absolute priority over competing views’. While it was originally used to define Christianity, exclusivism can apply to any religious belief system, as can Race’s other two categories inclusivism and pluralism . In his 1982 Christians and Religious Pluralism , Race defined pluralism as all religions being equally beneficial, with no single religion dominating. Inclusivism attempts to straddle

1976-771: Is the strongest predictor that Americans fail to affirm factually correct answers." When asked about Christianity's place in American founding documents, policies, and court decisions, those that embraced Christian nationalism had more confident incorrect answers while those that rejected it had more confident correct answers. A 2021 research article theorized that like conservative Christians that incorrectly answer science questions that are "religiously contested", Christian nationalism inclines individuals to "affirm factually incorrect views about religion in American political history, likely through their exposure to certain disseminators of such misinformation, but also through their allegiance to

2052-462: Is what will save the United States of America". Torba is also a proponent of the great replacement conspiracy theory , and he has said that "The best way to stop White genocide and White replacement , both of which are demonstrably and undeniably happening, is to get married to a White woman and have a lot of White babies". White nationalist Nick Fuentes has also expressed support for Christian nationalism. Author Katherine Stewart has called

2128-550: The Athanasian Creed , which states if a person does not believe the Christian concept of the Trinity, that person is condemned. Moser further believes that a God who would exclude people from salvation for neither hearing nor understanding the concept of the Trinity does not have a moral character, and is therefore undeserving of worship. While most attention of exclusivism points toward Christianity, many religions have

2204-535: The Christian Democrats , has also supported openly fascist candidates of Blue-and-Black Movement that seek to ban the LGBT movement and "non-native religions". The association also supports VKK and Freedom Alliance . The Blue-and-Black movement itself is also inspired by the Christian fascist Patriotic People's Movement . Aforementioned local far-right pro-Russian parties have recruited combatants for

2280-594: The Council of Florence in 1422: "The Council firmly believes, professes and proclaims that those not living within the Catholic Church, not only pagans, but Jews, heretics and schismatics, cannot participate in eternal life, but will depart into everlasting fire which has been prepared for the devil and his angels." The former German Catholic priest and later renowned Protestant , Martin Luther continued

2356-491: The Roman Catholic Church , the idea of "no salvation outside of the (Christian) church" (Latin: Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus ) has roots as early as the Christian patriarch Origen of Alexandria in the third century. However, the doctrine is often interpreted as not referring merely to the visible church , or as meaning that for non-Christians who are saved, their salvation is mediated by the church. While

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2432-644: The American Christian political identity. Christian nationalism also overlaps with but is distinct from theonomy , with it being more populist in character. Theocratic Christians seek to have the Bible inform national laws and have religious leaders in positions of government; while in America, Christian nationalists view the country's founding documents as "divinely inspired" and supernaturally revealed to Christian men to preference Christianity, and are willing to elect impious heads of state if they support right-wing causes. Christian nationalism supports

2508-549: The Bible speaks about many topics of inclusion, diversity and tolerance in both the Old and New Testament – attitudes toward the alien and stranger; the hope of Christians being drawn from all nations and languages; God's universal care and sustaining of creation; the universal scope of the gospel and the universal mandate to take the gospel to the nations the overwhelming feeling in the Church throughout most of its history mimics that of

2584-520: The Democratic caucus since 2020 . Martha McSally is the last Republican to represent Arizona in the U.S. Senate. Appointed in 2019 by Governor Doug Ducey after the resignation of Jon Kyl who was appointed to the seat after the death of John McCain in 2018, McSally lost the 2020 special election to determine who would serve the remainder of the term expiring in 2023. McSally lost the special election to Democratic challenger Mark Kelly , who won

2660-730: The Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur , tens of thousands of people attended a rally at the National Mall in Washington, D.C. It was sponsored by Jennifer Donnelly, a marketing professional, and Lou Engle and other Dominist pro-Trump members of the New Apostolic Reformation movement. Engle is described by the Southern Poverty Law Center as "an anti-LGBTQ+ extremist". A newsletter mentioned "the Lord's authority over

