33-564: The Arkansas Territory was a territory of the United States from July 4, 1819, to June 15, 1836, when the final extent of Arkansas Territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Arkansas . Arkansas Post was the first territorial capital (1819–1821) and Little Rock was the second (1821–1836). The name Arkansas has been pronounced and spelled in a variety of fashions. The region
66-489: A more complete list of regions and subdivisions of the United States used in modern times, see List of regions of the United States . † - indicates failed legal entities Unlike the land to the east, most of the land west of the Mississippi River was under French or Spanish rule until the first years of the 19th century. The following are state cessions made during the building of the U.S. The following
99-532: A result of the attempted secession of the Confederacy during the American Civil War (1861–1865). Some were enclaves within enemy-held territories: These were regions disassociated from neighboring areas due to opposing views: Belts are loosely defined sub-regions found throughout the United States that are named for a perceived commonality among the included areas, which is often related to
132-646: A veteran of the Revolutionary War , made several failed diplomatic attempts to make peace between the Cherokee emigrants to Indian Territory and the Osage. His ultimate solution was to create a large strip of land to act as a buffer between the people of the two nations. Lovely's Purchase, set in the early Arkansaw District of the Missouri Territory, was created as a buffer zone to separate
165-443: Is a list of the 31 U.S. territories that have become states, in the order of the date organized . (All were considered incorporated .) The following are land grants, cessions, defined districts (official or otherwise) or named settlements made within an area that was already part of a U.S. state or territory that did not involve international treaties or Native American cessions or land purchases. These entities were sometimes
198-716: The 15th United States Congress , Congress passed the Arkansas organic act (3 Stat. L. 493), providing for the creation of the Arkansaw Territory on July 4, 1819, from the portion of the Missouri Territory lying south of a point on the Mississippi River at 36 degrees north latitude running west to the St. Francis River , then following the river to 36 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, then west to
231-554: The 1830 United States census , 23 counties in the Arkansas Territory reported the following population counts (after only 7 reported the following counts in the 1820 United States census ): These census counts did not include Native Americans, and the earlier count includes 1,617 slaves. Though a census of Cherokee was to be taken as part of the Jackson and McMinn Treaty in 1818, it was never conducted. Instead, when
264-620: The Osage Nation . Following years of political maneuvering and sometimes conflicting treaties, the purchase was finally split between the Cherokee and White American settlers, with the larger section going solely to the Cherokee Nation . President James Monroe had promised an exclusive "gateway to the setting sun"—an area devoted to settlement for the members of the Cherokee Nation where they were not "...surrounded by
297-688: The Red River . During negotiations with the Choctaw in 1820, however, Andrew Jackson unknowingly ceded more of Arkansas Territory. Then in 1824, after further negotiations, the Choctaw agreed to move farther west, but only by "100 paces" of the garrison on Belle Point . This resulted in the bend in the common border at Fort Smith . The territory originally had nine counties: Arkansas, Clark, Crawford (which included Lovely's Purchase ), Hempstead, Independence, Lawrence, Miller, Phillips, and Pulaskị. In
330-772: The Treaty of Fort Clark (1808). The Osage still owned the land outright, however, and maintained several settlements on it. The new Cherokee emigrants came into almost immediate conflict with Indigenous and White settlers who had preemptively occupied lands along the route. This included citizens of the Quapaw and the Osage Nation, as well as other Indigenous nations, who held a special animosity towards what they viewed as Cherokee usurpers of their lands and way of life. Violent incidents continued to plague both groups, however, and peaked in 1817 following Lovely's death. The next year saw
363-569: The Verdigris River . At this time, and on his own authority, Lovely agreed to buy an additional three million hunting acres of Osage land that was located between the Verdigris and White River on behalf of the Cherokee. All together, the treaty lands ceded by, and bought from, the Osage totaled over seven million acres (2,800,000 ha). The area began to be referred to as Lovely's Purchase thereafter. The entire northwest corner of
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#1732766150725396-605: The 'Lovely Purchase' to become part of Indian Territory. The land was given entirely to the Cherokee Nation—West of the Mississippi , while the Osage were moved to the unorganized territory of Kansas —to finally put an end to the hostilities. The eastern part of the purchase remained with Arkansas and the White Americans occupying the territory. To expedite completion of the compromise, any displaced Indian
429-431: The Arkansas Territory now belonged to the Cherokee. Both the Osage and the Cherokee pledged to honor the 1816 treaty, although the U.S. government had not authorized nor endorsed it, and therefore did not officially recognize its terms. The treaty, however, still did not stop the violence between members of the two groups. Due to the buffer area not living up to expectations, in 1817 the U.S. Army built Fort Smith , and
462-602: The General Assembly, that the only true pronunciation of the name of the state, in the opinion of this body, is that received by the French from the native Indians and committed to writing in the French word representing the sound. It should be pronounced in three (3) syllables, with the final "s" silent, the "a" in each syllable with the Italian sound, and the accent on the first and last syllables. The pronunciation with
495-436: The U.S. government made it clear that Lovely's Purchase would only house Native Americans from that time on. Another treaty between Osage and Cherokee was signed in 1818 at St. Louis, one that finally formalized the earlier Lovely's Purchase, and was this time endorsed by the U.S. In 1819, Arkansas was separated from the Missouri Territory , and became an official organized territory of the United States. Lovely's Purchase
528-504: The U.S. government signed the Cherokee Treaty of 1828. Lovely County had included all or part of present-day Benton , Washington , Crawford counties in Arkansas; plus all or part of present-day Delaware , Sequoyah , Adair , Cherokee , Wagoner , Muskogee , and Mayes counties in present-day Oklahoma. The new treaty authorized the western half of the land donations, accumulations, and homestead purchases that had created
561-631: The White man." Starting in 1809, members of the Cherokee Nation living west of the Appalachians in Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, and the Carolinas, had started migrating west to the lands set aside by the United States government for those citizens willing to exchange their eastern property for homesteads in the recently set-aside Indian Territory. A route was planned by the U.S. government with
594-591: The accent on the second syllable with the sound of "a" in "man" and the sounding of the terminal "s" is an innovation to be discouraged. Residents of Kansas often pronounce the Arkansas River as / ɑːr ˈ k æ n z ə s ˈ r ɪ v ər / in a manner similar to the common pronunciation of the name of their state. The first official use of the name Arkansas came in 1806 when the southern portion of New Madrid County in Louisiana Territory
627-410: The adversarial Cherokee Nation and Osage Nation. In the summer of 1813, Lovely was sent to administer the first section of acreage that would eventually belong to the purchase. This land comprised approximately four million acres (1,600,000 ha) that had been ceded to the U.S. government in 1808 by the Osage Nation. At Lovely's behest, another treaty summit took place on July 9, 1816, at the mouth of
660-619: The arrival from the east of a strong Cherokee leader, John Jolly , and these incidents grew less frequent, although they still occasionally occurred. Major William Lovely, an assistant Indian agent to the Tennessee Cherokee, was promoted to Indian agent of the Missouri Territory (Arkansas Region), and sent to quell these frontier disturbances in the Missouri Territory . He held the position from 1813 to 1817. His wife, Persis, accompanied him to "...an abandoned Osage village far from what [is] considered civilization..." Lovely,
693-604: The future capital of Lovely County . More than a decade after Lovely's 1817 death, the area—along with additional tracts of purchased and donated land—was incorporated by the Territory of Arkansas as the short-lived Lovely County. Lovely's Purchase was, without federal authorization, created a county by the Arkansas legislature in 1827 in an effort to keep the area part of the planned State of Arkansas , and White Americans immediately started settling there. Lovely County only existed from October 31, 1827, to May 6, 1828, when
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#1732766150725726-524: The legislators from both White settlers—who were continually being moved out of the ever expanding Lovely Purchase—and the Cherokee—who were being pressured to abandon the rich farmlands and salt mine tracts to the White Americans. A sutler by the name of John Nicks accompanied the Seventh Infantry to Fort Gibson, and eventually settled in the area of the fort. In 1828, he founded Nicksville,