2736-768: The Jews by ordering the worship of Zeus; when they refused, Antiochus sent an army to enforce his decree. According to Herodotus , the Caunians , a Greek people who claimed to have originated in Crete and settled in Asia Minor, worshiped the Olympian Gods exclusively. "They determined that they would no longer make use of the foreign temples which had been established among them, but would worship their own old ancestral Gods alone. Then their whole youth took arms, and striking

2812-630: The Olympian pantheon recognised by the Athenian polis. The introduction of other gods was treated as asebeia , or impiety , and was punishable by death. Several philosophers Anaxagoras , Protagoras , Socrates , Stilpo , Theodorus of Cyrene , Aristotle , and Theophrastus were accused of impiety under this decree. Socrates was found guilty of the charge of introducing new gods and condemned to death by drinking Conium maculatum . Antiochus IV Epiphanes , Seleucid ruler of Israel, decided to Hellenize

2888-581: The Quran (3:85) states, "If anyone desires a religion other than Islam (submission to Allah), never will it be accepted of him; and in the Hereafter He will be in the ranks of those who have lost (all spiritual good)". While Judaism does not stress salvation, the First Commandment (Exodus 20:3) is " You shall have no other gods before me ". Race says, "The tension between Christian experience and

2964-763: The Russian side in Ukraine, who have then after gone to the Russian Imperial Movement 's training camps in St. Petersburg and become fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War . In Ghana, Christian nationalists seek to uphold what they see as "traditional markers of Ghanaian identity including, Christianity, social conservatism, and antagonism to 'progressive' 'Western' ideas, such as LGBTQ+ equality." Defunct The Kingdom of Hungary under

3040-765: The US is meant to be a Christian nation, and that it was founded as a Christian nation, and want to "take back" the US for God. Christian nationalists feel that their values and religion are threatened and marginalized, and fear their freedom to preach their moral values will be no longer dominant at best or outlawed at worst. Experimental research found that support of Christian nationalism increased when Christian Americans were told of their demographic decline. Studies have shown Christian nationalists to exhibit higher levels of anger, depression, anxiety, and emotional distress. It has been theorized that Christian nationalists fear that they are "not living up to" God's expectations, and "fear

3116-678: The United States is a country founded by and for Christians. Christian nationalists in the United States advocate "a fusion of identitarian Christian identity and cultural conservatism with American civic belonging." It has been noted to bear overlap with Christian fundamentalism , white supremacy , the Seven Mountain Mandate movement, and dominionism . Most researchers have described Christian nationalism as "authoritarian" and "boundary-enforcing" but recent research has focused on how libertarian , small-government ideology and neoliberal political economics have become part of

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3192-573: The United States should be a Christian nation, versus only 48% of Republicans overall. Age is also a factor, with over 70% of Republicans from the Baby Boomer and Silent Generations supporting the United States officially becoming a Christian nation. According to Politico , the polling also found that sentiments of white grievance are highly correlated with Christian nationalism: "White respondents who say that members of their race have faced more discrimination than others are most likely to embrace

3268-548: The air with their spears, marched to the Calyndic frontier, declaring that they were driving out the foreign Gods." Plato , in his Laws, advocates that the state should punish those who deny the existence of the Olympian Gods or believe that the gods exist but think they are indifferent to mankind or can easily be bought by bribes. Interpretatio graeca , the common tendency of ancient Greek writers to identify foreign divinities with members of their own pantheon, can be seen as

3344-624: The biannual Statutory Meeting and other officers elected at the biannual Mandatory Meeting (except National Committeeman and Committeewoman, who are elected at quadrennial State Convention). County committees include all PCs within that county. They meet in January after general elections to elect a chairman, two vice chairs, a secretary and a treasurer. Legislative district committees exist in counties of more than 500,000 people ( Maricopa and Pima Counties ), and include all PCs within that district. Officers are elected at Organizational Meetings after