759-590: The only governmental authority in the listed areas, although they often co-existed with civil governments in scarcely populated states and territories. Civilian administered "military" tracts, districts, departments, etc., will be listed elsewhere. During the American Civil War, the Department of the Pacific had six subordinate military districts: The Department of California (1858–1861) comprised
792-976: The ostensible legal authority overseeing the Indian Territory . The Army oversaw issues dealing with the Indian Nations . Organized incorporated territory of the United States The territory of the United States and its overseas possessions has evolved over time , from the colonial era to the present day. It includes formally organized territories, proposed and failed states, unrecognized breakaway states , international and interstate purchases, cessions , and land grants , and historical military departments and administrative districts. The last section lists informal regions from American vernacular geography known by popular nicknames and linked by geographical, cultural, or economic similarities, some of which are still in use today. For
825-654: The pronunciation of the name of our state and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings. And, whereas, the matter has been thoroughly investigated by the State Historical Society and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock, which have agreed upon the correct pronunciation as derived from history, and the early usage of the American immigrants. Be it therefore resolved by both houses of
858-425: The purpose to insulate newly arriving Cherokee to the area from interference and harassment by hostile American settlers and warriors from other Indigenous nations. These others lived, hunted, and had (in many instances) squatted on the promised tracts of land. They viewed the Cherokee as rivals. The Osage Nation had given-up exclusive hunting rights to the area that would become a large part of Lovely's Purchase in
891-683: The region's economy or climate. Lovely%27s Purchase Lovely's Purchase, also called Lovely's Donation, was part of the Missouri Territory and the Arkansas Territory of the early nineteenth century. It was created in 1817, to give a haven to the Cherokee and other Native Americans who were being forced to leave the southeastern United States and moving west to Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma ) through territory then inhabited by sometimes hostile White settlers and several other Indigenous nations, especially citizens of
924-666: The southern part of the Department of the Pacific: California, Nevada, and southern part of Oregon Territory; merged into the Department of the Pacific as the District of California. The Department of Oregon (1858–1861) comprised the northern part of the Department of the Pacific: Washington Territory and Oregon Territory. These "territories" had actual, functioning governments (recognized or not): These are functioning governments created as
957-402: The territorial boundary. This included all of the present state of Oklahoma south of the parallel 36°30' north . The westernmost portion of the territory was removed on November 15, 1824, and a second westernmost portion was removed on May 6, 1828, reducing the territory to the extent of the present state of Arkansas. Originally the western border of Missouri was intended to go due south to
990-418: The treaty was renegotiated in 1819, it used John C. Calhoun 's estimate of 5000 Cherokee in Arkansas, despite the Cherokee Nation's estimate of 3,500. The Quapaw were counted at 455 in the mid 1820s. Robert Crittenden was the territorial secretary until 1829 and the de facto territorial governor, preparing Arkansas for statehood. Until present-day Oklahoma received statehood, Fort Smith served as
1023-457: Was designated as the District of Arkansas. In 1813, it became Arkansas County in Missouri Territory. When Missouri applied for statehood, it asked for a southern boundary at 36º30′, except for a small portion between the St. Francis River and the Mississippi River where it dropped to 36º. This became the northern boundary of what became Arkansas Territory. On March 2, 1819, at the penultimate meeting of
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1056-400: Was made part of Crawford County at that time. In 1822, due to requests by territorial governor James Miller , the U.S. authorized another outpost and established Fort Gibson (finished in 1824). Fort Gibson was manned by the U.S. Seventh Infantry. The large area these forts oversaw was dubbed "Lovely's Donations" by later legislators. The area still remained contentious, with complaints to
1089-584: Was organized as the Territory of Arkansaw on March 2, 1819, but the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Arkansas on June 15, 1836. The name was historically pronounced / ˈ ɑːr k ən s ɔː / , / ɑːr ˈ k æ n z ə s / , and had several other pronunciation variants. In 1881, the Arkansas General Assembly passed the following concurrent resolution (Arkansas Statutes, Title 1, Chapter 4, Section 105): Whereas, confusion of practice has arisen in
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