3420-530: The broad support for observing Christmas as a national holiday in many countries. During the Cold War , church attendance reached a highpoint in the 1950s, which was also when the United States added phrases like 'Under God' in the Pledge of Allegiance and on currency, described at the time as a ' civil religion ' that was motivated in part to show distance from communism. Christian nationalism also influenced

3496-454: The civil rights of those who fail to conform to traditional ideals of whiteness, citizenship, and Protestantism. The Christian nationalist belief system includes elements of patriarchy , white supremacy, nativism , and heteronormativity . It has been associated with a "conquest narrative", premillennial apocalypticism , and of frequent "rhetoric of blood, specifically, of blood sacrifice to an angry God." American Christian nationalism

3572-422: The colonial exploitation by Christian Europe of what today we call the third world, and the subordination of women within a strongly patriarchal religious system, not only causes misgivings among many Christians but also alarms many of our non-Christian neighbors, creating invisible but powerful barriers within the human community. D’Costa has argued persuasively that logically, pluralism can no longer be considered

3648-496: The combined ideology and political movement of Christian nationalism "an organized quest for power" and she says that Florida governor Ron DeSantis has identified with and promoted this system of values in order to gain votes in his bid for political advancement. According to the Tampa Bay Times , DeSantis has also promoted a civics course for educators, which emphasized the belief that "the nation's founders did not desire

3724-882: The constitution of the Confederacy , which mentioned God overtly in contrast with the US Constitution. Christian nationalism has been linked to prejudice towards minority groups. Christian nationalism has been loosely defined as a belief that "celebrate[s] and privilege[s] the sacred history, liberty, and rightful rule of white conservatives." Christian nationalism prioritizes an ethno-cultural, ethno-religious , and ethno-nationalist framing around fear of "the other", those being immigrants, racial, and sexual minorities. Studies have associated Christian nationalism with xenophobia , homophobia , misogyny , political tolerance of racists, opposition to interracial unions , support for gun rights , pronatalism , and restricting

3800-444: The cost of insensitivity or delinquency, it is morally not possible actually to go out into the world and say to devout, intelligent, fellow human beings: '…we believe that we know God and we are right; you believe that you know God, and you are totally wrong.'" Along with Smith, another major proponent of pluralism is John Hick, who writes: [Exclusivism], with its baleful historical influence, in validating centuries of anti-semitism,

3876-474: The diversity of religions. Accordingly, the Nichiren Shoshu religion based on the foothills of Mount Fuji , Japan is an example of an ultra- traditionalist Buddhist sect claiming only it is The True Buddhism based on the exclusivist teachings of the 13th-century Buddhist priest Nichiren (1222–1282). Pluralism was borne out of a criticism of exclusivism, saying that no single tradition has

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3952-529: The dominant moral and cultural order. Christian nationalism overlaps with but is distinct from theonomy , with it being more populist in character. In countries with a state church , Christian nationalists seek to preserve the status of a Christian state . In Brazil , Christian nationalism, a result of a Catholic - Evangelical coalition, has a goal of curbing the influence of "moral relativism, social liberalism, alleged neo-Marxism in its various forms, and LBGTQ rights." The COVID-19 pandemic saw

4028-548: The election process and our nation's leadership", and flyers promoted a meeting by Turning Point USA Faith . The Christian Liberty Party and the American Redoubt movement—both organized and inspired by members of the Constitution Party —are early 21st-century examples of political tendencies rooted in Christian nationalism, with the latter advocating a degree of separatism. The New Columbia Movement

4104-583: The exclusivist theological bent: "For where Christ is not preached, there is no Holy Spirit to create, call and gather the Christian Church, and outside it no one can come to the Lord Christ." In the 20th century, the missionary movement , through the Dutch missionary Hendrik Kraemer wrote that Jesus is the one who has the complete authority to judge other religions' efficacy. Highlighting

4180-599: The general election including a chairman, two vice chairs, a secretary and a treasurer. Precinct committeemen are elected one per precinct , plus one additional for each 125 registered voters of that party as of March 1 of the general election year. There are over 1,666 precincts statewide (including over 724 precincts in Maricopa County.) These are the Republican Party members who hold federal offices. Both of Arizona's U.S. Senate seats have been held

4256-719: The idea that Americans value diversity and religious freedom. However, respondents who identified in the exclusivist category or believed that the United States was a Christian nation displayed much more negative views and a decreased willingness to include other religious people in the lives of their community. Stephen Merino concludes, ‘It may be that when many Americans think of “religious diversity,” they have only Christian diversity in mind.’ Nevertheless, they also provided research to back up their statement, ‘ Prior contact with non-Christians will be associated with more positive views of religious diversity and increased willingness to include non-Christians into social life.’ In answering

4332-556: The leadership of Miklós Horthy is often seen by many historians as Christian nationalist in nature. Historian István Deák described the Horthy regime in the following way: Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a "nationalist Christian" policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned

4408-565: The liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against bolshevism and bolshevism's instruments: socialism , cosmopolitanism , and Freemasonry . They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary Admiral Horthy . Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán has often advocated for Christian nationalism, both within Hungary and as

4484-654: The majority in the Arizona Senate , holding 16 of the 30 seats. The Arizona Republican Party holds the majority in the Arizona House of Representatives , holding 31 of the 60 seats. Christian nationalism Christian nationalism is a form of religious nationalism that focuses on promoting the Christian views of its followers, in order to achieve prominence or dominance in political and social life. Some branches of Christian nationalism seek to establish an exclusivist version of Christianity as

4560-721: The more they attend church, the more they pray, and the more they read the Bible , the less support they have for nationalist (though not socially conservative) policies. Non-nationalistic evangelicals ideologically agree with Christian nationalists in areas such as gender roles, and sexuality. A study which was conducted in May 2022 showed that the strongest base of support for Christian nationalism comes from Republicans who identify as Evangelical or born again Christians. Of this demographic group, 78% are in favor of formally declaring that

4636-573: The most extreme forms of exclusivism, Pratt contends that many fundamentalist religions compete for that title, with Islam leading other worthy contenders in ways that are not always obvious. The purging of the Rohingya in Myanmar , for example, is portrayed as an exclusivism of the Buddhist traditions. The Decree of Diopithes (430 BCE) forbade the worship of and belief in gods other than those of

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4712-471: The other,’ if only in order to know Them well enough for possible conversion. The relationship is not entered into on equal ground, therefore, nor with the openness to a significant reciprocal change of self-identity. If dialogue is entered into, it is only for mutual edification and an increase in good will. Closed exclusivism offers no chance for a relationship, other than acknowledging the other’s right to exist. An extreme, hard-line exclusivism often leads to

4788-415: The pluralist charge, and hearkening back to Netland, Brad Stetson baldly states, ‘It is possible exclusivism is true.’ It is this statement, he says, that upsets pluralists who charge exclusivists with arrogance and bad form. ‘It is simply not true, as pluralists imply, that disagreeing with someone […] about religious truth is tantamount to treating them badly.[…] [a]n exclusivist claim about religious truth

4864-415: The poles of pluralism and exclusivism by agreeing with the latter that one religion (Christianity) has the most value, and agreeing with the former by stating that other religions still have significant value. While Race’s three categories have been criticized, amended and refuted, most religious studies and interfaith scholars and students find the typologies useful as a starting point for conversations about

4940-496: The practice of organizing entities into groups by excluding those entities which possess certain traits. Religious exclusivism, one of the three classic typologies which describe religions relative to one another, states that one religion, to the exclusion of all others, has the correct understanding of God, truth and salvation, and eternal paradise is contingent on one's belief in the core tenets of that religion. According to American religious professor, Diana Eck : ‘Exclusivism

5016-489: The presence of Christian symbols in the public square, and state patronage for the practice and display of religion, such as Christmas as a national holiday, school prayer , singing God Bless America , the exhibition of nativity scenes during Christmastide , and the Christian Cross on Good Friday . Christian nationalism draws political support from the broader Christian right , but not exclusively, given

5092-413: The process of negating the other, the self is asserted as inherently superior. My god is greater than your god.’ The American religious professor, Paul Moser posits two forms of exclusivism: logical religious exclusivism, which asserts that since the contradictory, foundational truth claims for each religion excludes some or many of them from being true; and the doxastic redemptive exclusivism based on

5168-508: The question of truth. Brecht reaches the conclusion that exclusivism is tenable for Christians – and by extension other religious believers – if believers come into contact with believers of other religions who can possibly ‘defeat’ their own, so they can have something to base their truth claims on. Brecht says, ‘Practically, this means that, for example, reflective Christians will consider their beliefs to be as probable as alternatives from within their own tradition, somewhat more probable than

5244-465: The recognition of potential authentic practice outside of the Christian revelation, in fact has always existed in Christian history from the beginning, from the words of Jesus himself in the gospel of Luke: in Luke 9:50 he says, 'He who is not against us is for us'". Daniel Strange points out what Race neglects to mention that in the same gospel (11:23) Jesus says, "He who is not with me is against me". In

5320-487: The relevant alternatives from within Judaism and considerably more probable than Buddhist alternatives. In other words, believers will weigh their beliefs against other beliefs.’ Douglas Pratt further defines exclusivism, dividing it into three subdivisions – open, closed and extreme. Citing t’Hooft and Kraemer, Pratt says open exclusivism, while never ceding the superior position, ‘may at least be amenably disposed toward

5396-532: The separation of church and state while also working to maintain white Protestant dominance. By the mid-1990s and especially following the 9/11 attacks , religious traditionalists gave way to Christian nationalists who sought explicit state favor and the exclusion of national and racial minorities. Islamophobia soon spread to include Latinos, Asians, and other immigrants as threats to Christian democracy, and Christian nationalists embraced ethonationalist white nativism and racism. The ethno-nationalist developments saw

5472-437: The state in every election between 1996 and 2020. The party's cash reserves fell from around $ 770,000 in 2019, to less than $ 50,000 in 2023. The organization spent $ 300,000 on legal counseling while attempting to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election and $ 500,000 on an election night party in 2022. Here is the structure of the state party, as of Feb 2019. The chairman, Secretary and Treasurer elected at

5548-596: The state. Moreover, by advancing ideas of Christian Nationalism, the National Party could incorporate other "nations" in their programme of racial hierarchies and segregation. The Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa provided much of the theological and moral justification for Apartheid and the basis for racial hierarchy. Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other Christian nationalism asserts that

5624-521: The words of the Bible and the Quran . Christian exclusivists point to the gospel of John (14:6), which quotes Jesus as saying, "I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me". After Jesus' death, his disciple Peter said publicly, "Salvation is found in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given to mankind by which we must be saved" (Acts 4:12). Likewise,

5700-459: The wrath and punishment" of not creating the country desired by God. Adherence to Christian nationalism has been associated with high levels of distrust of science, especially parts that are perceived as challenging biblical authority. During the COVID-19 pandemic , Christian nationalists frequently opposed measures including lockdowns, restrictions on social gatherings and mask-wearing. In

5776-607: Was formed as a push-back movement, based on a rejection of LGBT+ topics being taught in schools, with the political party claiming it to be an overly sexualized topic and ideology. They believe it to be an attack on traditional Christian family values, promoted by the Scottish National Party . The future leader of the National Party and Apartheid Prime Minister of South Africa , B. J. Vorster in 1942 declared: "We stand for Christian Nationalism which

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